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AD-A150 455 1~.AD ,_1 i

TECHNICAL REPORT BRL~TR-2630, ,

BRL

t ........ ~

,

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF' BLACF: POWDER·

Ronald A. Sasse'

Januat"Y 198~ •

US ARMY, BALLISTIC RES~ARCH LABORATORYABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

, ......... fOIl PUaIC ......~ UNiJIIIrID. '

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11

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Reproduced FromBest Available Copy

DTlC'. SELECTEJ1\'. FEB 2 1 'llll6U ..

B

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02 21 ,026

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

AdJitional copies'of this report may be obtainedfrom the National Technical Information: Ser'/icc.u. S. Departme~t of'Commerce, Springfield. Virginia22161.

•

The findinas in this report are not to be construed a. an official·flepartMnt of the Aray position, unless so desianated by other.authorized docuaents.

The use of trade ,naM' or lII&ftufacturers' n.... ill this reportdoes not ,constitute i~dors...nt of any, ,a lreial product•

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.t ,-...' 2.},,':.- : ..:.. -'...c.c.. ".'." : '.J...

UNCLASSIFIED

.J) ..:.-1 (.1( ' .•'..'• .<.( ..'._.2 ••..1•. 1..2.3 1

SECURITV CLASSIFICATION 0" THIS PA - •REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE COMPLETING FORMI. REPORT NUMBER I:,~OVT ACCESSION NO .. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

TECHNI~AL REPORTBRL-TR-2630 f)-A U-,:I vSS-4. TITlol..- .......... So ViJE~ REPORT a PERIOD COVEREDlna ,

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF BLACK POWEll •• PI!R'O_INfa ORG. REPOf;T NUliaER

7. AUTHOIt(a) •• CONTRACT C.R GRANT NUIlIEIt(.)

40nald A. Sa,ee'

•• tr.~"O~ING\RGfrIZATJON NAMI! AND ADORESS 10. PROGRAII ELEMENT, PROJECT,. TASK•• rmf a lltlc Relearch Laboratory AREA a WORtC UNIT NUIlIERS

ATTN: AMXBR-IBD lLI6U02AR43Aberdeen Provinl Ground. MD 21005-5066

II. CONTROLLlltG O....IC£ NAIIIlE AND ADORESS II. REPORT DATaUS Army Lalli.tic Research Laboratory .January 1985ATTN: AMlBR-OD-ST II. NUIlIER 0" PAGES

Aberdeen Proving Cround. HD 21005-5066 40'4. IIONITORING AGENCY NAIIIlE • AOORUS(".,..,.., ..... CaMNI'", 0",.., II. SECURITY CLASs. (el W ......)

OICLASSIFIEDI'" DECLASSI"ICATION'DOWNGRADING

ICNI!DuLE .

I" D1STItlIUTION STATEMENT (eI.,......)

Approved for public reieaae; diatribution UD11a1ted.

17. D1STItlIUTION STATEMENT (eI ......................... "."... ..... .....,

I" au.... EMENTARY NOTEI

, ,

"

" 8tEY. ~OIJe-,,,.... - .......,,-~ .w ,..."" ... ..... --.r)Clo,eeI Bo8back ow ~r Fla.. Spread late,

Pyrotec~nic. Quickne., . Pbylical Proputie,Burn aate. Relative Quickne•• CharcoalAea, '-unit ion Plant

. ,.. A·TJA~i~--Mi" ,.,. ......." ... ....--.r) , "-,llent atte.pt a. been ..de to .crutiniae black powder and thecharcoal it contain. a. fully 'a., po..ible.utUidnl 80dern te.tinl technique.and variou. analytical che.ical procedure.. Althouah the te,t, perfor.ed arewelle.tabli.hed.their application to define a porou. propellaat r.pre.eat.a new point of view for iave.tilatial .tructure. 'rca 8.I.M. .!crophoto-

, Iraph. and' co.,actioa .tudie•• it i. ',ulI•• teci that the pre.Iil'1 .ctlon u.eclto.ake black powder r••ult. ia pla.tic flow that produce. 'a cO~lla.erate

. "",

DO ,~:-,. 1411 ...."'. Of' •~ .........na .tilcusSt'lID

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URCLASSlPI!D '

Abetract (Coat'd):

d cobed.,••1. coataiaiaa a ilatria of iater-cOQaec:ia& ,..I....,ayl. t'beelr.. of opeaae.. of black powder araiae aad, ia particular, laterael .urf.cerea, pore vol...., iaterael free vol..... , 6Dd deDlity wn aU found to belated to bum rate. Tber80dyuaic calculatiOD6 Mr. cited tbat relate

a.puted tbeoretical .,.lue. to experi..atally deter.iae. quaatitiel. Clo.edcOlllNltiOn Y.. co.pared to .traDd bum-rat.. a. it qplted tbat

10led boIIb data _race IlOre tban OIle cOllbultioa: luchdo cotirectly relate to bulk .,alu... Proe tbb iaterro.etioa~ cbetdeal aad

aical propertie. were relat•• to cOllbultiOll pb~. Aa work ,roar••••d°t bee... e.,ideat that ..terial produc.d by the I.ia.. Ar.r '--aaitioa Plaat·ill be, or hal bee.., the .It IUcc••dully cbaractftu" black pawderroduced ia the Uait.. Statel~

t·' ,

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,TABLE OF CORDRTS

By'---------tD1S~!!b.u~len(__Aval1~~111ty Codes

Avati and/or-Dlst. Special

,Accession '_o_r ~,.--1

JTIS;-C'P'l..uDUC VJlUnannou."1cod aJustlrioet10,D- ~

3

, '

B-.

DTIC"ELECTED~'I" FEB 2 1 VJ6 "

"

IIP1IBNClS•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••30

DISTlIBUTIOI L1ST••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••33

V. 8IGH PRESSun S'1'IAJ'!) BUD IATES••••••••••••••••'••••••••••••••••20

LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS••••••••••••••••••;.!.i•••••••••••••••••••••••• 5

I. INTRODUCTION••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7

X. COMBUSTION TlMPlIATURI•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••27

VI. CLOSED BOMB IVALDATIOI••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••20

II. CHARACTERlZATION,or BLACl POWDER••••••••••••••••••••••• c ••••••• lO

IV. ATMOSPRIRIC sTIARb BOL' IATls••••••••••••••••••••••• ~••••• ~ ••••17

IX. STRUCTURAL STUIIGTII or BLACl POIIDII••••••••••• ~••••••••••••••••26

XI. GENERAL COMHIJTS•••• ~ •••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••29

III. COMPACTION or BLACl POWDER MEAL•••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••• lS

VII. QUIClNISS VALUlS••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••24

XII.ACIBOWLIDGMI~S·· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• w•••••••29

VIII. FLAMESPREAD IATES••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••24

•

LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS

Viere ·

1. Interior of Black P~der Grain Produced by Woeel Kill Proce•••••••••13

2. Interior of Black Powder Grain Produced by Jet-Mill Proce•••.•••••••14

3. Etfect of Pre.sure 011 Bl.ck Powder Me.I••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16

4. Str.nd Burn lates at At~spheric Pre••ure ... Puactioo of Del18ity•• 18

5. Strand Burn Rate. at High Pre••ure......................... • •••••• 21

6. One At1lOaphere n~pr~ latu for Var10ua 0·.... ofBlack Powder••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• ~S

7. Strength of Il~c1t Powder•••••••••••••••••••••••! ••••••.••••••••••••••28

5

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~~"I.-...~~~~:;~~;-:.:~::a::'

Black powder was aade in production .ills in Europe as early u 1340 in 'Augsburg, 1344 in Spandau and 1348,in Legnica. The procesa, traceable to theearly B.C. efforts of the Chine.e, evolved a. an Ifart fora" havia. historicalrather than scientific origin.. The develo..ent of the craft has beenrecon.truited by varlou. author. aJi excellent accounU na'ie been given by'Urban.ki, Martha11, and Vieille. The subject has been reviev~d by F.doroffaDd Sheffield, who provjde nu..rou. reference. and a very recent work byGray a Mar.h and MCLaren reproduce. detailed historical drawings of the earlygUD powder facilities.

I. IlITIODCCTIOM

\

Although the productia~ of black powder va••s great as 10.6 .illionpounds during WOrld war I, the advent of saokele.s powder dLaini.hed ,deaaad. Thb fact, together vith the inher~t dangers of production ..rked byoccasional explosioLs, has resulted in the closing of ~st aanufacturingfacilities in Morth Aaerica. The only production plant supplying the .ilitar1is the Belin Powder WOrks in Moosic, Pl, which vas built in 1911-12, eabracing ,the technology of 1850. Tbe ..tbodof lU1lufacture is terlled the "standard 'proce.." and incorporates a ball 4Ild vheel-aill to prepare the ._1. The

In e••ence, black powder i...de by grinding pota••iue nitrate, sulfur,aDd .'charcoal into a fine powder. This Mal is transfomed into a cohesivecongla.erate .... by either foraing a pa.te which is forced through anddivided by a .creen, or it is directly pressed into' a cake. Both foru aresub.equently broken into piece. of,a particular .ize. The ...11 luaps o~grain. of black powder are then coated with graphite to retard the absorptionof .aisture and to prevent the grains fro. adher.ing. This proceas has been'.tandardized t·,) .a.e degree, in sccord'.nce with prevaili.. ' technology, but theoperatllr adds vater, adju.ts teaperatul~e, ..lects grinding tiae, or changesca.pre••ion pre.sur~ ba.ed OIl personal .xperienc~vhich is guided byindividual,juds-ent of color, odor, or general perception of the condition ofblack powder a. it undergoes its various transfo~tion.. Such j~ds-ents areexchanged froe experienced operator to journeyaan.

~ ......, ..

,'.'

7

•. 0,

1T• lIPban~iki /I ,.le=ietrt, 'm T.oJmat Q(11' at _toa<",... Vot •. ,'..~" PHee..Nr.. pp. ~Z2-848~ lRJ~.

'A. MzJoshaU ..~au&8 .. 8PId. 1J1.~ Vote 1.. 'Bt.a1<ietcm~e s". and Co~ ..Phitad.1~ .. PA .. 19l1.

'M ,.ial!lee =,uiye ft S·crlpetne, .. V01. 8.. C1r4ptsp 8 by P., VUiUe.. GGuthiep­VattaN 1:t Fib .. ;~e-LibJtaiNe .. Ptnti.... ,W. '58-'91 .. 189'.

48•T• FetIol'D!/ and 0.8. She//i.zd.. lM.,nzarw'.Ig of _taiiv41 qqd "lgttJd 'ft.... Vot. a .. PATR' 8100.. Pioatimtl/ AliSeMt .. DDvep. N .. w. 1186-1118.. 198a.

58. Crta.lJ.. H. Na2'sh" ,CDtdN. NcIAHn .. J . Mztlr:lat _PM.. Vo~. 11 .. ,pp. 1385.DeMmb.,. 19(12.

, A.P. VtDlgeUep and H. SD1I4ttep.. Ni,tor;' ot fb' _tad" Tnduetru :£n _riM..Cot~ Uni,uepeity ~.e.. "1.. 1981. '

The perfor.ance of black powder, in contra.t to, ii! f§8paration•.~ beencharacterized in the cla.sic papers of No!»le and Abel.' lecently, ,Willi... su...=iaed burning characteristic. and di.cuaa~ .everal, foreian

U R•A• Boh'L. and P.A. Ab8t~ ntU. '2'r'a1I8. Rou. Sop" Lqn4qn. Stlrei.. A. Vo'l.1?1~ pp. 206-279~ 1880.

14 ' ' ,P.A. rH.~%i4m8~ "7fz. Ro'L. of BZack P061dtI.,. in PJeop.nu.,"~."Pl44ti"",AN87lClt rech. Rspon No. 4?70~ PitJ4ti1f1l1J AN87ICI'l~ DoN"', &/. IItItI 1'16. .

plant wa. operated by E.I. DuPont de'Nemours • Co., who so14 the facility toGOIX Inc. in April of 1973. BecAuse black powder ~till pI.,. an i~ortant'

role in fuse. and ignition devices, the U.S. A~ Corps of lnaineera, atartedto construct a production plant in Charlestown, 1M, in 1974. The installa~ion

vas completed in 1978 and it was operated by ICI Americas Inc. One ,principal..deperture fro. standard practice va. ~he inclusion of a jet-aill to grinduterial as developed by ~iell Lovol~ vhich has beenUied in Morvay tomanufacture black powder. Ivery effort 'was ..de to .a4erniae the new blackpowder ..nufac~uring process and to ..ke production as safe .. possi~le. .These conc~pts were translated into hardware that resulted in the first ,production cycle coapleted in early 1983. In the plannina stage. variou•• tudies were conducted to: (1) elucidate the ball and wheel-.ill processes,(2) inve.tigate new techniques and equi~ment, and (3) co.,are the ballisticproperties of black powder originating frOll this aid other countrie.,. thi.work wa. r,portedin paI6 by the Chromalloy CorYI' Battelle ~rial 'Institute, Olin Corp., and l~l &.erica. Inc. Battelle p~bliahed ,abstract. of 50 articles and 60 patent. de.cribing the wheel-aill proces. in .fine detail and gave particle size distribution as a function of grinding timeand moisture content for 'both the iet and vheel-aill proce••ea. ' Theaccu.ulated knowledge V&8 u.ed a. a foundation tor the de.ian of the indiana.Plant.

"-- ':-

8

7X• Lovo'Ld~ U.S. Etztnt Bo~ 316064S~ "PJooc••• fo", th. PNpzJ'lt1tion of B14c1c.~.,.~" 2 1tIatJ 1972. ' .'

8ChyemaU,01/ C0"P.~"A Stwly of IIotUmu.d 7'Bch~iqus. ftne 'liM /tI!mufa6trlN ofB'Lac1c Pt:Nt.l6rt~" Pfto".·UfIZ ChflmitJ4'L DivUi<m~' l'tna'L~ 110. DAI-26-on-601­0RD-P-46~ CfaJlOmtZUOIi Co"P.~ Edr.tz7'd8vi'L'L.~ IL~ tTfDIU4"1/ 1960.

, , ,

9H•E• Ca.,.'Lton~ B.B. Bola.,...,.~ tmtl H. Bac1c.~ "Batte'l14 1lfIItttnti41. I1I8titll:t4Il't7ItJ% Rspon on Adviso1"J/ Se"MJ'i4•• on COMeptut:z% De.ign ad Dev.z.opmgrat; 01BfA1 tmtl I"",~ PJtoc..... fta' t1uI NtDtu!atJtv..,.. of l1t4tJ1c.~" lIztUz.z.Nsmona% IJtBtitvts:. Co%~~ OH~ ~toz,.,.,. 1910., ", •. ,

10".B. n ••eing..,. and lull. 8Jv.7ti,ff~ "p(.na'L 118pon ~ D8Nto~ of I~8dPJtotj••• fo", th. ~actvN of BZ.ac1<. ~.,.~" RCS AituRB-IO'. '01.'£7& Co?'p.~Ind~ A"'W AII'IftID&lotion P14nt. ChaJf'L••towPl~·.IN. 6~ DIIo..". 1911.

Itindiana, AnIrImitiOn P'Lan~~ ""B~1<. ~Jf 1t:I.7&uftitnw,.v,g lbIril.Ur." vote.' 1 and'z~, Inditmt.& A""lI AnIrID:itt.OJ'l P'Lan1J. ChaJf'L..tOCtm. IB~ 1'16. ' ' .

U R•A• Boh'L. and P.A. Ab"'t. Phit. 2'J'tanB. ROu. Soc.. T.andmt ~--:". A "...~.. , --- a - ~.-.... ~ .,~...

16S~ ,pp. 49-1SS~ 18?E!

,.:..~...... . -0I:~••~1':." •~.:;...~..,..·.";-~.:

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:-:.-:...r···'.',. ..~ .

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~~ ..,.........references. Rose IS' studied the effects of various charcoals on performance

and concluded t~at volatile ygntent vas an p,portant parameter; he also wrotean excellent review article. . ~irshenbaum concluded from differentialthermal analysis. DTA. that even when volatiles were removed frOB variousch&rcoal samples this treatment did not alter the order of ignition; thus. itwas concluded that some property other than volatiles also affectedignition., Be also reported that ignition wa. not a prygerty of surface area.ash content. or .ulfur content. Blackwood and Bo~den suggested sulfurreacts with volatile. as an initiation step. but Kirshenbaum showed all threecomponent•• potassium nitrate/sulfur/charcoal. must be present to induce thelow temperature pre~·ignitioY9exotherm. Clearly. volatiles affect burning rate.and this is shown by Hintae who recommends 82% carbon while Blackwood andBowrlen suggest 70%. Neith~r work relat~s these values to the standard fo~ ofwater or a.h-free ba.i~and it is not ~lear as to the exact slate of thestarting materi~l; therefore. these recommendations cannot be cospareddirectly. However, both studies rec~end a high volatile content. DuPonthas maintained 'a,standard of 75% carbon since the 1930's and this practice hasbeen followed by GOIX.

~s.I.E~ Rose. "InvestigatiOPl of Bl.a(!i< Powdezt and Chcuoooat." IHTR-4~3. NauatOztdnance Statit»-.. Indian HBOd. /tiD. SeptBmbw IS?S. .

16J.•E.' Rose. "Bl.ac1c Powdezt - A Node;'" c~ntazoy." 'PPotJ'. of tne 10th Sympasium~ EZptosives and PyPOtschnics. F~n1ctinResearch Institut•• PhitQdetphia.PA. pp. 14-16. lS'I9.

l'1A•D• KiP81umbawn. TbsrmoqhWqa. Agtg. Vote 18. p. 113. 1.817.

.18".D. B'Lac1cwod and F.P. ~en. &op. Roy. Soti•• London. Aa13. p. a8S. lS~a.

19W• Hi.nt••• Qjplosip,tpU,":Vot!' a. p. 41. 1968.

9

In this discussion it is emphasiaed that che properties of charcoal areimportant, but the exact requirements to make a goodballistic'product areelusive. Present practice is that charcoal be made from hardwood. currentlymaple being sele,ted in the United States. and that it be of low, 5% or less.ash content. No 'aerican specification exists citing volatile content but~urrent practice uses asterial of 20-30%. The current specification does notcite the type of wood. particulars relating ~o pyrolysis. nor any requiredphysical property. On.. control on

3black povder is it must conform to the .'

density range of 1.72 to 1.80 g/era. The 4IIIOunts -of potassium nitrate/sulfur/charcoal are given. but ca.paction pressure and par~icle siae are not. ~uch

. general criteria result in a large latitude of allowable variance in makingblack powder.

Prom the historical significance of black powder. it would appear thatthe manufacturing. technology has been developed; however, one general 'observation is the same manufacturing procedure. using the same ingredients.results ~n lots exhibiting 1ifferent burning rates. This ha6 been theexperience of GOIX and DuPont Where fast ani slov lots have been blended toachieve a particular result. ' Although some of the factors that affect burnrate are known. the lot~to-lot variations have 'not ,been' identified. It Was

:.' :,.4', .'.......••..•J..•.....', .',

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__ LJJ t.t..L LLlJ.._..,.A.4Jl§_@'l@ _~t... _,-..J.'.

for these reasons that the &.~1istic Research Laboratory, C81L) baa initiatedseveral black powder studies to ~lucidate the sensitive par...tera thatcontrol combustion. From scanning elec:tr('~ microscopy (S.E.II.). it wasinferred that structure was imp(lrtanti ar.~ in developbg this hypothesis, itsoon became clear that correlations e-~) st bet....een physical peoperties andcombustion. This review will blend both past and current research, focusingon ingredients, physical structure. and c01lbusti~n. in an attempt to replacesome of the .ysticism associated with black powder and black powderproduction.

II. CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK POWDER

A. Ingredients

No CoaDent is directed to sulfur or potassium nitrate; these c&eaicalspropose no particular technological problem. However, charcoal. a' naturallyderived substance which contain. approximately 35% "tar-like" conatituent••variea from one source to another and fro. one2bot to another., Such variancehas been studied in ietail for .ple charcoal, ¥hue teD. ..mples £rOIl~terial supplied by one producer and used by t!~ I~iana 8lack Powder Plantwere analyzed. Hydrogen. carbon, .itrogen. sulfur, and Olenen were, lDeasured.and the' elemental coepoaition of a6h vaa determined. Ie.ults are given inTable 1 on a weight-percent bs.is. Physical properties were, deterained andinclude true density. volatiles, heat content, ~urface area~ and porevoIUl:~. The ex'tr... rang.. of teu 34mples are s.-arbeel in ,Table. 1. vbueasindividual values for each analyai. are given in Reference 20. Freeaanused averages of this data. vI;lere the empirical formula for ~barcoal vas takento be C14 5787 1701 00 to·coepute thermod'!,-ic prope~t~e.; his results werethe data Lase tor closeel boeb evaluations. The e.p1r1C&1 fo~la use.d torepresent DuPont and GOBX charcoali vaa CS.6SH4.9601.oo.

An inteiesting observation' is the lov sur~ace area of this (".barcoat. anelthus. it is inferred that IDOst of the ,pore. must be plttgged.fQr a c:mpletelycarbonized iDeterial would have a urface araa of about 1000 r 18.' I

A~ther disturbing aapect of thi~ datai. the raQge,of carbon .04volatile content where so.e valu•• are at the extre.e It.ita ~f ,~~. i.believed to make good bl.ck poWder. The data'lllustraC•• the probleaofmaking a reproducible product using an ingredient the ca.poeition of Which

20R•A,. sasse'~ "ChtaactllPbatUm of /Cp1.11 CJunecoa1. Used to Iiak" Bl4ck Po61d p/'ARBliL-Mll-iJ332 Ba1.U,stic R"slltl1'-:Ya' LoboratoPy~ USA:"ARRAlJCfZI. AbIl1'tlslln. PJ9cr.. 1IgGl"Orind~ 110~ Nov"'%' 1983. ADA-13.6-S13.

21E. FJI8t1dmcm~' "The 71I1II'mOdynDllrice uf Real. arr:l TJnNtlt Btack p~e%'~" Proc.of the 20th JANNiF Conrbuetio1i Neeting ~ CPIA PubU,catiora 110. 388~ Vat. I ~ ppS11~ OCtob8l' 1983. ' '

n .R.A. sasse' ~ H. Ho1.mes~ D. HtmSIl"~ II. Au1Igst~ O. !.bIzti. anrl R. Bouni:DI..

. "Evd1.uation of B1.ack PMIII'PI'oduced by ~1rII I7Idi4ntJ AMfI .wnrmitioPr Ptan ~"ARBRL-TR-i,1I '[1l'tIss~ azUistw RIISIltlNh Labol'CJto%'IU USA AIlIWJCOII. AberdH1lPl'wiitg QJ'OJUId~. MD. 198,4. ' . ", ;

10,

\

" )

~'

B. External Structure of Grain. of Black Powder

Va1ue.-are in weight pereent unle•• otherwise noted.

" -:-..::::::::~........ ~ ..• " ao ... . ..t:".-............... ....... • t

2:--10

11400-13000

Btu/lb·

enthalpy

pore vo1UM

_3/g

true d!n.ity 1.44-1.56glca

.urface area 2.2-15.7

Si02 16--43

CaO 28---44

A1203 12--14

1(2° 8.4-12.9

la20 1.0-1.8

Fe203 2.3-4.9

KgO 1.9-3.7P205 1.2--2.1

C1llJIACTlRlZATIOM OF MAPLE CHARCOALTABLE 1.

carbon 12--81

hydrogen 2.9--3.5

nitrogen 0.30-0.48

.ulfur 0.01-0.02

oxygen 12.6-15.4

allh 2.5--10.4

volatiles 22-30

cannot be c10.ely controlled. To address this prub1e£, re.e.rch h.s beendirected to i~!nt{ty pure org.nic compound. that could be sub.tituted directlyfor charcoal. _ Po1yphenol., di.cids, and phth.leins gave proeising results.Testing must be conducted before such propellants can be properly consideredas viable black powder substitute. to include: c.rd gap, drop vei3ht, .ndfriction .en.itivity.

The .ize latitude of cla.s one black powder is 1arg~ and it is defined ...eterial which will pa.s through a number four .ieve (4.75 ..> and not.nu.ber eight sieve (2.36 ma>. Even though lots of black powder ..tthiscriteria, some lots appear ,to be co.posed of different .•ize grains fro­others, .ugge.ting th.t a .or!2Qu.ntitative ....~~e be undertaken. Sizedistributions were detera~ned for DuPont 111-12, GC·IX.7S-44, and Indiana1983 ·lack powders and resul~b a~egiveu iD T.ble 2. Tbese ..terial. are,referr~dto later without using l~: identifier•• E.ch c.mplehaa a alightlydifferent distribution, and in .11 c••es, the function v•• not prnnounced.This broad di.tribution .hould be· taken into account in coabu.tion .odelingstudies and vil1 be addressed 1.ter.

An~ther characteri.tic of b1.ck powder i. ita ·gr.phite coat, and tittleinforaation exists to de.cd&. thb envelope or its function. Onech.racteri.tic of-the coating is to keep the gr.in. fra. .dhering to one

'''(a) S. rlUB ana R.A. &ul8t1'# "OJegczni,a SribBt.£.tuttl8 fo" C'uzJ'C("!:Z·Ut Bl44kpOt.t1tlJne 1!Jrptl Py1'OtStmnW l'o1'mUZatimur." P'ftua. of thtJ 19th tlANNAI' Combr.uJti.<mNtltI~i.7Ig# C?IA PubZ.i<Jati,onNo. 388. Voz.. II. ppe 30S# Octobtl,. 1982-

(bJ S. rli.stl# R.A. &ul8.'# and H.B. Ho1,,,,,,.. "01tgani.c Sub8titutt18 fa,- G'haNO(ZZ.-£n 'Bl4ck Powds,.' ryptl Py1'Ottlchni.<J }tnomuZatimur#" ARBR£-f'R-o~S89#lbZZiBtia R38847'Ch LaboJ'C&tO"'h USiI-ARRADCON. Abtl7'dstIn PfttJuing G1'01lIId#·ND# ~uZ.,I 1984.

11.

_ ~ _,:. ~_. _ ~ ' .. _ •• u ~ ~,~•• , ' _ -. _... • _,-._ ".", ~ , _ _a ~..'\,~ " ~ _ _ , 'W"~ -. _~•• '- ' •• ~"'~ : •••• _ " .. ".-"" .. ' _~,. " ..:''': ~:::::•

.. - ...z(,-.~

TABLE 2. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

'Largest Size 4. ?S 4.00 3.35 2.80 2.36 '2.36i.n ...

GOEX 0.31 9.48 26.69 22.25 28.46 11.70

DuPont 3.39 33.23 36.13 17.31 a.82 0.65

Indiana 2.24 22.20 29.80 25.58 la.02 1.53

another, and' a second role is to prevent absorption of vate~. F~ hilh .peedcine.atography of a single burning grain, it appear$ that the coa~inl act. a.an inhibitor. and as such. it i. a very Lapo~tant pa,t of blaCk povde~. Toshov the influen~e of thi. coat. ~a.ples'of black powder we~e Obtai~ed ju.tbefor~ graphite vas added to the glaze barrel. the.. are called ireem graina.and later the corre.ponding graphited material· was abo ..lected. The n.-­spread rates of these two Gemples differed by a factor of two .boving r.heretarding effect of the graphite coat. One atteapt to exa.ine this coating~as undertaken in vhich but one DuPont grain vas exained ud. S.E.M.techniques. Microphotographs were taken of the flat side of tbe he.i.pherecreated by cleaving the grain in half, much like scappiaa a tvia, .uch thatthe surfaces were not marred by a tool. Proa the picture•• the graphite coatvas judged to be about five .icron. thick. Puture work wilt atteapt tocorrelate electric conductance of a black powder bed to arapbite fil.thicknes.. .

C. Internal Structure of Black Powder

S.E.M. microphotographs of cia.. one black powder24 ..~. ~tain" byfirst cleaving the grair. in half a. de.cribed. Two .,.,t.. f~ the iet andwheel-mill are given in Pigure. 1 and 2 at tw different aqnificationa.,Compari.on of the figures shovs the jet-mill produce. a ...tler and ao~:

uniform di.trib~tion of ~rticles. In addition, the charcoal no~e. were notfilled vith either potas.i..- nitrate or sulfur. aSproperty that had beena.cribed to the pre.sing action of the wheel-.ill by the concept ter.e4"incorporation~" PreD. these ardother such photograph., i~, va noted that the.degree of openness of the' :rain increa.ed •• diclite buniaarate. A

- -rev4fating feature of the photographs va. the tack of c~talU_ .harp eda't..and it bee... apparent that a doainant feature .... pia.tic now that createdvoide and porosity in the grain. This feature va quatified by' detemini..internat surface area and pore voluae. Bru~auu, '-ett. .. T.lle~, I.B. 'f. ,gae ab.otption technique. vere u.ed t~ ....ure .urface area.... Yaluea of 0.5to 1.0 ~/g were obtained where the larger .urface ·are.. were propo~tioaal to

B4(aJ R.A. SQ.••s' ~ "'lM Inf7,:.umo8 of Physical. PJtopszrti~. ~ BZluJ1c PtNtJ.p ONB&u-r!ing Rats~" Ssv."th Tnts""atiorra1. P1l1'Otaoimic. S_rrtU'. V01. 8~ rrrRS.tlaNh In.tituts ~ Chi(J(lgo ~ IL. p. S38 ~ "u1.11 1980.

(bJ R.A. $a••s' ~ "'!'luI Inf'Lwmoa of Physical. P1'Opszrti.. of~ PowtlaP emBuzening /trta~" ARBRL-'l'R-oa308~ B1Ui.tio RasfltUltJ1a LaboPat;oPII. USA-ABIlADCOIt.A1HIPda.. PNVingGPOWJId~ ND~ NcuttJh 1981,. (AD.AI00173J.

12

.'- .~

· '.... '

~.'

~t •

I

~ •. ':."

~ ........' .

,:.- ......-

". .

..:.~~:.:

.' ... .-

.-... ~ =".·"........·.. ~ ...

'.' ." "."~..""~.':,.

::'}'.':'./':.....-":.....~... :.::I

'.~.":''''~...... '.".~=.~.~..'. ~..-~.:~:...:~'.~..-...-.- ,-,..;....;.

..: ...." •• l~'....:':~'.'. ~'-._ ).......- ~.....

~;-~

•.... ­....•.••-.. . .. .....-: ..'.~ ..".: :-......::.-:'O-.

.... .1'_

_ r '"

.., • ,' .......... , ....... 0'"' .... ".' '.. ~ .. .' ~_ '" - .. • OW _ "~ • _.. ..- .:

..'."0'

.'

'.

'I- -I, 100 micron

I- ·150 micron

lnt.rio" of Black PoVdu Cuin hoduced by "'heel Mill ,hoc...

" I," .

ri,u". 1.

'.'

' ...:

,." ..

• .'."

":

',.:..•.•..."'.

.t'( J..', '. "'. '. '. '. '..,' .J _.4., , 3. ,: ..0:'-., i " ,.i,. :..t..J.. •. ,~.( •.•.... , •.,.4,••...,..•.•..... ,.4.. '.' _.•4.• ,.,t.. _.,<:

Iat.rior of Black Powder Cw:oaln ho4ucH by J.e....iU ~•••

.,

.J.,~'.","'.

'".-

I...'..:,;..'....

I.'.

.' .e"

0'

'",.,.

I,"~.•e

:...L

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'",".e,

' ..r.".,~t,~.',.....,...,":~

t.,-:~..~...~...~. ~ .

,,~',­.,"

.""t. '.

~ -I100 micron

" Pi,ure 2.

I- _I,50 micron

-- .

14

"I'

i

I·.~

.'0'

i····..·,·..'"!'.'"..'.....,I'JJ

";..,0.~

the faste~ hurning ..teri.l. The.a.e result was found with pore volume asdeterrined 3by Mrcury intrusion p',roaiMtry. vhere values ranged between 0.01to 0.04 c. Ig for both whole and ~le.ved gr.in.. Thus. the ..rcury penetr.tedthe entire grain vithout hindr.nce froa either the gr.phite co.t or internalstructure. ' In addition. the ..rc~ry intrusion dat. shoved th.t passagev.yshad Man di...ter. of .bout 0.1 aicron .t the narrowe.t cro.,-section•

. Another ..thod of deter.ining the degree of ~~nness of bl.ck povder i.to deteraioe intern.l free volu.e. rbi.qu.ntity can be c.lculated fra. thebulk and true denaities where "'fle volu.e••re ....ured ~ different ways:bulk den.ity i. deterained fra. the volu.e taten equal to the a.ount of..rcury displ.c~d by the ...,le. and true den.ity i. liven by the .-Gunt ofheli~ diapl.ced. Since _rcury doe. not enter the pOre... does heliua.the.e differen~!. can be rel.ted to void .p.ce. Indi.na. DuPont and OOEXbl~ck powders had bulk d.naitie•. of 1.75 to 1.79. true den.itie. of 1.94 to1.97. _d internal fret volu.e. wer. 4.10 to 5.75%. Abo. the aaxUauath~oreti~.l denlity for this bl.ck powd.r would be 1.97 u.ing the av.rage trued.naity 'of 1.4~ for charco.l (se. Table 1) and the den.ity valu.. for .ulfuraad pot•••i~ nitr.te. The c.lcul.ted v.lue is al.o.t equal to the ....ur.d••lu•• of t~l! denaity.

All of the.e ....ur....t. support the conclu.ion th.t the co-paetion .tepuled in ..king bl.ck powd.r induc.. loc.l pl.ltic flow producing • fUledconglOller.te and coh.si.e .... containing a ..trix of intercOftnectingp•••Agev.yl .ad th.t the delr.. of openne.. of a black powder grain ildirectly rel.ted to burnina rate. The.e coDcept. ~i.tely IUllelt thequenion addre••ed in the next .ectin. "Row do .. quantify the c.,actionproce~. and .pply this knowled.e to .ate reproducible la~r.tory ...ple. an~

reproducible productiOD l~t.'"

III. CDlPACTI01t ar ILACX POWDER·MEAL

Black powder ..al is pre••ed into a cake u.ina vari0U8 pre,.ur.. anddifferent .ailture COQt~t. to JChie.e a particular grain denaity. Thiaproce•• v.. ex_i," in detaU2 by pre••iac ..al alowly in a uterial teatina ..in.truMnt. _ I trO!ll. aad recordina both .the preSlure ancI denaity of the•.,le., The ...l di.plac...nt rate of 0.254 "/.fa v.. aelected aad a totalload of 3,000 II ..a applied alqwly to ...,le. of different .ai.turecontent. a..ulta are Ib- in riauN 3.wbere the early pordon of ·the CUrft

repre.enta .av... t of ..tarial into a clote packed lIa.etry aDd the linearportion raflecta laatic flow. Bad theex,.r~n~."" extead~ to hilhar

2S{Q) R.A. SU••' ·StPtJ1ttl .... ·ibt•• to ()N 1hDtdNdAtlw>.pM,..•••. «glttla·IfIt.J'III(Jt'tOflCll p ~tJI SMtPltZP. I'l't R••«ueoII I""itMt•• CltiOdgtJ; IL••p. $II. AlII II ,

(b) R.A. Sza•• ' ·StPtJ1ttl a.M .Rr.It•• to "- HwttINtl At1rfo.pIIa,..••• PfttHJ. f1/tlta I1tJ1 JAllIII CCJlfbuad(JJf Ne.ti•• CPIA ~UOCId(JJf 110. J,'. Vote I. p. 1'.oatoba,. 118'. . . '. .'

( 0) .$tPtJ1ttl ...... /bt.. to ()N 1hDtdNtl AtMo.",..,..•••ARBRL-'tR-DJ41O. 8dU.tio R.~«JPOIa l.tJboNtorr~ USA-ARRADCfM. Allard.",PrtNi.", GPotutd. /J6). It'll. 1I1~.- (AD-AUI-Dn).

15

1000

-'"E~at 100~-

1&1•::)=1&1.' 10 0..01&1,:=;

I •..~ 1 •••

0 10 20 30' 40 50 60COMPRESSION (%)

I

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I

,, .

, I

',', .

I,

" I

i,, rlgu're 3. BUect of pre..ure Oft BlACk PoWder Mla110, 0%; " 1%;, +,,2%; " 3%; and -, U Vater

· '

~ '

•, ..

16

. ...,,' '

.s~:;..:' L!)!. Lt.:. LJ. "L)t ~..'.".,."• .e••' ••.• "•• _.t. '- '- .k ?C..

. ~"

I,-

pressures, the curve would appro.ch • vertical asymptote near values of 65%co-paction. A direct relationship is shown between the logarithm of appliedglobal pressure to density; this fUnctionality ..ssuspected to be2~he resultof coapr~.sing bounded spheres. This idea is 3upported by Knudsen' who show.th.t porosity i. a logarithaic fUnction of the contact area between sp~eres.

To evaluate these concepts and asse.s the effect of particle size," 'a "collection of two different dia-eter copper spheres, SO and 125 microns, wereindividually coapres.ed. The re.ulting curves were logarithmic and could besuperiaposed one upon the other. Apparently, particle size does not influencegrain density .t particul.r coapaction pressures and p.rticular water'contents. Also, these experi.ent. indicate the logarithmic relationship isthe result of plastic 'flow -.ong • collection of spheres. Thi••ame "relation.hip was even .bOWD for the .uch larger class one gr.ins wberesuchresults can be .pplied to the f.bric.tion of fuse .nd ti.e del.y eleaents.

The applic.tion of physic.l testing to evaluate the co-paction processh•• been succe.sfu~.nd the result. can be .pplied tof.bric.tion technology,dwell-time studie., and to the preparati~n of l.bor.tory ...plee. Sincepl•• tic flJW w.s found to be do-in.nt, an equiv.lent' proce.s waa .doptedwheres..ples were pressed in • con.tant volume die using a .pacer to control pistontravel; this .voided the lifficulty of siaultaneously controlling botbpressure md water content. 'lbe technique offered the 'advantage off.bric.ting a .erie. of ...ple. haviaapredict.ble densities by placing known

, weight. of .al iDto a, paraUelepiped die forains ".ticka" 4x5x20 _. Due to• slight degree of ela.ticity, bulk den.itie. were calcul.ted fro. the final.easured dimension. of the extruded ...ple.. 'lbe.e ...ple. were inhibitedwith a co.t of cy.noacrylate-ba.ed glue for .trand-burn r.te .tudie••

The preceding section. pre.ented the chemical and physical properties ofbl.c!" powder; subsequent data and discu.sion will pertain to co-b~.tion.

IV. ATMOSPHERIC STIAIID BUD RATES

Inhibited bl.ck powder sticka of different den.iti.s were made frca ..pie.nd oak charco.1 ..al. that were around, in the Indian., pilot plant" jet-.ill.Th", were burned in air, .t ablO.pheric pr!!.ure and ,photosraphed by "cineaatocr.phy .t 2000 fr... per ..cond. Th. position hhtory of the'burniaa int.rface wa. plotted' •• a' function of ti.. aad the lea.t .quare • lope ,va. uaed to calculat. burnins rat.. The deviation of th. .lope vas' tak~4 ..the preci.ion of on.....ur...nt .ad i. aiven a. an .rror bar on the data'points drawn in Piaur. 4. Lat.r. it va. found that 801M deviation. -.anath ur nt. va. trac••bl. to. ~or inbi~itor co.t.{ndicated in tb.lIOYi.. by • arovina crOW forainl .t th. bumina int.rf.~r. The.. in.tanc••could be id.ntified aad di.card~. Prca the reaainina zub••t. burn-rat•• ofabout ,on. cnti..t.r per second ~. obtained. and th.y are .hown to be alin••r functionol d.n.ity. Black powd.r containina' aapl. ch.rcoal burnedabout 20% fa.Ur th.n oak. On. additional _ped..n~ va_ perforaed, to co-par.the burnina rate. of two.tick.of black powd.r that vere ..de to .1u.l "den.iti•• wh.re on.... coapr•••ed d..p and the other ... pr••••d dry at •

17

h, •

,,"

L ••-.-_,,-_ _~-, ,-: ,._, __ .. " iL·_ • • __ ·.·.-.·.·.· ·.~._·.• •••.• -.·.·.• _ ••• _ ""': _. __ ~"'L. _. __._.. ~ .• _•• _. __.. __ •. _ •.-: &.._..~ ,~

, !·

w

iZ 0.7II::::)

• 0.6

0.51.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

DENSITY (g/em 3)" 1.8 1.9

rieur. 4. SCrade! Burn laC•• aC ACIIO.pheric rr.•••un ... Function ofDendcy. Lowr Cun. Oak aad Upper Cun. *pl. llack "".re.

18

".. "

.. ._. - - -~~--- ---'---- ---~-- -- .""-,--- " .. ;--

•I.t

1•...t""",

. I

.....

---~.

higher pressure. Both ~re dried and the two burning rates vere found equal,and, in effect, the saapl~s did not reflect their different reapectivepreparation historiea.

In a further atte.pt to evaluate claa. ooe black powder, Indianaaraphited clasa, gra!ns vere around, 'aieved, pressed into sticks, and strand­burn ~ates .easured. A li.ilar I..,le val ..de using India4a ireen grains. andthe two burn ratel vere siailar, 0.89 .nd 0.91 c./.. ~t vas concluded thatthe ...11 aaount of grap~ite in ooe •..,le 'did not effect the reault. GOEXand DuPont ..aplel had equal but llightly higher values of 1.00 c./I. Intheee .easure.entl, oriainal grain lize or diltributi,n of lizes ia nelated alis any effect related to the graphite coat or original density of thegrains. Under thege circuaatance., burn rate il only proportionai to cheaicalcoaposition, original fine d.gree of grinding, and denlity of the Itick.Thu., these .ealure.enta reflect an inherent burning quality. Advantage. ofthe techpique are that in photographincburnina. one can, be certain of theaode of c~ultion and inlure that the inhibiting coat ia adequate. lor thel~

reasonl, the telt appearl to have aerit aDd parallel. the older DuPont andGOEI .ethods in which black powder il placed in a lead tube,and itl diaaeteris reduced by dravina tbe I..,le throup aa eatrosion bencb.

Iven ~hOUlh fev I..,les were evaluated, this iatriaaic c~uation

,aeasureaent ranta Indiana black powderlle-er than tbe otberl. Thia illo.evhet lurprising. for the In,diar.a .eal vaa ground to a ...ner particlelize, ca 15 .icronl, than tbe other ...la; hence it. burnina rate, nov~ependent 00' jUlt particle aize, cheaical ~oapolition and denaity, Ibould bethe faltelt. Such a r.elult ..at be attributed to either a non-optiauavolatile content in the charcoal or ao.e o~ber unidentified variable.

To ~!.in surface burnrates,25 noa-inhibited Iticka vere evaluated. Thesurface burned falter than the bulk _terial and thus a pyraaid fOrMd. tbeside. of which bee... steeper as C~.tiOD prolreased. Thi. r~.ulted ia fourdistinct las plu.el juttial outward and no~l to the hurninl surface. Thesurface that had been adjacent to the aovable piston burned three ti..s ,fast.r. and th.. ,surface fOrMd ." the bottOIl of the die burned lia ti..1

fa.ter than· the bulk burn rate.

One 1'-a aotioa picture fr... val ealarled and particle li.es vere'..a.ured ." lathan ~lein of the IlL ~inl a quaatiaet 720 I"leADaly••r. 2ScThe, larler particlea vere found to be near perfect aphere. havinl a .i.•----­distribution that peaked at di_tera of 225 ,to 300 aicron.; tbe,. are believedto be frosen droplets of ,uor.acted ..terial. A .econd diltribution of ....11poroua ..terial of irresular sbape'aad Ib~rp adaes vas collected and e..-dned." S.I.N. t.chaique.. In this case di...ter. vere betveen 0.4 to '1.0 .tcron,and' these bodies are ~houaht to It, tbe re.ult of, c01idenaationof reactionproducts., '

19 ,

"~I'

.'., - ~

(1)

CLOSED 10MB IVAJ,UATIOKVI.

HIGH PRESson S!IAND BUD BADSV.

r - 1.72 ,(0.164 t 0.017)

8111 • 1\Ibot4... 'r.J. Clatarin.p. L.N. CaN1IlI. and M•. &£11 J../uU. "I'M ".a1rmIi_,of SMpft'-Rau BwPrring' of CaMlliud Doubt. Bel.. PJror-l%Gnta." ReptJPt; No. ANS1081. r»pt;. of Ml'Oe~ and .....,.i=l Stri,lmoe••~ lhri.NNitli.'PP£~cm. 1ItI. M:utoIt 1911.

88A.F. Beil/ilW and S.F. MI.,.eu. "o.p.nde"M· of aa-M"f azt. of SrIo1c• .p0JIfriJl{;P061d.,. Oft i'HellUN." Dokt. Akad. NQ.u1< ,t,SSR. Vo7.. 1. ,. 881.1960.

89A.P. tnaalcOUCl and I.A. reNela1<i,.. "Re14ticm Bet~.,. PN.IIUN 4iId. ~iPlgV. 7.CHritil of Ezp7.oftuee." ZIIwr. ria. lOIim•• vo7.. 3$. w- 1688-1618. 1981.

10AI. Be7.lI4w. A.I. KtntotIcW. A.X. PrDtfepfe,.ou. and A.A. Skl~. "f/M. .,.,.illg Rtlu of Some EzptOftH Subetime.. Q.rd~ •. Verr NigllPNehNe." ZhHz:. ria. Kltim•• Vol 3? p. ISO.. 1163 ..

, ' ,CloHd-boab technique. and subsequent data reductioll ba.e been, a concern'of 'eYeral laboratorie.. To in.ure equivalent ~ata p~••iD&. laboratorie.achaqed pr~pell.et Naple. and n.ul t8 are .iveain a JAIIU Coabustion.

Inhibited .-ple stick samples were b~~ed while beiaa pbotoararbed in awindowed ch..ber of the d!!ign of Kubota. Pairs of ...,le.. of differentdensities were evaluated at several different nitroaea pre.sure. to 100ataospheres.. To mniatbe the obscuration effects of ..... the optical pathinside the chamber vas redUCed to 8 mm by inserting two plastic spacers.Results are aiven, in Figure 5. The data contain some ecatter and art cQaparedto the allrage response curve der~'ed frna severa12ieferencea .umaarized bY29Willi... using t~6 values of Belyaev and Maznev. Glaakova and Tereahkinand I.lyae. et ale The excellent agree-ent between the au.aiam aad presentstudy ia surprising considering the different charcoal• .a4 differeatpreparatioo.procedures eaployed. The burn rate, or.ore precisely. ·thereares.ion rate t~ction. r (ca/s>, was deterained for pEe88are•• P (ata).between 3 to 100 atmospheres. ~e relationship: '

wa. obtained. The burn rate curve· exhibited a sharp deer.... in slope at. pressures of a fewataospheres. The fil•• were ex..;n" to ..e if a differentcoabu.eion -ade, such as deconsolidation. vas a••ociated with this transitionUci no chan.e wa. recorded. 'l1le only physical difference DOted was that atlow pres.ure. the cell haa a carbonaceous deposit OR t..·..l1•• whereas atbigb pres.ure., lar.e fro.en droplet. were seen; bowe.-r. fil.., in either ca.elooked laUch alike. In ot~!~ experiaenu. vhere phenolphthalein. v.. '·sub.tituted for charcoal. it. burn-rate curve al.o ... a decree.. in .lopeand vas si.ilar to those reported' here. Since the _ltiaa point of theorganic, 258 C, and tbat, of potasdua nitrate. 334 C, .e both below theianitiOD t_perature, ca 450 C, the subatituted syst. could be a. liquid­liquid reaction in contra.t to the liquid-.olid black po.4er s,.tea. Thi.could iaP,l, that the "break" in the burn-rate curve coaW be ·d_ to nitratec~.i.tr1 .. oppo.ed to the auaace. ,of charcoal.

I

a ,a S '--e..L.f. ..! .... _~._••.~.£.4! .. )_ ...4?,.!... '~_ ...._. -, __,-.,,·t ..._. i..... __:. t.3......__ ~_._' ..~ ..... :: ...!._;.,••~~.,,_•...)_~_~ ......~'-~••__..,..._'. __-.,..j .._~i.. ...:c. .._t~.:aJ_,.\. __ .... _~....;_.;,..'S'__\••':u~

20·

" '.

.. 1I" t'.• J, \.~

,'f'

~.. "

10

",

~ "-., -. •.... "to,;. -.....:, -_ ...... '- "_ •• "- -. _. -.. -. ""'- •

-­,.---'!:Il~':L

21

Strand Burn Rate. at High Pre••ure.; De.hed Lineleferenee. 14, 2~,· 29, and 30.

Figure 5.

1

•1....__......--_....---....--~~1 1 10 100 1000

PRESSURE (atm)

III

SZDC~

'.

-~Eu-

'.'

Report. 31 Although black powder va. not considered, tbi. docu.ent doesreflect closed-bomb evaluation methods and the descriptioa i. • v~l~ble

reference tool. The calculated maxiaua pressur~, fl... te.,erature emd otherquantities have been predicted by various thereodynaaic ca.Puter code. thatrequire the chemical composition of the propellant. In theca.e of blackpowder, tbe composition of charcoal, .. veil !! tbe otber including a.b,ingredients,alst be specified. Eli Freedman perforMd lOch ca1culati~l.ls forthe Indiana, GOEX, and DuPont s.ples. lor the fint tiM. cbarcoal vasrepresented by its elemental co-po.ition .. oppo.ed to oa11 carbon .. bad beent:'e custom. lor the GOEX and, DuPont nllples, lreedJI-. ua'" the eleaental'cOllpOsi tion of charcoal given by Io.e as "Ro.eville B" Mde by the Io.evilleCharcoal Co. of Zanesville, Oil, and obtained 'the pota.si.­nitrate/sulfur/charcoal concentration. fro- the data sheet. supplied byIndbna. In a like unner, the chemical cClllposition of the charcoal u.... 'atIndian!O (also _de by Io.eville) •• taken by averegina the value. reported by

, ,Sasse' and s....rized in Table 1 of this chapter. Asain. potassimanitrate/sulfur/ charcoal concentration. wer!2obtained fra. Indiana dataSh!ets. The computed re.ult. vere compared

3to clo..... ba-b data where an 88

cm boIab, at a loading den.ity of 0.14 &lea , va••ployed to produce peakpres.ures of 472 atmo.pheres. lor one exaaple, a £1... t..peratu~ of 1765 Cand aD Lapetu. of 95583 (rT-lb/lb) ... calculated •. To calculate burn-rateequation., thereodynaaic quantities vere used,and the grains were' consideredto be perfect sphere. with a'diaaeter cho.en at the llidpoint of the .ize rangeof the original .creening,and a value of 0.14 inch, or 0.55 _ ••u ...uaed.Closed boab burning-rate equations 'vere, derived for !our ...,le. each of GOEX,DuPont, and Indiana black powder. and they are giveo in Table 3. Equationswere fitted to the data between 136 emd 408 atm. .

,One ..jor concern of this aDd otber clo••d-boab black powder experiment.i. the large value oltbe burning-rate exponent, 0.5 to 0.6, im the huminl­rate equation,a. contra. ted to the .uppo.edly equivalent value~ derived fro..trand burn-rate experiment. Where a ...ller value of 0.164, Iq. I, bas beenreported. Suc~ difference. have been pnvioudy ob.ened in otber' von.!rtthey bav, been discu••ed, first by ~.e and later by ibite emd Sa..e'.The diff re~t value. in exponents has to reflect a different burning, aode in,the cia. d~ than i. normally •••~d.emd bence, the.e burDin. rate••hould conaidered as ~••udo-burniDl rate••

•t~and-burninl ~p8ri.aentl, 1'00II t_perature ... pre-pre••urizedand .aapl. al contr••ted to the closed ba.b where hot cG.bu.tion

:U"AlfIl' COIrflnwtiort ~tt••• amt lht.MrasKNillnt. 'and~ Wuat;ianPJto(J Pand. "Rmutd Robin R• ..,U. of tM C7.oHtl~ and Stl"ClJltl~. "CPIA M7.iodiort lIo~ 161. aditad bN A. JUllaa. JUl, 198'..

32(aJ K. lI1Iiu artd R~A. Sa•••• "Combwation awl Ftan.. c~m.UC8 of B1aoJc:'eNd• •" PJtoo. of tM lStIl "ANNAP CDmbwatiort _.ting. CPIA M7.ioation No.341. V 7.. II, p. 2S3, oato~ li81.

(bJ K. lI1Iitfl and R.A. saa••• "R.7.atiort8I1ip of Combutiart tlItfl P1I,rioa7.PItopa i .. of B7.aa1c PDWd."." ARBRL-NR-D3219. BaUiaUo R••84Nh LaboNt~.USA- ON. Abal'd.an PJtwI.ng CJ't1U1td .. 11/), NW8IIIbaI' 19n·~ . (AD Al21 '264)

22

·1

'I1

TABLE 3. cor"'F~CIENTS FOR TIIl$ BUlUf-RATE EQUATION AND ~ICIHESS VALUES.

Burning rate, r(cm'/s) is gben by the 'function' r-bpn where pressure, P, b inatmospheres.

gases had this effect. It ..sthought that this different temperature andpressure history might influence co-bustion to a degree that would changeburning-rate expone~ts. Unpublished data of a singl~ inhibited black powdercylinder~ burned in the s.. closed bomb at pre••ures to 110 ata, had anexponent of 0.192, a value near 0.164 derived by c~ne..tography fro. strand­burner experime~t~. Fro- this relationship it was concluded tha~ thedifference in gas temperature and pres.ure history does no~ induce a differentcoabustion mod~ and furthermore, deconaolidation or poroua burning does nottake place. Similar confirmation was obtained in high pre.snre ateady-staterocket -otor experiments. rneref~re, the l~rge burni~g-rate exponent muat bean' artifact of burning a collection of grains of black powder.

.'.-

"

• ,t. ) • .t..l. _S. _:. .t....t••••••• '••• J.. _. '.. _.. ' -• -. - ..<. :.,:.':

Peak AveragePressure Quicknessatm atm/s

454 44.48455 44.81454 44.6')453 45.63

469 38.41466 34.03462 32.05465 32.19

459 29.14,459 28.34463 28.27467 29.09

,23

nb

,', I

cm/s

r.,2~3 0.6710.551 0.5310..287 0.6600.326 0.641

0.561 0.4930.518 0.4850.457 0.5030.251 0.547

0.179 0.6610.309 0.5530.328 0.5420.345 0.533

Indiana

DuPont

SampleJYpe

To explain this diacrepancy, one must invoke aechani... whereby surfacearea increases during coabusti~n and two substantive .ugge.tion. have beenoffered. One iathat grain break-up or. fracture is thft root cause for'increaaing surface area,and a .,:ond ~ypothesis ia all black powder graina donot ignite at the instant of i~ition. Either explanation could account for ahigh value of the exponent ~n t~~ burning-rate equation. Another approach to .th~a proble. ia to consider that 'the gra~hite co=t acta aa an inhibitor andcombuation progre.sea, from a,sicgle point ignit!?n eource that results in'increaaing' aurfaceareaduring (~e burn. High-speed movie. of aingle burningIrain, suggest thi, effect. If this idea i, mechanistically correet, thengreen grain. (where .u~face bur~-rat~' are greater by a factor of S 'than bulkvalue,) should'burn with saal1er b~rn r~te-exponenta than I~aphited ..terial.Clo.ad-bo-b experiment. exerting 8 maxLA'8 pressure of 100 ata followed thispattern and the approach ..ented promising. hovever, in the pre.ent wrk, andat presaure. to 500 ata, Ireen ant graphited srains gave the .... co.bustioncurve.. Tlie contradiction of the two set. of expedaent. is unreaolved· and

4L4.e, c.c ••••c_.•._.•q.~'\,C .•_$•••._•• ,•.1. ', ':":.'. .' .t...:'.__.... a .... __ _ ....

the concept of sinale-point ignition is not supported eYea thoulh this processmay b~ operative. Work in this .rea .hould continue f~ this contr.diction isthe behavior of black powder.

In dealing with combustion of black powder. it i. ~ecognized thatcombustion rates are proportional to ~rain 8ize and the aize di8tributionshould be known. Theate functiona were iDeasured for all a.ples, and they aregiven in Table 2. Each a.ple had aalightly different di.tribution and inall c.sea the function waa not aharp. Under the8e condition. one worriea th.tthe numerous 8mall or large grains dominate the calculatiom aqd invalidate theaS8umption 'of "aver.ge radiu••" Since an average and particular radius _achoaen for data evaluation, it '~88ed worthwhile to perfo~. aatheaaticalaensitivity analy8ia using differentr.dii. Thia va. accu.pliahed using oneset of GOEI data and the varioua r.dii of the aieve .ise., four through eight,embracing the aub-aizea of claa.-one black powder. The bUrD-rate curvea hadaimilar exponenta but vere displ.ced one fra. .noth~ where the pre-exponentchanged by a factor of 2.5. Cle.rly, the distribution function 8hou1d befolded into the calculation. but the main point is gr.in .izediatributionrelatea to the pre-exponent and not to the buraing-race exponent.

V11. QUICmSS'VALUES

The derivative of the cloaed bomb pre.aure-time curve was for.ed .. afunction of the percent of maximum preaaure achi6ved. Each poiot 0: the curveis a quickne.a value rell'ted to a particular corre.poadira preaaure. 'Four'auch pointa at 25.0. 37.5. 50.0. and 62.5% of aaxiDua prea.ure are cu.to-arilyael~cted to repreaent quictaeaa and the av.r.ge of the.. ~yr points iatermed. b1 the prop.l1ant cam.unity••• av.rage quicta.... Sucb value. aregiven '\n Table 3. Since theae valu•• ar. extr.ct.d frOll the c:'o.ed boIIb data,cOlllent. 'concemiaa burning mode in that device allO apply to the·interpretation of quicknesa. In pre••ntation of relative quickn••avalue.,te,st a.ples have been normalized to a ref.rence ataadard ,run uader exactlythe a..e condition8. The quoti.nt between theae value. reader. a relativegaaification rate that to .ome degree int.grate. aad coapea.ate. for differentb~rninl lIOCIe., whatever they may be. .

VIII. FLAMlSPREAD RATES

Open air fl....pre.d rate. were obtained by ....urine the ~'required

to burn 16 I of cia•• one black powd.r .trung in a .traight li_ 46 CIl long.A recording TV c...ra ~. JAed to _ ••ur. burn ti.... lxaple. are liven by'Whit..!, Bol•• , .and lteho. 3 , Th. techniQue, va. improved by placina the araiD'on a pla.tic atrip and usinl a air~or to photograph the UDder.ide of ,thesilhouetted bu~niUl .trina. Thi. p12ced the 'black,o.der betveeD the c...raand the lilht. F1...pread rate. of 63 cal. wre ,."UrM for DuPOnt, 74 ca/fJ,for GOEX and 63 cm/. for Indiana _.p1... ' .

33g • Jlhit". H.B. Hot".B. and .l.R. 1CtI'LBo. "rff"en of BZ4cIc Pcvlw Comblwtimr eM

High awl Lou Pl'''BBUN Ignitn SIlBt••/' P1.'oc. of • IltIJ CCIIfbtuJ'bioJtN."ting. CPIA PubtiOlJtiora IWo. 308. Vol. 1. p. '411.. Sqt.... 1S1'~

,.'

." ..~~:..~, ......~~.;,..:.-..\..: ......... "

.~",·o ;

.~...

:~:.' ~... ".~ -. .'~ --":. : ...~ :'.~ J

,.:> .

, ' )",

0"' .'. o; .. ~~.. "

«8

.........;..~.:.."""....' ,'..~~.~::.

a-"·:.:::~"...... ~ .

. .

~ ........ -.'.. " ... .. ~,... "'... ..... ....:::~~~:... ··0 •...'.~~.

'ilure 6. Oue Atao.pbere n ...preacl late. for ·r.riouel.s.... of Black Powder

0.0 a-~..a-~"'I..~.a-",,-"""'''''''''!II-'''

1,3 5 7 8 <8BLACK POWDER SIZE BY CLASS

1.5

-•......E- 1.0w~~

Q

~~

"a.en 0.5 ew

~e1ft0

~ 0V

Ke~in White37a extended these measurements to different cl.~.e. of bl.ckpowder anci his results are shown in Figure 6. The v"!ry ...n gr.ins had tIleslowest rates. for the burning grains emitted gas jets th.t blew light materi.lout of the 8traight pr~p~llant line and ret.rded fle.me propag.tion. The f.stfl.mcspread rate noted wab euggested to be the result of individual grainsoscill.ting.causing the gas-~·~ticle jets to interact to a gre.ter degree withadjacent surfaces. This concept ~s confi~ed by gluing grain, to • pl.st~c

sheet .nd tilen the flames pre.d, r.te dropped to 20 cm/s frca ~he free v.lue of60 em/s. When tvo sheets were pl.ced in opposition, such that the g..­p.rticle j.ts fraa one sheet spr.yed on the othar, then the ila.eepread r.teincreased to its free v.lue of 60 em/s.

A great de.1 of effort baa been devoted to develop. fi_spre.d "tetter"where lDOat of the !2rk waa performed b~ the Princeton COlIbuecion ResearchLaboratories of NJ and White, et ale 3 "ontribut,ed to this !!bject. Thesereaulta h.ve been extended and summ.rized in a recent report. The overallobjecti¥e vaa to devise a relatively quick and functiDn.1 test that could beexercised during the production of black powder such th.t results would beav.ilable before material vas packaged. It vaa envisioned that this testwould enable one to determinll!, in a tim..ly unner, if • production, eycleproduced a ballistically acceptable product or would indic.te if proceaa orraw 3&terial changes were required. Moat exp6riment.....ured bl.ck powder.flameapre.d rate in a 19 em tube with open slits and used 10ft igniters thatfirst vented into 'a small plenua expansion chamber. This i. the functional

'design of the Princeton Rese.rch Labor.tory "Flamespte.d T••ter." Oth.r.pplications have used this tube as received with the holes plugged with a"wax-like" subat.nce. and measurements have been ude ¥ith an eleetric _tchor a briaant configuration using the M61 primer as found in the M2812 ignitionsystem of the lOS mm Howitzer. Since these experiments .re very specific inLature, and strongly depend on the p.rticul.r geometry and venting conditioneemplt\yed, they will not be described here but tice in Reierence 22. 'Ingeneral, it was found th.t soft ignition using vented tubes resulted'. inpressure pulses of 34 .tm, uniform combustion, and fl....pr••d r.te. of 2000­3000 em/a whereas plugged tubes and soft i~ition gave pressures to ,~ .tIIand rates to 10000 ca/s. In this l.tter <:ase. non-unifora coabustion. ..sindicated by the rear preS8ure grouge. whic;;~" .t times, recorded pres.urepul8e8 twice as large a8 normally reco~ded. Bar8h ignition and'plugged tube.re8ulted in fr.cturing thegrai1'1s that led in so. ca.e. 'tcLP1~ggecl flow andslow propagation· rates, 5000' em/., non-unifom cOllbu.tioa; and therllal 'excursions. It would .ppear tha~ using soft igniters and either opea .ir ot8emi-confined condition8result in reliable fl... propaaation rate••

IX. STlUCTURAL ST!ERGm OF lLAa PONDD

In .~mi-confineci plugged tubes and c1osed-bOllb expel't.ent.~ occurrence of .gr.in fracture could, in itself, explain both extraordinary pre••ure pulsesand enhanced gas generation r.tes. Such fr.cturing will be de~ndent on the

26

c...·'. ..... .- ..: ~:.-::.~ :.• t, .... - ..... -.;.~....':.foo·.·.· .'

-'-1

,'~ ----' I

.- •• .. ••• 0 J j 3 :,0 ." .... J j "3':

I

. _... " ... .t_..•".. _.: _.t. .... J.. 0'_.' J.. _."s....! ..} }"}, ,, ,_., .&..:•.....,....:.•.30

~".r~po.-~.-:.'..

-~~e-.r~

r·,."'.

-..., .;-.

i~:. :....:-..

I~:&:.

t:..~Vt::..

'.'.'.t.

intrinlic strength of the propellant. To allell thil par...ter. leveral l.nCIa locg black powder cylindera h.ving di...ter. of 1.3 CIa vere prepared e~ch

of a diff~rent denlity. They were Ilowly co.pre~led on • Materiall TeltingMachine until they Ih.ttered .Dd that pre..ure ia givm ....function of 'denlity in Figure 7. Addition.lly, dyn..ic effectl were obtained with a,It-it.r leriel of I..plel uling • -edified Drop weight Teltor where 1..?I.I' 'were ..unted on top of a piezo-electric force g.uge. A 2.0 kg weight .1

dropped on tbe cylinders fra. a 20 CIa height aDd force vas recorded as afunction of ti.. ; dilplaceMnt .1 Mho .a.ured by:m Optroft

3Jlectt'c-<>ptical

Di.pl.ceMnt rollover u.iaa the technique delcribed by Lieb. The dyn..iccruahina Itrength. are aho given in Filare 7••ci they are .lightly ..UerthaD quali .teady .tate v.lue. where both function. are .teep functions ofdensity. Iy extrapolating the data. it is inferred that black ~er luat heat least •• den.... 1.3 to fona a cohesive ..... Fro. heli~ denlity.asureaent. of carbon. denlity of 1.4S. and den.ity value. for sulfur aDdpot.lliua nitrate black powder caa be no .ore denae thaD 1.97" The .ilitaryspecific.tion requires the higher' value••d it is .uspected that thelpecification v.. origin.lly cited to achieve a .ini...trength for, black 'powder. Pro. the.. dyn..ic experi.ents~ stress-.train cu~e. -.re deri.edth.t vere nearly line.r, inelicatina that bl.ck powder cru.he. by • brittlefr.cture .ode. -ach like 11••••

x. CCIIIOSTIOif TDlPIIATU'l1

Although coabu~tion r.te. and .ode ha.e been di.cu••ed. no coa.ent halbeen directed to the be.t relea.ed by ••rioua e.otheraic reaction•• 'Theta.,erature of the !r ·.tre.....a.ured by tbe eocIi.. line reveraal.technique by Hard.. .Dd be reported a .alue of 1549· t 25 C for. burning 37black powder in air at ODe at.o.phere. ProIa arc iaqe aperiaent.. Lanchitt&fquod .. ipition t_peSlture of 469 t SO C for a DuPont. ...ple which' qre•• 'veil with Kirlhenbaua'. .alue of 420 C obtained by differenti.l theraal.alYlh. Another. but ••pler, uperiMDt .a. att.pted, ""ere a thin0.127 .. di••ter chroael-alUMl t"'raococple •• placed in the center of .alju.t before beiDl pre••ed into a .tick. I.en within t'" leneral It-itation.of t"'rllOCouple .a.ur.-nea, the burninl of thb e-po.ite ahouldlive 10M '

lower bound ••ti8ate for beet propagatioe within the .tick. Ouriaa co.bu.tiont'" indicated teaper.ture ro.e to 480 C ill 22 • before the bead entnecl the ,I" stre...nd Mlted. Allu.ina the bead va. twice the thickne•• oft_ wire,aad a burninl rate of 1.0 cal., ....t penetrated about 220 aicrona iIlto the

'.'.

. .,

$SR•.I. Li..b tJItd .1•.1. 1Iooolaio. "StaJldmrdiMtiort of (,J' ,Dztop llriglat MtollaMoczlPJ-o".rti... r••tor !w G\QI PJ-o".tZ41tt.,"ARBRL-r~-()'Sl', azU18tw n••«U'OIi

, !AboMtO"II, USA-ARRADCt:M, ~I"d~ Prwi"9 ~, ,II), .A&t1l 1'8$,(AD Al$J-'"J. '

$It.8. 1IaPPi., .I.A. ~, R. ,i.ld, tJItd D. 1AuIt«l, ",qf I:&1U'*"q" Vol. I,, $S$, Ii??

$?,C. '!ArIola"ta tJItd I. Hal/•• , "I9"~Uort Pro".rti.. of Btao1c Pot.r:l.,., PJItJ.. 1,"pPoo. 0/ tIN 11th .lAlIII" C~tiOfl 1I••tirtg, CPIA hbtioczdOfl liD. 108, Vol.I, p. 11', Dec""" 111'. '

-J8' 'A.D. ~i,..Ia"",.l pf aaUleuM, Vol. Z, ,._111, '.rullf' 1'?8.

"

I,,":··•,.··,.J'

I"

-1000N

!c.800~

1.90

+

1,10

••

••

1.!O

Strencth of alack Powder; +. SC.Clc Ma••u~nti.and •• Dynail1c .....ur.....t.

1M• 600i1M

f .-00

200

01,~

1200

.'()~,

.'

"

I

.:I

"\

,ft

.'I­.­...a

28

....

• I

, . ~.t.lI!••!Il..•I!.~_"••!I•..II!:'_.II!!:II.~ .1!!I?iII•.•"i.-,~"5..III.C",If.:.c.11;,_':",".'lII.. -:.-.:."L".;,...•:••..•~Ill)~ I1!1•.•••1i!I~1I!'-.!Il_.IIII!$_..e.,.1i!!I..•.•!IIII! ll!I.:.-,.!iI.._ _.Il!I ?..IIlI.,"2_."i~•••(·••IpI :~.••.~ -.,,, ,.!lI.•II!I.•"2.,.••1IlIli(!II.•"'-.<I!I.IIIIl.(!I' ,. III..!III!!.IIl"II!I' , ,.,

.raiD. Clearly. the ther1lOCouple •• too thick. and the .a.urellent .,.. notcorrected for heat 10••••• ~ut one caa conclude that the heated black powderabell is very thin.

XI. GElIElAL COtMENTS

The .everal functional aad physical t~.t•• each of which relates toaparticular coabuation .ode. bavebeen prelented. The relationship. andpropertie.di.cu••ed in this chapter each characterize black powder; however.co-plete characterization will only beca.e finalized ~en this work is coupledto IUD perfor.&nce. ,Thi. latter pro.r.. i. nov in progress and is 'pOD.oredby .. In&ineerinl Study (ISP !A-3-8428) funded by the office of IIlSMC-LE(ll).Pirina' of DuPont. COlI. aad Indiana black powders .ill be evaluated in

,relation to .ctual ballistic perfor.ance, of i.niting a propellant.and onlyfra- thes. re.ults can ~ deteraine the adequa~y or inadequacy, of the blackpG'."der. It is hoped that frOil the _r.in. of laboratory and perfor.&nce dataone or -are of the laboratory t ••t. can be identified to predict tbis quality.

XII. ACDOWLIDCMEII'l'S

To ., fri.nda Kevin White and lli PreedllaD, I .atend ., .ratitude fortheir per.onal and acientific eupport. 1 also dedicate thi. report to .,dauchter Chris •

. ~.

·, .

i.·'.••!

i,

\,

\

",

,,'

HRIDCKS

1. T. Urbanslti. Cheaistri and Technolop of 1910.1".., Vol. l,'er·BaIIOnPress. It. pp. 322-346. 1967.

2. A. MarshaU. Ixplod.,u. 2nd. Id., Vol. 1~ Ilakiet_'. Son ad Co••Philadelpha. PAt 1917.

3. "-.orid Des Poudre. It Salpetre•• Vol. 6, Chapter 1 by P. Vieille,Gauthier-VaUars It Fih. IlIPri_urs-Librair••••arb. pp. 156-391. 1893.

4. I.T. Pedoroff and 0.1. Sheffield. Encyclopedia of !!PIo.i"e. ad Related~t.... Vol. 2. PArt 2700. Picatinn, Arsenal. Dower, NJ. pp. 1~6S-1178.

1962.

S. I. Gra,. B. Marsh. aDd M. McLaren. J. Material Scienc., Vol. 17. p. 3385.Dec.tlber 1982.

6. A.P. VanBelder and B. Schatter. History of the !aplo.i•• lLdu.try inA8erica. Coluabia Universit, Pr.,•• NY. 1927.

7. E. LoYold. U.s. Patent Wo. 3660S46. "Proc••• for the Preparation: of, IlacltPoWer." 2 May 1972. '

I. Chro.allo, Corp••". Stud, of MOd.rni••d T.chaiqaee for the Manufactur. ofIlaclt Powder." PropeU.x Cheaical DivisiOQ. riu1 "port h. DAI-23-o72­501~ID-P-43. Chro-aU01 Corp•• ldvard..iU., IL. Jaauary 1960.

'9. B.I. Carlton. 1.1. Bohr.r. and B. Waclt.' ....tt.U• .:....rial Iutitut.riaal Report oD AdYisory Scnic•• OQ Conc.ptua1 O.aip .. DeftloPMat ofReV and I.,ro••d Proc••••• for'the Manufact.~ of llack Po-d.r." latt.lleMe80rial In.titute. CoIUllbu•• 011. October 1970., ,

10. J.I~ PI•••ina.r aDd L.V. Iraniff. "Pinal "port on O,••loPMnt ofI.,roved Proc••• for tb. Manufactur. of Ilack ta.der." IeS' AMUII-I09.Olin Corp., Indiana ArEr ....nitiOQ Plant. Charl••tawa, lB. 31 Deceaber1971.

11. Indiana ~nition Plant,. "Black Powd.r Ma.f.CUd... "ad.lily.!' Vola. 1aDd 2. Iadi.na Ar81 ....nition Plant, Charl••ta-a. 1•• 1975.

12.

13.

I.A. lIobl. ad r.A. Abel, Pbil. 'Tnn•• I!z. Soc., toadon. Sed•• A.Vol. 165. pp. 49-155, 1175.

I.A. !lobi. and '~A. AMI, Phil. Tran•• I!z. Soc',' London, led.. A,'ol~ 171.". 203-279. 1110.

14. r.A. Willi.... ~. 101. of Ilack Powd.r i. Propelli... Char•••,"~icatinn, Ars.nal T.ch. ae,,'rt 10. 4770. PicfJtt., u ••nal. Dover, IU.Na, 1975.

15. J.I. '10••• "In•••ti,atiOD of 11.ck Powd.r c.arcoal,- tara-433, ....1Ordnanc. StatiOll. Indian R••d. MD, S.pt 1975. ' "

" 30

, "

....

urDDCIS Ccontinued)

16. J.I. Ro.e. "Black Powder - A Modem ee-entary." Proc. of the 10thSyapoaiua OIl bploai'le. an~ Pyrotechnic•• Franklin Rese.rch I11atitute.Phi1adelpbi•• PAt pp. 14-16. 1979.' ,

17. A.~. lir.heabau., Tber.ocni.ica, Act., Vol. 18. p. 113, 1917.

18. J.D. Blackvoocl .Dd'.P. Bowdea, Proc. Ro.,. Soc., Loadon. A213. p. 785.1952.

19. w. Hintze. Eaploaivatoff., Vol. 2. p.41, 1968.

20. R.A. S•••e', "Ch.r.cteri••tiOllofMaple Ch.rco.l U.~ to Make BI.ckPowder." AIIIL-KIl-0332 lalli.tic Re.e.rch Laboratory, USA-ARIADCOK.Aberdef!D Prod.. GrouDd. lID. '.oye.ber .1983. (AD Al36 513).

21. I. heed_. etrbe Tber.odya_ic. of ...1 ad Unre.l Black Powder." hoc.of the 20th JAIIKAP Co.bu.tica Me.tiaa, CPU PublicadOll Wo. 388, Vol., I,pp. 511. Octob.r 1983.

22.I.A. Sa••• •• 8. 801••, J).8aDMa, V. Auna.t, o. Do.li, L JoWl °a,"E••lu.tion of Black Powder Produced b1 the Iadi_ Amy iti:mPl.t, If AIIIL-ft-iD ~••• , "llistic· .....rcb Labor.tory, USA-AIUOO<II,Ab.rd•• }troyi.. GrouDd, lID, 1984. '

23. C.) S. Wi•• and LA. Sa••• '. "Ora_ic lab.dtut.. for aaarcoal ill Black·Powder TY98 Pyrotecbaic romulat!oa.,· Proc. of the 19th JARM'CoIIbuatioa Me.ti... CPU Public.tioa •• 366, Vol. II, pp. 305, October1982.'

Cb) S. Via., LA. S:==', ... 8.1. hI••, "Oraeaic 8lab.titut•• forCh.rco.liD· 'Black POIfIlI.r' Typ" PyrotflCbDic 'O~l.tiOll.,· AUIL-ft~02569. lallistic .....rcb Labor.tory, USA-AJlADCCII, AHrd... hoy!qGrouDd •. lID, July 1984.

24. C.) R.A. Sa••• ', "'I'he laflueac. of Pbyaic.l Properti•• of Black PcMi.r _. Jurni.. lat.,· S.....th Iat.rnatioaal '7t=0techaic. S_nar, Vol. 2, 1ft.....rcb Ia.titut.,· aa~caao, 11., p. 536, July 1980.'

Cb) I.A. S••~', "'rbt lanu.ac. of Pbyai~.l P~operti•• of' Black Powdar oalumina lat.~" AIIIL-TI-02~08, ..lli.tic .....rch Labor.tory" USA­.IIADCOM. Ab.rd•• Prod.. Grouacl. MD, Marcb 1981, CAD AI00273).

25•. C.) R.A. Sa••• • ~ "Strand lura lac•• to OIl••adred A.t~·.ph.r••• • liahtbI~c.rn.tiOD.I 'yiotecbaic. I_inar. rrr .....arcb la.titut•• Chicaao.lL,p. 588. July 19&2.

Cob) ••A.Sa...·, "S'rand lura lac•• to ODe Hundred At~.ph.r••• • hoc. ofthe 19th JAlllfAF C"'U.tiOll 'Me.ti.... CPlA PubUcatiOll 110. 366. Vol. I, p.13, Octob.r 1982. '

Cc) ••A. Sa... ' ,·Stread "rn lat.. to OIl. "ndr.d At~.ph.r••• • WIL­ft-02490•. '.Uletic Ie••arch Laboratory, VM-AUADCOII. Ab.rd... Proyi..Grouad • ltD. ""yl983. (AD AU9017). .

31.

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REfERENCES (continued)

26. f.P. Knudsen. J.' As. Cer..ic Soc •• Vol. 42. 10. 8. p. 376. August 1959.

27. II. Kubota. T.J. Oh1f:iller. L.ft. caveny, and II. Su.lerfield, "TheIIechan!.. of Super-I, te Burning of Catalyzed Double Ba.e Propellant••"Report Mo. AMS 1087. Dept. of Aerospace _d MecbaDical Science••PrincetOft Univer.ity. Prince~on, MJ. March 1973.

28. A.r. Belyaev _d S.l. Maznev. ''Dependence of .min, late of 8IIoke­foraing Powder Oft Prellure." Dokl. Akad. Mauk sssa, Vol. I, p. 887. '1960.

29. A.P. Glazkova and I.A. Tere.hkin, "Relation lee.Bea Pr•••ure aDd .minlVelocity of Ixplo.ivel." %bur, fiz. lIlia., Vol. 35. pp. 1622-1628. 1961.

30. A.r. lelyaev. A.I. 'Iorotko., A.X. Parferfenov... A.A. SulilKJy. "!'beBurning Rate of Sa. bplolive Sub.tnce. and IImar...t Very' BilhPre••ure•• " %hur. fiz. Ihi••• Vol 31. p. ~50. 1963.

31. JADAP Cc:.bultiOft Sabc-.ittee. Buria bte Mea.ur.....t ••nd Data ReductionProcedure. Panel, "Iouad Jobin Re.ult. of the Clo..d ao.b and StrandBurner." CPU PublicadOll Ro. 361. edited by A. Juhas. July 1982.

32. Ca) E. White _d LA. Sa••e, "Coabu8tion _d n_,a.ft.acterietic. ofBlack Powder," Proc. 18th JANMAr Coabu.tiOll Meetina. CPU PublicationMo. 347, Vol. II. p. 253, Octob.r 1981.

Cb) E. White and R.A. Sa.... "Relation.hip of C...tiOll and PhysicalPropertie. of Black Powd.r." ADRL-MIl-03219. "Ubtic .....rchLaboratory. USA-AUADCON. Aberde. PrO'li.. Ground • lID, 10'1"'. 1912.(AD A122 264).

33. a. Wb1te. B.I. HolMe. aad J.R. le1ao. ~ffect ~f Ilack lowd.rCa-bu.tion on Blah and Low Pr•••ure Ianiter Sy.t...." Proc. 16th of theeo.buetioa Meetilll, CPU Publication ISo. 308. '01. I.p. 411. .pteaberJ97~. '

34. I.A. Me.sina, L.S. Iqrm. M. s..-rfield. aad J.e. All.... "Pl_.pr.edPropaaation Rat•• of "arioue Bl.ck' Povd.n Olilll t. JeaL-PI_'PnedT.ltor." Seventh IDtenaatioaal Pyrot.chnic. 8e11iDar, Vol. t, lTr .....rchID.titut•• ChicalO. IL. p. 388. July 1980. '

35. R.J. Lieb 8nd J.J. Iocchio. -Staadardiaation of • Drop ~iabt MechaDic.1Properti.. T••tor for CuD Propellant••" AIIRL-TR-02516. I.lli.tic

,....arcb Laboratory. USA-ARRADCCII, Aberd"D PrO'Iiq ~. lID, July1983., (AD AI32-966).

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36. L.I. Harri.~ J ••• LaDDOn. L neld .. aad D. a..ted. J. of lalli.tic.,'01. I. p 3S3. 1977.

37. C. Lea~bit. end I. aaye•• "IIDitioD Properti•• of Black Powd.r. Ph••• t."Proc. 16th' of t. 'J~Ar Cc:.bu.tion Me.tina, CPU PubUcatiOll, Ifo. 308,Vol. 3. p. 169. Deceaber 1979. ,

38. A.D.Xinb'Dba•• J. 'of BaUhtic•• '01. ,I, p. 171. Jdy 197••

32,

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This Laboratory undertakes a continuing effort to imprcve the quality of thereports it publishes. Your comments/answers to the items/questions below willaid us in our efforts.

1. BRL Report Number Date of Report----------...,....--- ------2. Date Report Received _

3. Does this report satisfy a need? (Commen~ on purpose, related project, orother area of interest for which the 'report will be used.)-------

4, How specifically, is'the report being used? (Inforaation source, designdata, procedure, source of ideas, etc.) _

s. Has the information in this report led to any quantitative savings as far ,as aan-hours or dollars saved, operating costs avoided or efficiencies achieved,etc? If so, please elllborate. · _

6. General Co-ents. What do you think should be changed to i.prove future. reports? (Indicate changes to organization, technical content, fot'Jl8t, etc.)

Nalle

(R .ave lhl! sheet alan. the perforation, fold as indicated, staple or tapec I sed, and .at1.) , ' " ,

ci~y, State, Zip

7. If indicatin,a Chan,e of Address or Address r.orrec~ion, please proVide th"New or Correct Address in, Block 6 above and the Old or Incorrect address below•

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CU RENTAD RESS

OLAD RESS

Address

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Organiz.ation

'Address

City, State, Zip

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