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Transcript of A compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) · 596 COMPENDIUMOFTHENINTHCENSUS. TableL1X....
594 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LVIIL- Occuyations : Number and Sex of Persons engaged in Each Class, by Statesand Territories—1870.
Statesand
POPULATION 10 TEARS ANDOVER.
ENGAGED IN ALL CLASSES OFOCCUPATIONS. ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.
Territories.Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Fe-
male.
The U.S.... 28, 228, 945 14, 258, 866 13, 970, 079 12, 505, 923 10, 669, 635 1, 836, 288 5, 922, 471 5, 525, 503 396, 968
Alabama 706, 802 340, 984 365, 818 365, 258 275, 640 89, 618 291, 628 226, 768 64,860Arizona 8,237 6,148 2,089 6,030 5,734 296 . 1,285 1,284 1Arkansas 341, 737 175, 194 166, 543 135, 949 120, 153 15, 796 109, 310 100, 669 8,641California 430, 444 283, 740 1*46, 704 238, 648 224, 868 13, 780 47, 863 47, 580 283Colorado 30, 349 19, 931 10, 418 17, 583 17, 147 436 6, 462 6, 462Connecticut. .
.
425, 896 209, 120 216, 776 193, 421 159, 460 33, 961 43,653 43,523 *"i30Dakota 10, 640 7,047 3,593 5, 887 5,727 160 2,522 2,522Delaware 92, 586 46, 274 46, 312 40, 313 34, 306 6,007 15, 973 15, 907 66Disk Col 100, 453 46, 652 53, 801 49, 041 35, 200 13, 841 1,365 1,350 15Florida 131, 119 65,673 65,446 60, 703 50, 877 9,826 42, 492 36, 944 5,548Georgia 835, 929 401, 547 434, 382 444, 678 329, 185 115, 493 336, 145 262, 152 73,993Idaho 13, 189 11, 270 1,919 10, 879
742, 01510, 754
678, 73212-5 1,462
376,4411, 462
375, 407Illinois 1, 809, 606 946, 717 862, 889 63,283 "i*034Indiana 1, 197, 936 612,832 585, 104 459, 369 428, 259 31, 110 266, 777 266,349 428Iowa 837, 959 445, 064 392, 895 344, 276
123, 852321, 150 23, 126 210, 263
73, 228209, 90772, 918
356Kansas 258, 051 148, 152 109, 899 117, 343 6,509 310Kentucky 930, 136 466, 762 463, 374 414. 593 364, 300 50,293 261, 080 257, 426 3,654Louisiana 526, 392 261, 170 265, 222 256, 452 198, 168 58, 284 141, 467 114, 530 26, 937Maine 493, 847 245, 704 248, 143 208, 225 179, 784 28, 441 82, 011 81,956 55Maryland 575, 439 281, 294 294, 145 258, 543 213, 691 44, 852 80, 449 79, 197 1,252Massachusetts 1, 160, 666 554, 886 605, 780 579, 844 451,543 128, 301 72, 810 72, 756 54Michigan 873, 763 460, 408 413, 355 401, 164 346, 717 57, 447 187, 211 187, 036 175Minnesota 305, 568 167, 456 138, 112 132, 657 121, 797 10, 860 75, 157 74,663 494Mississippi . .
.
581, 206 288, 185 293, 021 318, 850 232, 340 86, 501 259, 199 193, 725 65, 474Missouri 1, 205, 568 632, 179 573, 389 505, 556 466, 845 38, 711 263, 918 262, 595 ' 1,323Montana 18, 170 15, 517 2,653 14, 048 13,877 171 2, 111 2,110 1
Nebraska 88, 265 52, 588 35, 677 43, 837 41, 943 1,894 23, 115 23,083 32Nevada 36, 655 29, 430 7,225 , 26,911 26, 468 443 2,070 2,063 7N.Hampshire. 260, 426 126, 353 134, 073 120,168 96, 033 24, 135 46, 573 46,562 11New Jersey... 680, 687 335, 819 344, 868 296, 036 251, 625 44, 411 63, 128 62, 943 185New Mexico .
.
66, 464 34, 415 32, 049 29, 361 26, 281 3,080 18. 668 18, 432 236New York 3, 378, 959 1, 658, 504 1, 720, 455 1, 491, 018 1, 233, 979 257, 039 374; 323 373, 455 868N. Carolina . .
.
769, 629 365, 528 404, 101 351, 299 292, 439 58, 860 • 269, 238 241, 010 28,228Ohio 1, 953, 374
64,685976, 588 976, 786
24, 824840, 88930,651
757, 36929, 968
83,520683
397, 02413, 248
396, 26713,232
757Oregon 39, 861 16Pennsylvania . 2, 597, 809 1, 292, 518 1, 305, 291 1,020,544 886, 209 134, 335 260, 051 258,772 1,279Ehode Island.. 173, 751 82, 824 90, 927 88, 574 66, 859 21, 715 11, 780 11, 767 13S. Carolina 503, 763 241, 492 262, 271 263, 301 182, 355 80, 946 206, 654 147, 708 58, 946Tennessee 890, 872 436, 154 454, 718 367, 987 322, 585 45, 402 267, 020 247, 953 19, 067Texas 571, 075
56,515297, 35628, 729
273, 71927, 786
237, 12621, 517
208, 529 28, 5971,075
166, 753 152. 722 14, 03111Utah 20, 442 10, 428 10, 417
57,889Vermont 258, 751 129, 248 129, 503 108, 703 95, 263 13, 500 57, 983 94"VirginiaWashington ..
890, 056 427, 455 462,301 412, 665 337, 464 75, 201 244, 550 228, 082 16,46817,334 11, 611 5,723 9,760 9,524 236 3,771 3,759 12
W. Virginia. .
.
308, 424 154, 234 154, 190 115,229 107, 076 8,153 73, 960 73, 725 235"Wisconsin 751, 704 391, 603 360, 101 292, 808 267, 273 25,535 159, 687 158, 300 1,387Wyoming 8,059 6,650 1,409 6,645 *6,345 300 165 164 1
The Scope of these Tables.—The tables of occupations embrace gainful and repu-table occupations only. While expressing tbe employments of more than twelve mil-lions and a half of persons, they do not seek to account for the larger number of thosewithin the same periods of life, who have no recognized occupation for which they re-
ceive compensation in the shape of wages or salary, or from which they derive productsof a merchantable character. All persons, moreover, whose means of livelihood arecriminal, or, in the general judgment of mankind, shameful, are excluded.The reason for excluding gamblers, prostitutes, keepers of brothels, and such x>ersons
from the Tables of Occupations has not been found in any sensitiveness at the mentionor recognition of these classes as actually existing in the community, but in the consid-
eration that, from the necessity of the case, the numbers thus reported must be whollyinadequate to the fact, and that a seeming count of them in the census would have theeffect to mislead rather than to instruct. Here and there, at the enumeration of theNinth Census, such j)ersons had the assurance to report themselves by their true desig-
nations, or assistant marshals took the responsibility (and in some cases the risk) ofwriting down the real occupation of members of these classes who had sought to mis-
state their avocations or to disguise them under ambiguous terms; but an analysis of
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 595
Table LVIII.
—
Occupations : Number and Sex of Persons engaged in Each Clam, by Stales
and Territories—1870.
ENGAGED IX PROFESSIONAL ANDPERSONAL SERVICES.
ENGAGED IN TRADE AND TRANS-PORTATION.
ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURE*, ANDMECHANICAL AND MINING
INDUSTRIES.
Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Ma>e. Female.
2, 684, 793 1, 618, 121 1, 066, 672 1, 191, 238 1, 172, 540 18, 698 2, 707, 421 2, 353, 471 353, 950
;
49, 125 19, 449 22, 676 14, 435 14, 345 90 17, 070 15,078 1, 992!
3, 115 2,979 136 591 588 3 1, 039 883 156J
14, 877 8,018 6, 859 5,491 5,474 17 6,271 5, 992 2791
76, 112 65, 150 10, 962 33, 165 33, 038 127 81, 50b 79,100 2, 408,
3, 625 3,245 380 2,815 2,813 2 4,681 4, 627 51!
38, 704 21, 150 17, 554 24, 720 24,511 209 86, 344 70, 276 16, 0681
2 704 2,562 « 142 204 204 457 439 18
11/389 o!615 4,774 3,437 3,347'
'"90 9,514 8, 437 1,077
29, 845 17, 927 11, 918 6,126 5, 852 274 11, 705 10, 071 1,634
10,897 6,892 4, 005 3,023 3,016 7 4, 291 4, 025 266
64, 083 27, 435 36, 648 17, 410 17, 336 74 27, 040 22, 262 4,778
1,423 1,310 113 "721 720 1 7, 273 7, 262 11
151,931 99, 337 52, 594 80, 422 79, 876 546 133, 221 124, 112 9, 109
80,018 53, 466 26, 552 36, 517 36, 371 146 76, 057 72, 073 3,984
58, 484 38, 531 19, 953 28, 210 28, 151 59 47, 319 44, 561 2,758
20, 736 15, 286 5,450 11,762 11,736 26 18, 126 17, 403 723
84, 024 41, 974 42, 050 25, 292 24, 961 331 44, 197 39, 939 4, 258
65, 347 36, 883 28, 464 23, 831 23, 496 335 25, 807 23, 259 2, 546
36,092 20, 683 15, 409 28, 115 27, 880 235 62, 007 49, 265 12, 74279,226 43, 278 35, 948 35, 542 34, 567 975 63, 326 56, 649 6,677
131, 291 75, 917 55, 374 83, 078 81, 077 2, 001 292, 665 221, 793 70, 872
104, 728 52, 754 51, 974 29, 586 29, 493 95 82, 637 77, 434 5, 203
28, 330 18,920 9,410 10, 582 10, 559 23 18,588 17, 655 933
40, 522 20, 430 20, 082 9,148 9,076 72 9, 981 9, 118 863ld6, 903 75, 079 ' 31,824 54, 885 54,583 302 79, 850 74, 58& 5,262
2, 674 2,515 159 1,233 1,232 1 8,030 8,020 10
10.331 8,667 1, 664 4,628 4, 623 5 5,763 5, 570 193
7,431 7, 1528,821
279 3,6218,514
3, 621
8,126. 13, 789 13, 632 157
18' 528 9,707 ""38846, 553 32, 524 14, 029
83,380 54, 275 29, 105 46, 206 45, 242 964 103, 322 89, 165 14, 157
7, 535405, 339
5, 542233, 569
1,993 863 863 2, 295 1,444 851171, 770 234, 581 229, 789 4," 792 476, 775 397, 166 79, 609
51,290 23, 073 28, 217 10, 179 10, 094 85 20, 592 18, 262 2,330168,308 104, 018 64, 290 78, 547 77, 690 857 197,010 179, 394 17, 616
6,090 5,522 568 2, 619 2,611 8 8,694 8, 603 91
283,000 192, 674 90, 326 121, 253 116, 714 1, 539 356, 240 318, 049 38, 191
19, 679 12, 349 7, 330 10, 108 9, 878 230 47, 007 32, 865 14, 14234, 383 15, 526 18, 857 8, 470 8, 250 220 13, 794 10, 871 • 2, 92354, 396 30, 077 24, 319 17, 510 17, 417 93 29, 001 27, 138 1,92340, 882 27, 168 13, 714 13, 012 13, 576 36 15, 879 15, 063 8165, 317 4,384 933 1,665 1,648 17 4,107 3, 993 114
21, 032 9,680 11, 352 7,132 7,101 31 22, 616 20, 593 2,02398, 521 45, 407 53, 114 20, 181 19, 992 189 49, 413 43,983 5,4302,207 2,000 207 1, 129 1,127 2 2, 653 2,638 15
16, 699 9,636 7,063 6,897 6,888 9 17, 673 16, 827 846
58, 070 37, 898 20, 172 . 21, 534 21, 342 192 53, 517 49, 733 3,7843,170 2, 898 272 1,646 1,646 1,664 1,637 27
•
the schedules soon made it evident that this had not been done, as indeed was not to
be expected, with such uniformity as to secure even approximately correct results. Allsuch titles were, therefore, dropped. Some from these classes may have taken refuge,through false statements, in one or another of the occupations of good repute (notablykeepers of brothels as "boarding-house keepers," a euphemism familiar to the compil-ers of city directories,) but, as a general rule, where the calling was not correctly givenit was wholly withheld; and it may therefore bo assumed that substantially tho wholebody of persons pursuing disreputable and criminal occupations are omitted from thesetables. There are no means known to the Superintendent for accurately calculatingthe number thus excluded or excluding themselves.The number of those who are not accounted for exceeds, as a matter of course, in a
majority of States, the number of those who are returned as pursuing gainful occupa-tions.
The followiug table exhibits the number of persons in each of the six recoguizeddivisions of the tables, accordiug to age and sex, in comparison with the number ofliving inhabitants of each such class:
596 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table L1X.
—
Decimations : Periods of Life of Persons engaged in Each Class, by States andTerritories—1870.
States and Territories.
Population (a)
United States....
AlabamaArizona.ArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticut .•'..-
DakotaDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois
IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhioOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasUtah ...
VermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoBiing.'
ALL CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS.
All ages. 10 to 15. 1G to 59.60 andover.
28, 228, 945 5, 604, 369 20, 686, 795 1, 937, 781
12, 505, 923 739, 164 11, 081, 517 685, 242
365, 2586, 030
135, 949238, 64817, 583
193, 421
5, 88740, 31349,04160, 703)
444, 67810, 879
742, 015459, 369344, 276123,852414, 593256, 452208, 225258, 543579, 844404, 164
132,657318, 850505, 55614,04843, 837
26, 911
120, 168296, 036
29, 361491,018351, 299840, 88930, 651
020, 544
88, 574263, 301
367, 987237, 12621, 517
108, 763412, 665
9, 760115, 229292, 80S
6,645
48, 127118
9,3142,214268
5, 65024
3, 4121,4945, 207
79, 36533
25, 551
13,96613,2323,216
42, 08518, 6326, 354
15, 91018,4799, 341
3, 116
42, 45724, 439
573849
3, 26810, 9691,295
44, 58847, 789
38, 437458
38, 987
5, 534
30, 414
41, 45617, 760
8322, 224
48J 34645
6,2127,750
4
293, 557
5,833120, 942232, 74917, 157
175, 2535, 727
34, 32645, 53252, 712
339, 182
10, 808687, 303422, 603
310, 6271 17, 235348, 190
222, 890182, 320228, 428
528, 889374, 216124, 961
258, 913460, 826
14, 011
42, 359
26, 735
104, 850
269, 33426, 250
1,364,147279, 055751, 459
29, 066926, 699
77, 102214, 414
303, 655210, 38719, 697
97, 333333, 527
9, 532101, 394
266, 6996,633
AGKICULTUIIE.
All ages.10 to15.
23, 57479
5, 693
3, 685158
12, 518136
2, 5752, 015
2, 784
26, 131
3829, 161
22, 80014, 417
3, 40124,31814.93019, 55114, 20532, 47620, 607
4, 58017, 48020, 291
32740127
12, 05015, 7331,816
82, 28324, 455
50, 9931, 127
54, 858
5, 93818, 473
22, 876
8, 979988
9,20630, 792
1837, 623
18, 3598
5, 922, 471 499, 558
291, 6281,285
109, 31047, 863
6, 462
43, 653
16 to 59.
4, 959,
15, 973
1, 36542, 492
336, 145
1,462376, 441
266, 777210, 20373, 228
261, 080141, 46782, 011
SO, 4491
72,810187,21175, 157
259, 199
263, 918
2, 111
23, 115
2, 07046, 57363, 12818,668
374, 323269, 238397, 02413, 248
260, 051
11, 780206, 654267, 0201GG, 753
10, 428
57, 983244, 550
3,77173, 960
159, 687
165
42, 70710
8, 053
1
233203
1, 35615
1, 56820
4, 463
67, 24428
17, 641
10,74011,2692, 501
30, 687
12, 357
2, 676
6, 379
2, 359|
5, 710
2, 23236, 530
16, 172
544
1, 021
2, 744683
11, 230
39, 600
28, 069317
12, 340508
26, 84735. 11714, 605
367
1, 28030, 950
19
4,8725,227
229, 0481,264
90, 40446, 2366,147
34, 456
2,38213, 066
1, 21235, 896
249, 0991,412
338, 174237, 403187, 5386H, 073
212,467119, 46265, 58467. 03257; 983
165, 15769, 119
208, 307232, 6502,102
21, 960
,2, 04'.
37, 02552, 94916, 438
316, 726209, 364334, 21612, 128
219, 3349,132
164, 726213, 412145, 17'
9,46649, 457
191, 50'
3,6362, 983
140, 369164
60 andover.
463, 023
19, 87311
4,6531, 394
112
7,841125
1,339133
2,13319, 802
2220, 62618, 63411,4562, 654
17, 9269,648
13, 7517,038
12, 46816, 3443,806
14, 36215, 096
961118
8,5277,4351,547
46, 36720, 27434, 739
80328, 3772,080
15, 081
18, 4916,971595
7,24622, 093
1156, 105
14, 0911
(a) Ten years and over.
Aggregate.
Total. 10 to 15.
Male. Female. Male. Female.
Number of hiving inhabitants, (10 yearsand over.)
Number of persons in Occupation Tables.
28, 228, 945
12, 505, 923
14, 258, 866
10, 669, 635
13, 970, 079
1, 836, 288
2, 840, 200
548, 064
2, 764, 169
191, 100
15, 723, 022 3, 589, 231 12, 133, 791 2, 292, 136 2, 573, 069
COMPENDIUM OP THE NINTH CENSUS. 507
Table LIX.— Occupations: Periods of Life of Persons engaged in Each Class, by States andTerritories—1870.
PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.MANUFACTURES, MECHANICALAND MINING INDUSTRIES.
All ages.10 to15.
16 to 59.60 andover.
All ages.10 to
15.16 to 59.
60 andover.
All ages.10 to15.
16 to 59.60 ondover.
2, 684, 793 149, 491 2,428,147 107,"155 1, 191, 238 14, 472 1, 149, 042 27, 724 27707^421 75, 643 2, 544, 438 87, 340
42, 125 4, 758 35, 019 2,348 14, 435 161 13, 886 388 17, 070 501 15, 604 965 1
3, 115 96 2, 958 61 591 1 587 3 1, 039 11 1,024 4 214, 877 1, 136 13, 234 507 5, 491 48 5, 352 91 (i, 271 77 5, 952 242 376, 112 1, 498 73, 629 985 33, 165 111 32, 762 292 81, 508 372 80, 122 1,014 43, 625 63 3, 536 20 2, 815 1 2,806 8 4,681 1 4,668 12 5
38, 704 741 30, 280 1,683 24, 720 169 23, 963 538 86, 344 3,384 80, 554 2,406 6
2,704 8 2,688 8 204 203 1 457 1 454 2 711,389 1, 310 9,430 649 . 3,437 46 3,225 106 9,514 488 8. 605 421 829, 845 1,248 27, 357 1,240 (i, 126 128 5,807 191 11, 705 98 11, 156 451 910, 897 693 9,791 413 3, 023 15 2,934 74 4,291 36 4,091 164 10
64, 083 10, 948 49, 028 4,107 17,410 156 16, 669 585 27, 040 1,017 24, 386 1, 637 11
1, 423 ;") 1,413 5 721 717 4] 7, 273 7, 266 7 12
151, 931 4,818 142, 724 4, 389 80, 422 896 78, 406 1,120 133, 221 2, 196 127, 999 3, 026 v.;
80, 018 2, 465 75, 571 1, 982 36, 517 155 35, 875 487 76, 057 606 73, 754 1,697 14
58, 484 1, 562 55, 623 1, 299 28, 210 132 27, 643 4351 47, 319 269 45, 823 1,227 15
20, 736 617 19, 710 409 11, 762 45 11, 655 62l 18,1-26 53 17, 797 276 it;
84, 024 9, 759 70, 594 3, 671 25, 292 301 24, 306 685 44, 197 1, 338 40, 823 2,036 17
65, 347 5, 617 55, 928 3, 802, 23, 831 239 23, 030 562 25, 807 419 24, 470 918 18
36, 092 1,284 32, 585 2, 223 28, 115 209 26, 995 911 62, 007 2, 185 57, 156 2,666 1979, 226 7, 271 68, 066 3, 887i 35, 542 606 33, 923 1,013 63, 326 1, 654 59, 405 2,267 20
131, 291 2, 057 122, 531 6, 703 83,-078 820 79, 282 2, 976J 292, 665 13, 243 269, 093 10, 329 21104,728 2, 868 99, 846 2,014; 29, 588 151 28, 823 . 614 82, 637 612 80, 390 1, 635 2228, 330 797 27, 136 397 10, 582 31 10, 477 74 18, 588 56 18, 229 303 2:',
40, 522 5,625 32, 451 2, 446! 9, 148 85 8,859 204 . 9,981 217 9,296 468 24106, 903 6,050 98, 167 2, 686 i 54, 885 639 53, 503 743 79, 850 1,578 76, 506 1,766 25
2, 674 5 2, 657 12! 1,233 1,231 8,030 8, 021 9 2610, 331 155 10, 100 761 4, 628 14 4,601 13 5,763 25 5,698 40 277,431 38 7, 345 48! 3, 621 3 3,603 15 13, 789 3 13, 740 46 28
18, 528 337 16, 837 1, 3541 8,514 47 8,201 266 46, 553 1,863 42, 787 1,903 2983, 380 3,104 76, 359 3, 917 46, 206 688 44, 328 1, 190 103, 322 4,433 95, 698 3,191 307, 535 488 6, 831 216 863 11 839 13 2,295 113 2, 142 40 31
405, 339 15, 077 374, 890 15, 372) 234, 581 3, 730 225, 259 5, 592, 476, 775 14, 551 447, 272 14, 952 3251, 290 7, 559 41, 189 2, 542 10,179 130 9, 814 235' 20, 592 500 18, 688 1,404 33!
168, 308 5,912 156, 335 6,061 78, 547 816 75, 648 2, 083[ 197,010 3,640 185, 260 8,110 346, 090 84 5, 858 148 2,619 17 2,559 43 8,694 40 8, 521 133 35
283, 000 13, 056 257, 184 12, 760 121, 253 2. 673 115, 248 3, 332 356, 240 10, 918 334, 933 10, 389 3619, 679 320 18, 241 1,118 10, 108 205 9,347 556 47, 007 4,441 40, 382 2,184 3734, 383 3,083 29, 111 2, 189 8, 470 79 8, 075 316 13, 794 405 12, 502 887 3854, 396 5, 522 46, 342 2, 532 17, 510 298 16, 882 330 29, 061 519 27, 019 1,523 3940, 882 2,894 36, 571 1,417 13, 612 70 13, 372
q15, 879 191 15, 267 421 40
5, 317 420 4, 706 191 1,665 24 1,631 4, 107 21 3,894 192 41• 21, 032 753 19,315 964! 7, 132 20 6,973 139 22, 616 171 21, 588 857 42
98, 521 14, 862 78, 543 5, 116! £0, 181 271 19, 250 660
1
49, 413 2, 263 44, 227 2,923 432, 207 17 2, 153 37! 1, 129 1 1,120 8 2, 653 b 2, 622 23 44
16, 699 880 15, 211 6O81 6,897 63 6, 696 1381 17, 673 397 16, 504 772 4558, 070 1,628 53, 909 2, 533 21, 534 166 21, 032 336| 53, 517 729 51, 389 1,399 463,170 3 3, 163 4 1,646 1 1,645 1
1
1,664 1,661 3 47
16 to 59. 60 and over.
Male. Feinale. Male. Female.
Xumlier of livic^ inhabitants, (10 years and over)Number of persons in Occupation Tables
10, 429, 1509, 486, 734
10, 257, 6451, 594, 783
989, 516634, 837
948, 26550, 405
942, 416 8, 662, 862 354, 679 897 860
It will be observed that while the aggregate number of persons in the United Statesabove the age of 10 is 28,288,945, only 12,505,923 are accounted for in the tables ofOccupations. An examination of the several classes into which this aggregate is dividedshows that the omissions, are mainly among females, and children below the age of lf>
years.
The adult males of the country are as fully accounted for as could be expected. Of10,429,150 between the ages of 16 and 59, inclusive, 9,486,734 are assigned gainful
•98 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LX.
—
Occupations : Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in All Classes, hy States
and Territories—1870.
States and Terri-tories.
Population (a)..
The United States
AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois
IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts . .
.
MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouri.MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire.
.
New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina . .
.
OhioOregonPennsylvania ....Rhode IslandSouth Carolina . .
.
TennesseeTexas"UtahVermontVirginia"Washington"West Virginia"WisconsinWyoming
23,921,05
359, 626
2, 420132, 811110, 12413,117
138, 8043.104
36, 2S141,22558, 437
439, 008
3, 824497, 043396, 086256, 11098, 3G2
382, 255224, 881187, 497219, 296389, C92286, 62960, 672
312, 981
390, 4697,290
27, 59212, 535
102, 989200, 00926, 356
935, 098349, 696C54, 32021, 861
774, 60861,633
259, 840358, 262211, 206
8,976, 89,890407, 093
5,890107, 490134, 930
3, 716
836, 418
1, 329355
1,00719,3111,0126, 772484629
2,515336
1,784529
97, 81035, 52430, 772
(>, 97015, 6669,774294
22, 5907,966
32, 28220, 9891,757
58, 5001,0986, 212
1, 831258
29, 314539
159, 683525
95, 7871,258
73, 578925
1,4212,4959, 743
321194
1,851545
2, 93668, 331
616
947, 234
2,438446958
30, 7831, 230
35, 519678
2, 4753, 908392
2, 541885
61, 24713, 70419, 3556, 296
11, 437
8, 2907,30011,174
118, 26720, 92710, 7031, 594
31,3761,4363, 2273, 546
6, 31645, 266
489264, 858
36543, 7121,314
111, 39817, 1831,2594,2002,317
3456,2101, 991
7693,057
23, 092961
COO, 253
301, 795
580117352
11, 366957
6,144185647661209555546
28, 2485, 001
9, 2304, 0352, 2001,7411,7482, 742
20, 730
17, 7173,114
557
8, 291697
1,9522, 2681,504
12, 568119
55, 168323
22, 829941
40, 1034,780257
11,1181,1487, 134
1, 125844£83958
17, 159444
134,274 470,476
71,922 189,318
2514588
3, 248137
1, 5835299
166s:i
20690
7,6911,240
2, 435941518477463
1,1065, 098
4, 6471, 245225
1, 791205469448524
2, 66832
14,531172
3,823277
7, 212940148318353
1, 021447277236310
3,389197
1085
112
4, 830. 2943,2213993781
3292
ou||
12, 6031, 669
3, 853
1, 561296369
10, 539205
32, 63631,1055, 261
833,1741, 034
8941,7547,00995831
31, 94512
5, 023524
3,1632,556
15255451131
10, 75613968038
8, 843268
«i
230, 426
14212
1183,407
167270750103772
• m179
21, 676
1,12211,4743,142
91395147142
1, 2552,827
25, 449588
1,769268
2,116422
60825
4, 70120
459314
1,2476479
186445
2 8255547
31813
19, 891151
110, 979
58, 200
29354
1234,984
1364434066
13372
142119
4,961
2, 3921,482
707954
6,58069
346987
1,619724348
2,63516621839158
1,669106
10, 70427
6, 799230
3, 9728552
2891,078
41521299087
1, 49751
(a) Ten years and over.
occupations ; while of 989,5 16 above the age of 60, 634,837 are accounted for. Thedifference in the former period (i. <?., 16 to 59) is substantially made up, first, by thenumber of students pursuing courses of instruction beyond the age of W; second, bythe number of persons afflicted with permanent bodily or mental infirmities disqualify-
ing them from participating in the industry of the country ; third by the numbers of
the criminal and pauper classes. The number of men of 'this period of life, not dis-
abled, who are not returned as of some specific occupation, by reason of inherited
wealth, or of having retired from business, is hardly important enough to be mentionedhere. The difference in the latter period (*'. c, from 60 upwards) is accounted for bythe numbers of persons respectively of the second and third classes just mentioned,
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 599
Table LXI.
—
Occupations : Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged m Agriculture, oyStates and Territories—1870.
NATIVITY. • *
States and Terri-tories. 1
gI3
o M
5a
3ToaW
3a
o-j
17, 850
eg
<v
s<'S!
1
o s
m
50, 480
aeg
Ieg1-3
R
eg
O
The United States. 5, 303, 363 224, 531 138, 425 77, 173 48, 288 16, 472 2, 861
290, 901533
108, 39030, 6295, 593
37, 5401,247
15, 4651, 103
42, 197335, 487
1,046292, 177242, 567160, 31261, 193
256, 528139, 381
78, 51477, 25061, 614
144, 71732,460
257, 454240, 2791,478
15, 4811,412
44, 21554, 33118, 127
304, 441
268, 876349, 46911, 856
237, 21510, 570
206, 173
265, 541155, 413
4,54250,920
243, 2272,733
72, 19970, 431
136
17149
. 2292, 756
22975589
13653
18142
37, 71714, 87316, 924
3, 395
2, 291. 488
421,843429
12, 324
12, 952410
13, 97696
3,58312515
3,13948
16, 99056
25,060287
9,50140128322
4,2265730
3601T6607
37, 2524
27636261
3, 803165
3, 82313625471
26964
15, 6173, 50610,6682,4161,469376777913
7, 4226, 6806,205520
3,517165892118694
3, 97727
27, 92371
7, 513284
8,01469419463246676
1,998460235773
13, 914C
7
14115
1,80914375350
131
3881182
11,2481,8805, 5682, 039
293133214247728
8,0001, 934
177
2, 322118940131299847
7
11, 71486
6,101274
2,78911360
151354
3,354360256164176
10,6697
536
2466334
20015361524359
2, 870428
1,43148273495964
2401,703
69768
47525
2284162
1931
2, 52872
991100670322259116465232959749
2, 0345
1
202395589
362221
4
1
31351
4,479739
2, 4358762514
2,37710
2,14910, 7812,288
201,02813844192
93269
"6,"6(Ji'
1, 319179300301
23812059
4, 42937
20713
4,0434
163
41
5883457
• 6571
1
8
1037
7,372387
6,8841, 525
295468
40498
15, 50131339345
82851
1
622
5014
12515
1575
3043
1911.577r 2
13801
12, 254
297
4957231641219314207
2,4731,176
83.6
36018563283854
5664405746319
10622"4
17715
2,2738
3, 566
7821
37383
9
262131810
722 694
ConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia .
Georgia10I
IndianaIowa
2
10Maine
Massachusetts 1
Mississippi
Nevada 27New Hampshire. .
.
New -JerseyNew MexicoNew York . ,
North CarolinaOhio
"*2
34PennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaTennessee
1
UtahVermont
3
"WashingtonWest Virginia"Wisconsin"Wyoming
and by the, perhaps, larger number of persona retired from active pursuits by reasonof an acquired competence, of support secured from grown children, or of advancedage.Turning to the table of the occupations of females, (Vol. 1, quarto, Ninth Census,)
an analysis of the numbers reported as of specified occupations in the three severalperiods of life, shows a curious, though probably not significant, rate of progression.
In the first period, the females pursuing gainful occupations are to the males as oneto three ; in the second period as one to six ; in the third period as one to twelve.
It would not seem to be difficult to account for the females of each class who are notrepresented in the Tables of Occupations. The number of female children attendingschool during the census year, as obtained by the canvass of families, (see Remarkson School Attendance, page 448 of this volume,) was 3,180,313. Assuming, as it is
probably fair to do, that two-fifths of the female children under 16 who are reported
600 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXII.— Occupations: Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in Personal andProfessional Services, oy States and Territories—1870.
States and Terri-tories.
The United States
AlabamaArizonaArkansas .
.
CaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia.FloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois
IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland .'.
Massachusetts . . .
MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire.
.
New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina . .
.
OhioOregon ,
Pennsylvania ....
PJiode Islan d . . . .
.
South Carolina . .
.
TennesseeTexasUtahVermont•Virginia"WashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
NATIVITY.
1, 858, 178
40, 7951, 167
14,18229, 4G0
2, 68322, 5351,399!), 733
25, 817
10, 29362, 337
700
83, 964
65, 381
43, 06215, 589
73, 98954, 814
29, 186
66, 06262, 39272, 24312, 52639, 20470, 4191,4655, 5872,541
15, 37247, 3595,819
207, 69250, 952
119, 472
3, 963197, 12110,11733, 72051, 97834, 3532,126
15, 52097, 5401,116
15, 09427, 6181,716
191, 212
246189169
5,016220
1,13135116475890
346115
22, 897
6, 5145, 0261,2073,5682,743
485,8161 , 6177,9523,448302
14, 521294
1,4274214$
6,909264
36, 81494
22, 210283
20, 853205188381
1, 5596046
235134498
13, 526314
425, 087
677328
• 29814, 778
34513, 332
5051,3042, 650203
1, 076154
25, 1405,8184, 159
1, 7035,3504,3813,7316,119
54, 3768,0302,809
49515, 778
3261, 555792
1, 63624, 486
347130, 788
12418, 441
50552, 5137,618
3571,503
997121
2, 162524257839
5,017640
49, 905
1060762
2,398120805121124
~G712807
4,186670
1,0515993384G0296487
2,8352,912372117
1,614122402264123
2,57970
9,98143
3, 354189
6, 94960542103260
1,80117793
159123
1,987142
12, 672
51
2416
63414
259312058164817
1,36113522913272
121104151£0197423652
29739107834051519
2,91518
56944
1, 372148233897
26940222231
35647
48. 014
33729
1, 10346
34 L
1367
397
2838
2,723. 258
49225560
1222,640
407,9169, 3251, 320
25680138177554•998
3011G
9,4454
1,176138
1, 0607742
429411
3,00226
1476
2, 13598
A a
29, 333
1
347763952671
22281325
,436411,44377017
1022930
239,101,323126794236957413
17614
,3157
8998
6382420491056884210433
,22257
13, 102
802821
1,5943965191260253312
893339208136231
1,5592013124143213473
7554060
1071633061
2,5377
1,04052
914469
732681529212711
27227
as pursuing gainful occupations, are also embraced in this total of school attendance,*and, on the other hand, estimating the number of female children of this period of life
belonging to the pauper, vagrant, or criminal class at 100,000, we shall have somethinglike 500,000 school attendants among the females of the second period of life. Sub-tracting this from the total number of females between 16 and 59, we shall have in
round numbers 9,750,000 persons, of whom only 1,594,783 appear in the Tables of Occu-pations, leaving, say, 8,150,000 to be accounted for.
As the considerations remaining to be adduced apply equally to females of the thirdperiod of life, we may now add their number to the total already obtained, making theaggregate of females above 16 unaccounted for in the neighborhood of 9,100,000.
* The nnmber of female children embraced in the Tables of Occupations has just been shown to be191,100. Of thoge, 73,177 were engaged in agriculture, 1,116 in trade and transportation, 25,664 in man-ufactures and mining, and 91,143 in personal services, 86,905 of the latter being employed as domesticservants. It is probably within bounds to assume that two-fifths of these were afforded facilities forattending school during some portion of the year.
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 601
Table LXIII.
—
Occupations: Nationality {Selected) of Persons engaged in Trade andTransportation, by States and Territories—1870.
States and Terri-tories.
The United States
AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia.FloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois
IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts . .
.
MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraska•NevadaNew Hampshire.
.
New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina. .
.
OhioOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth Carolina . .
.
TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
862, 653
12, 253306
4,69415, 9571,941
18, 775155
3,1G04, 9422,37715,077
44850, 90729, 20419, 921
8, 33819, 64914, 73226, 09029, 17068, 646
20, 7626,1267,664
35, 740844
3,0302,2747.458
33, 686605
151, 165"
9, 716
55, 151
1,79493, 0168,7047,058
15, 00810, 139
1, 0046,140
18, 696625
5, 67012, 260
986
112, 435
55441
3444,948198705
755
47512178177
10, 7863, 735
2, 563828
2,7772,884
81
3, 799916
2,7311, 072
5989,109
117. 375
40032
4,348123
28, 069281
11, 245277
8,68479
738762
1,5837732
56284
3843,848
150
119, 094
1,05428
2433,813
340
4, 377
16150565
642'
449,6242, 2262, 5071, 3882, 0211,860
6831,7687,9861,547
729287
6, 06250
464189375
5, 05119
34, 96781
7,317132
14, 149848418
1,09140447
42458385
6741, 577
182
32, 086
17211
501,537
87391
419451
11720
3, 180490695
• 355320630183379
1, 5881,21921589
1,18437
18510761
1,75913
8,66549
• 2, 211120
3,17825969
1802133294712294
1061,110
72
056
20509339924
131952
8741191809597
14657794235039245
3041142408
4111
3442643028575774856485420472722
24143
10, 565
2468864
159143158
1225
1, 5661903131574989
87644
2,3893,9854672056981
100162398153
1
3, 4223
7164435478444472146320053
55872
SB
9, 564
1, 4;
452
20884216311
22
241711
156
851, 133332
71286254
263182
1, 61)5
6020612
348397
731
1 10946835
1046
20235654
988
20889273834
28163518
45719310574
161
2,0331459
142197441364352519
2679
,5773
56939
39521464
2045340138
1169
It would at first appear that a clear deduction should he made of oue person onaccount of each family returned in the census, in all, 7,579,863. This number must bereduced, however, to the extent to which females, the heads of families, and doing all
the housekeeping that is done for their families, are also returned as of specific occu-pations.No one familiar with factory-towns will doubt that this reduction should be con-
siderable;yet we shall probably reach the truth of the case substantially if we cut
down the number to be considered as accounted for as "keeping house" to 7,400,000.*
* It must be remembered that this reduction is upon a total of onlyl, 645,18?, the number of femalesof 16 years and upward appearing in the Tables of Occupations. Of this number, 323,791 are engagedin agriculture, 17,582 in trade and transportation, 328,286 in manufactures and mining, and 975,529 inrendering personal and professional services. An examination of the numbers reported under eachspecified occupation will lead to the conclusion that many employments, and these quite the most im-portant, furnish practically no cases whatever of such union of family-housekeeping with paid serviceelsewhere. The number 'allowed on account of such duplication, 179.363, appears, from a particulareven more than from a general view, to be ample.
602 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXIV.— Occupations: Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in Manufacturing,Mechanical, and Mining Industries, by States and Territories—1870.
States and Terri-tories.
United
States.
as
11H
1
1
p
Om
op
ci J,
Mo
w5
P,
a
The United States. 1, 777, 840 308, 240 264, 628 142, 631 32, 960 76, 431 20, 281 19, 972 21, 692
13, 677414
5,54534, 0782,900
5:), 954303
7,9239, 3633, 570
25, 5071,630
09, 995
58, 93432, 81513,24232, 08915, 95453, 70746, 814
197, 04048, 9079, 5608,659
44, 041
3, 5033,4946,308
35, 94464, 6331,805
271, 80020, 152
130, 2284,243
247, 25632, 24212, 8S925, 73511, 3011,304
17, 31047, 6301,416
14, 52724, 621
878
35876
2656,591
3654,181
37335
1,14672
476295
26, 410
10, 402
6, 259
1, 540
7, 030
3, 659123
11, 132
5, 0049,2753,517447
20, 894591827885168
14, 918104
77, 81094
37 272'411
34, 540601367
1,0302, 375
12786
694151
1,44713, 705
148
43154
1568, 389380
13, 9873073668269
554623
10,8662, 154
2, 021789
2, 5971,6732, 109
2,37448, 4834, 670
960292
0, 019895316
2,4473.611
ll! 75296
71, 18089
10, 441393
36, 7228, 023290974450101
1,626424192771
2,584133
22325
1255, 622
6074, 195
1235 L
26753
229277
9,6341,9611,9161,0421,249518
1,0551,629
15, 5795,586593174
3,171420425
1, 7661,0217, 383
2924, 808
14511, 163
35827, 1873,803
86624321
1,650541373266553
3,393223
829
281,442
56
1, 0254
5980247159
2, 586558595232276161243812
3, 6341,46722060
71513092
279414
1, 54911
6,74456
1, 833105
4, 5956835516592
23315511390
208758102
1
2336
2,00095
2, 3592823261439
172
3, 833482613273162144
4, 646111
20, 1829,0141,180
18877677176946
4,68143514
12, 4775
1, 812163
1, 4491,403
713119040
2, 86256
26116
2,10794
326
231, 159
7398156
121246
1U6
5, 412239
1,01451538
1115050
7131,0461,930
8937618824725856
2978
1,7765
177136348299
71935061114112• 6
2,71350
861133
1, 92939
2766
31
42175482
1. 138684333137377
2, 3562711855042410682
9828233
22437
89521
4,3179
1,62484
1,8813624115223~16
11422937
29913
13, 346ColoradoConnecticut 4
Dist. of Columbia.
.
Georgia 1
3.8633Illinois
IndianaIowa
10
MarylandMassachusetts 81
MississippiMissouriMontana 1, 420
NevadaNew Hampshire. .
.
New Jersey . . ....
New MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhio
329
46
2,503PennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth Carolina
13
i
TexasUtah,,Vermont
WashingtonWest Virginia
70
This latter number, then, is to he subtracted from the aggregate, 9,100,000, leaving1,700,000 as approximately the number of females above 16 who are not accounted for
as attending school or as keeping house for their families.
Eeason will be shown later in these remarks for believing that females, both womenand girls, to the number, probably, of one or two hundred thousand, (it is impossibleto reach any assurance in respect to the extent of these omissions,) who do actuallytake part, more or less, in the (paid) industry of the country, are not embraced in theTables of Occupations. This further deduction, therefore, has to be made. Takingthe mean of the two numbers just indicated, and subtracting it from the number1,700,000, we shall have 1,550,000 as the remainder, being the number of females above16 years of age not participating in gainful occupations, nor yet attending school orkeeping house.In the absence of data for calculation and even of reasonable grounds for conjecture,
the Superintendent will not attempt, to distribute this, total among the elements of
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 603
which it is composed. Whoever will consider the numerous and various classes whichappear here, grown daughters living at home, widowed mothers supported hy theirchildren, ladies living upon the income of accumulated property, as well as women ofthe pauper, vagrant, and criminal classes, will he surprised that this number is as smallas it is, rather than that it is so large.
Distribution by ages.—In order to enable such comparisons as the above to bereadily made between the total number of inhabitants (male and female) in each periodof life, and the number of persons engaged in any or all gainful occupations withinthat period, certain of the present tables are introduced by statements of the numberof males and females of ages, respectively, 10 to 15, 16 to 59, and 60 years and upward.It needs to be said that, while the class 60 and upward was obtained by actual count,and while the sum of the two classes 10 to 15 and 16 to 59 was obtained in the sameway, the distribution of this total between the two classes has been effected in a de-gree by calculation and not by count, for the reason that in the compilation of age andsex the " break' 7 occurred at another place, namely, between the years 14 and 15, andnot, as chances to be required for the present purpose, between the years 15 and 16. Inorder, therefore, to the comparison above indicated, the number of persons of each sexwho had reached the age of 15 at the date of enumeration, but were still under 16, hasbeen carefully calculated, and the result added to the number known to be from 10 to
14, to make up the class 10 to 15.
The classification adopted.—The plan pursued in the compilation of these tableshas been to refer every specification of occupation to some grand division of industry;and within each of such grand divisions to constitute as many distinct subdivisions asthe nature of the material furnished by the enumerators would allow to be formedwith a reasonable ax>proach to completeness, subject, however, to certain conditionswhich will be presented in the further course of these remarks.The Superintendent is familiar with the reasons which have induced many European
statisticians to abandon the grouping of occupations according to such assumed granddivisions of industry as agriculture, manufactures, trade, &c., and to resort instead toa system of expressing the employments of the people through a large number of min-ute and precise specifications, susceptible of being combined and recombined succes-sively, according to different ideas or theories of classification; but he is convincedthat the conditions and limitations of industrial statistics, at least within the, UnitedStates, will not allow of such nicety in the treatment of material, and, moreover, thatthe highest purposes and the largest uses of such statistics require something closelyapproaching the plan of treatment adopted in the following tables.
The Superintendent is ready to admit the theoretical inferiority of the somewhat" rough-and-ready" classification he has adopted to the scientific precision of the Britishsystem ; but it is decisive of the question, in his mind, that he has never known thecensus statistics of occupations resorted to, either in congressional debates or in news-paper or magazine discussions, for any purpose which would not be practically answeredby the following tables.
It is perhaps not necessary to pursue the subject, but it may be interesting to notetwo things in this connection.
First. That the subdivision of labor and the organization of industry in the UnitedStates 'really correspond rather to the classification of occupations adopted in thesetables than to the nicer distinctions of the foreign statisticians. Indeed, instead ofthrowing away valuable discriminations, the difficulty is so to treat the returns asreasonably to fill the classes here given. Whoever will consider the almost utter wantof apprenticeship in this country, the facility with which pursuits are taken up andabandoned, and the variety, and, indeed, seeming incongruity of the numerous indus-trial offices that are frequently united in one person, will appreciate the force of thisargument. For example, the distinctions in the i^rofession of the law, which are knownand recognized decisively in England and on the Continent, are not maintained in thiscountry except in a few great cities, and there only in exceptional cases. The sameperson with us is law-scrivener, collector of debts, prosecutor of claims, counselor, at-
torney, possibly, also, judge. Again, the organization of domestic service in the UnitedStates is so crude that no distinction whatever can be successfully maintained. A cen-sus of occupations, in which the attempt should bo made to reach anything likeEuropean completeness in this matter, would result in the return of tens of thousandsof "housekeepers" and hundreds of thousands of "cooks/, who were simply "maids ofall work," being the single servants of the families in which they were employed.Again, the British distinction between the merchant and the shop-keeper is impossiblein this country. If anything whatever could be predicated of the two classes in this
respect, it would be that the smaller dealers cling more pertinaciously to the largertitle. Still, again, the British " farmer" is wholly unknown with us. The Americanfarmer is, at least in nine hundred and ninety-five cases out of a thousand, the ownerof the land he cultivates.
604 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.
—
Occu2)ations : The United States oy Classes, and severally, with the Periods ofLife and Nationality, {Selected,) of Persons occupied—1870.
Occupations.
FEHSONS OCCUPIED.
All aires.
Total. Males. Females.
10 to 15. 1G to 59.
Total. Total.
Population, 10 years and over 28.22S.945 14,258,866 13,970,079 5,604,369 20,G8G,795
All occupations, (persons engaged in) 12,505,923
Agriculture 5, 922, 471
Agricultural laborersApiaristsDairymen and dairywomenFarm and plantation overseers.Farmers and plantersFloristsGardeners and nurserymenStock-drovers '.
Stock-herdersStock-raisers
10,6G9,G35 1,836,288
5, 525, 503 396, 968
Turpentine farmers.Turpentine laborersVinegrowers
Professional & personal services 2, 684, 793
ActorsApprentices to learned professions.
.
Apprentices to barbersApprentices to dentistsArchitectsArtists, (not specified) (a)
AuctioneersAuthors and lecturersBarbers and hairdressersPath-bouse keepersBilliard and bowling-saloon keepers.Bill-postersBoarding and lodging-house keepers
.
Boot-blacksCard-writersChemists, (practicing)Chimney-sweepsChiropodistsClaim agentsClergymenClerks and copyistsClerks in Government offices
Clerks in hotels and restaurantsDentistsDesigners and draughtsmenDomestic servantsEmployes of companies, (n. s.) (b)
Employes of GovernmentEmployesofhotels and restaurants (c)
Engineers, civil
HostlersHotel-keepersHunters and trappersIndian scouts, guides, &interpreters.Intelligence-office keepersInventorsJanitorsJournalistsLaborers, (not specified)
885, 996136
3,5503,609
, 977, 711
1,08531, 4353,1815, 590
6, 588361
2,1171,112
2, 512, 664136133609(ISO
046202181545
3,
3,i
2, 955, l
1,
31,
3,
361
933105
373, 332 499, 474
417"
22, 68139233 :::::::::
4530
1847
1, 618, 121 1, 166, 672
2, 053386859166
. 2,0172, 9482,266
45823, 935
941, 220
42412, 785
587336087365
G9343, 8746,13S8, 6725, 2437, 839934
375, 734848
14, 40723, 4384,703
17, 586
26, 394940171191352
1, 769
1,361341853165
2,0162,6632,254
34322, 756
891,217
4245, 725587306087363
69343, 8075, 891
7, 7295,1667,815
921
108, 380• 795
13, 80617, 1394, 703
17, 584
25, 529938171164352
1, 6235,251
6924561
1
28512
115179
53
060
<39.164 11,081,517
499,558 4,959,890
«84
2, 287, 708124
3,4663,493
|2, 618, 0001,044
27, 7483,0825, 441
6,388350
|2,0181, 028
149, 491 2, 428, 147
256826529
315
238
li
247 196943 3377 492413 3
867, 354 109, 50353 14
601 91
6, 299 9211
2 I 436865
16
27
146 1035
21, 321 32, 159
2,002318594137
L.9692,8432,155
421
23, 34082
1,202406
11, 77234032
5795960
66339, 4895,8368,3645,1477,678913
838, 409759
13,91222, 2634,574
16, 77024, 901
847162175333
1,5925,180
948, 4045,286
1,031,666 1,010,345
(a) See Painters and Sculptoi's.
(b) See Employes of Express, Insurance, Pailroad, Street railroad, and Telegraph companies, of Trad-ing and transportation companies, (not specified,) and of Manufacturing establishments, (not specified.)
(c) Not clerks.
Second. That it is not deemed practicable, in the United States, to secure that the
average enumerator shall, in the course of a canvass necessarily hurried, fill two or
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 605
Tabli: LXV.
—
Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and seoerally, with the Periods ofLife and Nationality, (Selected,) of Persons occupied—1870.
NATIVITY.
United
States.
to
73
To
3
ozn
oa<HI
fq
1
tila
Jfl
. %m
a
c3
a
O
22, 921, 058 1,611,781 1, 769, 375 600, 253 134, 274 470, 476 230, 426 110, 979 60, 174
9, 802, 034 836, 418 947, 234 301, 795 71,922 189, 318 J 09, 658 58, 200 46, 274
5, 303, 363 224, 531 138, 425 77,173 17, 850 48, 288 50, 480 16, 472 2,8G1
2, 700, 268128
1, 8313, 396
2, 509, 023522
13, 845
2, 740
3, 3205,321
3602,111
498
57, 2614
79749
159, 114183
6, 259190151214
43, 398 19, 122 3, 798 20, 589o
27, 171
9318104975
19, 917 4,0262
11118
11,45948
679153844
1,766 1
34359
88, 923104
5, 079118153222
11
24
9126
54, 8S0-
1352,378
49141178
1816
13, 05063
756167851
34 141
366
3
30, 2596
1786
5026
5
676 7R
35 9inii
3071
1722o
i°» 4 32 3 13
1, 858, 178 191,212 425, 087 49, 905 12, 672 48, 014 29, 333 13, 102 19, 471
1, 328347685154
1, 3432,0291,907
37216, 377
53968333
7,49644619
3306047
64435, 6685,3417,5194,4677,299542
729, 180628
10, 07815, 5983,95911,75619, 416
75295
111317
1,0314,411
602, 075
15314
1342
2614209732
4,81415
107'
221,336
16•2
1346
413
2,745206338260146139.
42, 86643987
2,145191
1,3653,037
24112210
154314
96, 432
996
41
7281
9611
4232
4539
2,173284
261
39
1,7401963792105848
145, 95697
2,4253,762
1673,2821,915
132153
371174
229, 199
23410122
1451768724381122814572
66
61
515
1, 566186186101116100
12, 53137
3815042064288312868
11
120183
! 21, 932
11 35. 47"
55348195
350
311
3
95 111",
1 jfi
1
191432671
6
176524174
71242
108
3568182
4336
193
15311
is-'
2 199fl
'>1
243 22°3
347
34910
941
1123
P5243
31
4
26''7
°S131
1
1
3183843142428
3,399111331213991
1184
5 8 99so
1
4
485806483
10618
14, 8786
16430542322384•92
1376
954
25, 394
25
4162035272128
2,874564
25431
23911
831
2134
4,832
313->
1988
241797
11 2876
6619717
80104103421320
15, 459
612
3331T.
L. 3637"iR
5,4201
1
98
39
40
41
13
431019
414."'
461615
4732
25"
555,723
4849
m1
9,43651
52
three thousand subdivisions with appropriate entries without much loss and confusion.As assistant marshals are appointed under the American system, nice discriminationsin respect t® industrial relations can hardly he maintained in a sufficient proportion ofcases to give value to the aggregate results. Of course, accuracy of definition is of novalue if the content he inadequate. It may even he doubted whether the enumerators
606 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.
—
Ocaqmtions : Tlie United States, frj Classes, and severally, $-c.—Continued.
Occupations.
PERSONS OCCUPIED.
All aires. 10 to 15.
Total.
Lainp-lightersLand-surveyors
i
Launderers and laundresses\
Lawyersj
Librariansj
Livery -stable keepers;
Marines, (United States)j
Messengers!
Metallurgists|
Midwivesj
Musicians, (professional) (a) I
Naturalists|
Nursesi
Officers of the Army and NavyOfficials of companies, (not spec.) (b).'
Officials of Governmentj
Painters (c)
Physicians and surgeons I
Restaurant-keepersSailors, (United States Navy) ". .
.
Scavengers «. -j
Sculptors, (c)j
SextonsShort-band writersShowmen and showwoinenSoldiers, (United States Army) .
.* .
.
Teachers, (not specified)
Teachers of dancingTeachers of drawing and painting.Teachers of music (a)...
Translators"Veterinary surgeonsWhitewashers
Trade and Transportation.. 1,191,238
2762,071
60, 90640, 736
2138,504
4778,717
1641, 1666,519287
10, 9762, 2863,410
44, 743775
62, 38335, 185
780301250
1,151154
1,17722, 081
126. 322149108
9, 49121
1,1662,873
AgentsApprentices in storesBankers and brokers ofmoney & st'ksBarkeepersBoatmen and watermenBook-keepers & ac'tants in stores (d)
CanabhenClerks in stores (cl)
Clerks and book-keepers in banks. .
.
Clerks and book-keepers in expr's co"s
Clerks and book-keepers in ins. offices 1
Clerks and book-keep's in rail'd offices!
Clerks and book-keepers in tel. officesj
Commercial travelersDraymen, hackmen, teamsters. <fcc.
Employes of trading &, trans'n co's(e)
Employes of banks, (not clerks)Employes of express co's, (not cl'ks)
Employes of insur'ce co's, (not cl'ks)
Employes of railroad co's, (not cl'ks)
Employes of st. railr'd co's, (not cl'ks)
Employes of telegraph co's, (not cl'ks)
HuckstersLaborersMilkmen and milkwomen
10, 499673
10, 63114, 36221, 33231, 1777, 333
222, 5047,103
7671, 5687,374
191
7, 262120, 756
4, 152424
8,55411,611
154, 0275,1038,316
17, 36214, 8823,728
Males.
2762,6715, 297
40, 731170
3,493477
8,637164
Females.
6095
4311
16 to 59.
-tal. Total.
73
543
89j
4,093
6, 346236806
2, 286
3, 35244,329
|
71761, 85834, 542
780299246
1,144147
1,07722, 08142, 775
14143
3,91121
1,1662 482
1,136173
1
10, 170
5841453
525043
47
7
100
655,530
391
13,693
10, 443 56673 5
10, 616 1514, 292 7021, 302 3030, 884 2937,328 10
216, 310 6,1947,081 22767
1,562 6
7,364 10190 1
7,230 32120, 560 196
3, 975 177421 3
8, 54911, 587- 24
153, 965 625,102 1
7,961 35516, 147 1,21514, 332 5503,635 93
3
14, 472
19107
315940863
6397,085
255
-.13
28184
1,427136
752
•2
8742626015762438
2502,448
57, 96433, 948
1918,278474
4,375164766
6,295269
9,6362,2073, 19942,058
755
57, 94734, 457
765276238938150
1,14622, 059124, 030
145107
9, 24717
1,0482,620
1, 149, 042
10, 111559
10, 13714, 04320, 48430, 5636,580
213, 5836,994
7531, 5277,300
1727,103
116, 8153,918'400
8,36211, 157
151, 5895, 0548,027
16, 29713, 911
3.563
CO audover.
(a) See Musicians, (professional,) and Teachers of music.(b) Seo Officials of Express, Insurance, Railroad, Street railroad, and Telegraph companies, (not spe-
cified,) and of Manufacturing and mining companies.(c) See Artists, (not specified,) Painters, and Sculptors.(d) See Book-keepers and accountants in stores, Clerks in stores, and Salesmen and saleswomen,(c) Not specified.
of any country are capable of carrying out thoroughly any body of instructions respect-
ing the return of occupations, yriricii require more than the plain and simple character-
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 607
Table LXV.—Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, tfc—Continued.
NATivrrr.
United
States.
a
o
3,2
.2
13«
5
am
2
d.2
o
<"a;
ca
it
5
a<A
rt
111
saag3O
1772, 350
40, 814
38, 412191
7,087320
6, 74797
7692, 663
195)
8,3251,9882, 888
38, 461529
55,92014,020
539110130644117839
11, 478116, 606
11296
7,24612
7442, 367
3490
2, 761513
42732
43524272
. 2, 4013245866
1471,800114
2,36211, 877
3012147
1524
91
2, 997
3, 21511
1,2312
123323
5185
11,530730
3
54572972
440
3515
1,346124193
2,53415913
4,2207831152031042
4,9642,568
1
162
76760144312182202801330273253873485
86752983
1,241556109912639S6
1,29083
339
4
28331258
1
1264
7834
m6
170172530213
79362810
817031
1• 32
52667
501
711113
116128232821
5116
205122
3
34105666
353
9218172265
26320112
11
32758
r»4
3,653 555657
282
433
32131
85479
16415
308973
5111512
58
59
5 6061
6936 63
61656h
67
4 686q
19366
70717q
14 7'i
410422328390
1
1
36
2433
171198
1
381
173
74
54
20392
1,1561
1 757«
2621069673
1061
1115
2 77If
6 7S8(1
81
125 8fl
81
7370
14138
243
1115
84
R=i
862, 653 112, 435 119, 094 32, 086 8,440 16, 565 9,564 8,654 2,250
8, 816619
9,0047,330
17,49924, 4946,058
181, 4786,547
6821,4376,387
1736,203
83, 0783,316360
6,62510, 21894, 5053, 4817,577
10, 909
9, 234
2, 016
43824684
3,508737
2,250293
16, 886198
842
139
35011,261
22221556625
7,85557798
2,2961,801
1 1, 026
4346
2581,8242, 019
1, 524799
9,532913124368
7222
17,92526422839205
37, 822763226
2, 2142, 468
430
38113
311444312
1,25972
5,3411042034
2574
2352,616
8613214238
3,86012516445546280.
861
90819149013
1,537305574
140274
22132644761
2, 732301412764
842, 613
934
132126
2,85766
15913821513
3721589
131742
1,04428
633
8534163
18619
1,1663744
16
6 81
1
4 81
9f
38 91
207 91
94
9f
411
<V
TIf
51630281
4355
91323317114231
27457841
4017
3, 930132141176
19549161
2236
3812910
2957651
9 l
266
101
101
TH-
1 IOL
568 io:
lOf10*
556
lOt
10£
rir
ization of each man's employment in the common phrase of the working people them-selves. Certainly, it is not to be thought of in the United States.The employments reported in the census have been, for the purposes of this publica-
tion, brought under four general titles, viz, Agriculture, Manufactures and Mining,Trade aDd Transportation, Personal and Professional Services, the latter having some-what of a residual relation to the others, and yet in the main a substantial character,and with limits not hard to define.
608 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.
—
Occupations: The United States, oy Classes, and severally, Jr.—Continued.
PERSONS OCCUPIED.
Occupations. All ages. 10 to 15. 1G to 59.
Total. Males. Females. Total Totsfl.
Mule-packersNewspaper criers and carriers—Officials of trading &transp'nco's(a)
I
Officials of banks'
Officials of express companiesOfficials of insurance companiesOfficials of railroad companiesOfficials of street railroad companiesOfficials of telegraph companiesPackersPawnbrokersPeddlersPilotsPorters in stores and warehouses . .
.
SailorsSalesmen and saleswomen (b)
Shippers and freightersSteamboat men and womenStewards and stewardessesToll-gate and bridge keepersTraders and dealers, (not specified)
.
in agricultural implements.books and stationeryboots and shoescabinetwarecigars and tobaccoclothingcloths and textile fabrics.
coalcoal and woodcottoncrock'y, china, & stouew'edrugs and medicinesdry-£roodsrpld & sir
iroceriesgold & siiv'r ware &. jewy
hats and capsiceiron, tin, and copper waresleather, hides, and skinslimeliquors and wineslive stock
% lumbermacbinery, (not spec.) (c).
music and musical instr'ts
newspapers 6c periodicalsoils, paints, & turpentineoptical instrumentsproduceprovisionsreal estatesewing-machines
UndertakersWeighers, gangers, and measurers
.
Wreckers
473
2, 002976
2,73875762
1, 9028872
1,421384
16, 975
3, 649
16, 631
56, 66314,2033, 5677, 9751, 2452,253
100, 4061,9393,3927,0194,0878, 2347, 5951,1634, 1432,4931, 701
1,76517, 36939, 790
6, 40274, 410
3, 3751,4649,0032,261
31011,7187, 7239,440254848
1, 455986301
11, 809
7,5288,9333, 1521,996
92693
Manufactures ax~d Mixing. ..2. 707, 421
1 67 Agricultural implement makers
.
168 Artificial flower makers3,8111,165)
4731,995
9672,738
75762
1, 90:2
8871
1, 229379
16, 697-
3,64816, 63156, 66311, 4283, 5647, 9351,1602,047
97, 5731,8833, 3376,9474,0718,1177, 5321,1154,1432, 4851,6981,703
17, 33539, 1296,382
73, 213
3, 3601,4638,9812, 2*7
31011, 6127,7189,436254830
1,434985301
11, 746
7, 4748,9193,0771, 976
92393
648
1
192
2731
36
2,7753
4085
2062, 833
5655721611763
836234
66120
1,197151
106
1874
286312365
9
36
•21
387
4731,299
9272,489
6681,830
8471
1,325376
16, 0903,50015,96454, 61813, 092
3, 411
7, 8401,2091,829
96, 0671,'876
3, 2726,7613, 928
2, 353, 471 353, 950
8,0337,3691,1313, 9592,3671, 6281, 693
16, 97738, 5436,208
71, 6763, 101
1, 4318,7662, 171
29711,5047, 558 I
9,072246823
1,409946291
11, 4687,2338,4463, 1161,85388790
3,786218
68262
3,653894
.5, 643 2, 544, 438 87, 340
(a) ISTot specified..
(b) See Book-keepers and accountants in stores, and Clerks in stores.
(c) Not agricultural implements.,
Tlie reason for making a common title for Trade and Transportation must be suffi-
ciently evident without explanation.Mining, which, stands in idea between agriculture and manufactures, in that, like
agriculture, it obtains the raw material of subsequent industrial i>rocesses,. while, like
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 609
Table LXV.
—
Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, $c—Continued.
2481,431
861
2, 57-2
1,6647764
874130
7,0723,2148,418
42, 06411, 3062,9916,519992
1,86274, 3811,8412,4174,9032, 7564,8243,415
8453,4181,7101,3881,056
14, 27331,.1804,315
46, 2262, 355
067313542261559423370231643
1,059783114
9,1716,0777,3912, 8851,46074761
19265
30314
2155107
4,79980
2,8882, 247
9731122955$90
11, 07824324
1, 073673
2,3522, 872
15722727060
2641,4704,5641,064
13, 45652316079443317
2,672520336
7
1171289198
1.05653353188173243
211403129
11110
42
21838
2,180138
4,1004,0871, 025
11463873
1635,647
1325945425332634572
254224119179339
1,505139
8,87923111331610919
3, 211382 i
203!
312
121331264345042544
216973
67329421
9
55o
i6429
57173
3772,170
374881895071
2,9922318827717916826337
1557354
122607786272
2,07512447
250
• 6387150183
6
451033841356167269577431
16
9
3
1081212270415832481015
8003
C5513433511031
22192388
31952
444
22127
121
5121
1
397
211
42120
1,656184639<i
19219651229606251
5S102339
1318924281
690161295172
10282
1571
4
78 15542 51
63 7724 309 13
6 7
3 3
306, 240 264, 623j
142, 631|
32, 960|
70, 451|
i :.
l784479
1,7101050515
11376
6
21
1616411464
1329
64122
if
3575829
3a
11 1110 9
319 15214
164 83265 865524 1
23 69 1q
,308 604
32 164
41
99 23135 8
91551 921
23 25118 51369 4100 48
• 999 12446 1
7
46 1
29
20, 281 19, 972 21, 692
2, 836S28
210135
477.
10310523
1095
167168
manufactures, its agencies and forces are chiefly nieclianical, not chemical, has, for
convenience mainly, been assigned to the group of Manufactures.A still stronger consideration of convenience, though with somewhat less clear con-
siderations of propriety, induced the Superintendent to place the fishing industry inthe category of . Manufactures. The number of persons engaged in the fisheries willalways and inevitably be below the fact, for the reasons, first, that this industry is
usually pursued for a season only, while, for the remainder of the year, the fisherman39 C C
610 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.— Occupations: The United States, by Classes, and severally, $e.—Continued.
Occupations.
Apprentices, (not specified) (a)
Bag-makers^ —Bakers -«.
Basket-makers .*.
Bell-founders .•-
Belting-factory operatives ~.
Blacksmiths -^
Bleachers, ctyers, and scourersBlind, door, 'and sash makersBoat-makersBone and ivory workers .-.
Bookbinders and finishers r
Boot and shoe makersBos-factory operativesBrass founders and workersBrewers and maltstersBrick and tile makersBridge builders and contractors (6) .
.
Britannia and japanned ware makersBroom and brush makersBronze-workersBuilders and contractors, (n. s) (b)
ButchersButton-factory operatives „
Cabinetmakers 1
Candle, soap, and tallow makersCard and fancy-paper makersCar-makers :
Carpenters and joinersCarpet-bag: and satchel makers (c) . .
.
Carpet-makersCarriage and wagon makersCharcoal and lime burners -
Cheese-makers .'
Cigar-makers (d)
Clerks and book-keepers(e)Clock-makersComb-makersConfectionersCoopersCopper-workersCotton-mill operatives (/)Curriers, tanners, finishers of leatherDagnerreotypists and photographersDie-sinkers and stamp-makersDistillers andrectifiersEmploy6s (e)
Engineers and firemenEngraversFertilizer-establishment operativesFile makers, cutters, and grinders .
.
Fireworks-makersFishermen and oystermenFlax-dressersFur-workersGalloon, gimp, and tassel makers . .
.
Gas-works employesGilders
PEKSONS OCCUPIES.
All ages.
Total.
15, 302866
27, 6803,297
169296
141, 7744,9015,1552,101
2089,104
171, 1276,0804,694
11,24626, 0701,0291,0925,816
797,51144,3541,272
42, 8351,942339
2,228344, 596
20215, 66942, 4643,8343,534
28,2865,8611,779693
8,21941, 7892,122
111, 60628, 7027,558479
2,87420, 24234, 2334,226316
1,413101
27, 1061,0401,191
5692,086
Males.
15, 102520
27, 4423,082165295
141, 7744,5825, 1552, 101208
6,375161, 4853,8574,592
1 1, 23825,9961,029987
5,29967
7,50844, 354
73642, 1231,900
1182,228
344, 596139
10, 29242, 4323, 829
% 75026,4425, 6411,704595
7,60741, 7892, 118
47, 20828, 6427,330477
2,86817, 74434,2334,197
3101,401
90
27, 071725836242
2,0821,499
Females.
200346238215
4
1
319
2,7299, 6422, 223
1028
74
105 17517 28912 1
3
338536 183712 88642 • 80
221 2917
86463
5, 37732
7841,844220
612
4G4, 398
6022826
2, 498
296
121135
321355327
4
35
10 to 15.
Total.
2,132146537100
1
599141
1025
1
4482, 328
6009845
1, 456
18
5222082950
1,20984534784
34913
19, 946257329
,30233432
941482720133742622
16 to 59.
Total.
13, 170710
26, 5922, 755
164287
135, 1864,5524, 9871,990200
8,496159, 542
5, 3944,486
11, 03724, 2161,0131;0515,318
7,17742, 841
1,05539, 8541,781306
2,187329, 962
17613, 62840, 738
3, 7153,409
26,8935, 6971,635618
7,88138, 8302, 04988,84020, 4257, 429
4592, 799
18, 46533, 8574,102298
1,30179
24, 882828
1,127458
2,0201,4811,534
(a) All apprentices to manual trades, whose trades were specified on the schedides, have been includedin these tables, with the journeymen of their respective crafts.
(b) See Builders and contractors, (not specified ;) also Bridge, House, and Railroad builders and con-
tractors.
(c> See Trunk and valise makers. ,
id) See Tobacco-faotory operatives.(e) In manufacturing establishments, (not specified.) ,
(/) See Mill and factory operatives, (not specified,) and TVoolen-mill operatives.
follows some other gainful avocation under which, lie will preferably he reported;*
* Often, indeed, fishing is carried on at any season of the year only incidentally to some other occu-pation from which the family derives its principal support.
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 611
Table XLV.
—
Occupations: The United States, Tjy Classes, and severally, $~c.—Continued.
NATIVITY.
m<v
02
I
aaa
o
a
aa
3
'So
W
^3a
o
c3
a< ;
B
s
>>
ii
2
a
s68
o
13, 209. 47611, 1672,044
137225
101, 567
2, 0133,8901, 743138
6, 460
108, 3204, 2732,5012, 71515,268
860655
4,02524
4,97723, 412
80225, 293
936283
1, 7565264,531
828,518
32,2442,4573,123
13, 8334,9971,351572
4, 35025, 903
99771,54718, 0056,327332
1,61012, 54924, 2862,286
12769369
21, 551717435446894771
745116
10, 863936
(i
13
14, 0127056189244
944
28, 226918454
6,7803,340
2391
74720483
13,22754
11, 79848016
164
29, 70482
1,7255,196306114
9, 29232414613
2,1858,954
4151,2143,458
41039692
2,5142, 098
89056
1831156412
37240163382
609131
2, 421741835
12, 3391,091
17112210
77810, 998
4721,079520
3,44380
10953016
1, 263
2, 646263
1, 59530426151
16, 56614
2,7061, 59059653
54720217171
4773,484337
18, 7134, 76414631
3342,7173, 317
23070
1357
87218718337816153
33234897884
16
5,005614106
9498
5, 082•116
37238973122120226
4404
2, 08989
1,020777
809,784
71, 5241,162
15358
80418904
, 17312706164
10, 09175628740
' 79912
2,55043412
3459
44343
11120121103
6210
48715
1,401165
2211
175
37731
301
13425~1
357
62841
1
86616226Jl
339
1,5203445
2711S9
32391244
1,076o
518271
11
1,796•3
70288867
16218
9
ifiq
70311
170171
ITS17'i
3, 71239161
43
171
1, 230
51
1
1
1, 402192244
3053
28
44 17,:
17*i
45 17717'"
17*
931,041
3312573859
1752
1205, 506
877092
2, 26927931022
14550454
849283
2811, 288
Iflfl
48936
181
IK562
18-18-"
IS'
IP-
1ft
1042473
24025220
2,8455
561222~26
3151494
71012:12
47
1,714256429
11
205742103
1
11
36123
1
8519f
irn
63210
11
22id;
1rr
8
3, 5001
49
288183
1141
1
f-fll
155llj-
36297712270
177421210
11497343
7,683893165
923462653493519o
1,57319174
2324
1
35
19fm20
1, 7271
1
20:
20,
3027251
35165545
2601271861
1
345
225589
119169509
49143179113
1
121
1651
173
522
611
20'
20*o ,
3 21 (
' 5 21;
°1<
166 21:
'Ml
1 21"
"1*
>>«
9563833530
310 saoo.
539
17
or,;
c-\;-
1 32f
second, tbat no inconsiderable proportion of the persons actually engaged on the waterin this pursuit, at the time of the enumeration, having no families to report them, areentirely omitted from the census under the American system; third, that where fish-
eries are carried on in vessels larger than the ordinary row or sail boat, the handsemployed are generally known, not as fishermen, but as sailors. The last statementholds true of the vast majority of all persons who are engaged in the whale, cod, andmackerel fisheries. It is true that, according to the theory of a census of occupationstaken in the interest of industrial science mainly, vessels so employed should, with all
their hands, be excluded from the class of transportation and be returned as engaged,in the, fisheries;, but this distinction is one which it appears hopeless to make,, at least;
612 COMPENDIUM' OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.
—
Occupations: The United State*, by Classes, and severally, cfc.—Continued.
Occupations.
PERSONS OCCUPIED.
All ages.
Total. Males. Females
10 to
Total. Total.
Glass-works operativesGlove-makers -
Glue-makersGold and silver workersGun and lock smithsHair cleaners and dressersHarness and saddle makersHat and cap makersHoop-skirt makersHose-makers, (leather and other) . .
.
House builders and contractors (a) .
.
Ice-cuttersInk-makersIron & steelworks 6c shops operativesIron-foundry operatives (b)
Iron-furnace operativesIron and steel rolling-mill operativesKnitting and hosiery mill operativesLinen-mill operativesLumbermen and raftsmenMacaroni and vermicelli makers
j
Machinists r- - -
1
Manufacturers !
Marble and stone cutters|
Masons, brick and stone|
Mast, spar, oar, and block makersMattress-makers !
Meat and fruit preserving employes.j
Meat packers, cure re?, and pickle'rs.JMechanics,* (not specified)Mill and factory operatives, (n. s.) (c)
MillersMilliners, dress &mantua makers, (d)
Mineral-water makersMinersMirror and picture frame makers . .
.
Morocco-dressersMusical-instrument makers, (n. s.) .
.
Needle-makersOfficials ofmanufacturing companiesOfficials of mining companiesOil-cloth makersOil-refinery operatives '.
Oil-well operators and laborersOrgan-makersOyster-packersPainters and varnishersPaper-hangersPaper-mill operativesPatent-medicine makersPattern-makers .-
PerfumersPiano-forte makersPlasterers ;
Plaster-moldersPlate-printersPlumbers and gasfittersPotters
9.-518
2, 329241
18, 5088,1841,020
3-2, 81712, 625
96224839914278
22, 14134,«457, 452
17, 2493, 653
70617, 752
2954, 75542, 877
25, 83189, 710
653375770
1,16416, 51441,61941, 58292, 084
458152, 107
9701,728
377164
2,144576
• 454
1, 747
3, 80366.7
44385, 123
2, 49012, 469
4093, 970248
2,53523,577
223231
11,1435,060
9,3451,110235
17, 2798,151570
32, 7079,27520813039914275
21, 646
34, 2457,452
17, 2491,664262
17, 75227
54, 75542, 68725, 83189, 710
653347356
1, 15413, 95533, 50941, 3431,604
453152, 061
9461,704377130
2,141576451
1,7083, 802
659329
85, 0702,4718, 585«3313,970
1422, 531
23, 577222226
11, 1434,948
1731,219
6
1,2293345650
3,350754118
3
495
1,989444
2841410
2, 5598,110239
90, 4805
462424
3391
8
1145319
3, 884
io;
1,25012215
35777
131287450499
1
7864646148566529221481
209
84251
3
1334
3673,720
1221,759
43
3,5243622~1
15
5389
8183735700169
1321
109
72241
8, 1242,098219
17, 621
7,709851
31, 54311, 815
90220836414169
20, 931
33, 1227,068
16, 430
2, 995481
17, 35726
53, 21540, 89825, 15585, 521
61S354618
1,10515, 51437, 23339, 12589,509
410144, 420
9221,661365148
2, 064567442
1, 6773,778
640353
82, 703
2, 40711, 463
3773,785230
2, 43823, 025
213225
10, 9744,608
(a) See Builders and contractors, (not specified ; ) also Bridge and Bailroad builders and contractors.(b) See Stove, furnace, and grate makers.(c) See Cotton-mill operatives and Woolen-mill operatives.(d) See Shirt, cuff, and collar makers and Tailors, tailoresses, and seamstresses. .
in a census of the United States, with the agencies provided by existing laws. Weare eonxpelled, therefore, to accept the result that the great majority of persons engagedin the fisheries are returned as sailors merely. The residue are not worth constitutinginto a separate grand division of industry, and have, therefore, been carried into themanufacturing class, to which, by the way, it may be remarked, though that affords
no very good reason, the census-law assigns the fisheries.
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 613
Table LXV.
—
Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, $?c.—Continued.
NATIVITY
£ci
1i
a11 a
oa 1
a
'fci
a
o•1
oa a
o a . £ r3
£ o H H lf2 M m ^ o
fi, 964 934 795 413 72 70 25 134 2f
2,000 95 31 141 * 10 J 5 2 22 4 2-
98 105 23 2 1 1 1 o,;
11, 690 3,088 1, 021 1,135 TC0 239 238 312 16 2;
4, 703 2, 091 453 452 51 03 49 141 2 2:
4-2') 220 128 86 25 16 17 26 52 2:
24, 568 3, 868 1, 747 811 161 715 161 226 1 cv
8, 829 1, 154 1, 727 518 74 37 17 93 2.
672174324
51
830
185 19 3 11 o 4
819
4710
21
1
11
o
1 2 2:
108 4 17 2 8 1 1 p«
58 10 . 3 1 1 9,
14, 27818, 5384,2948,703
1 410 1,878 222 291 22 100 o
4,409562
6 826 2, 196612
732 742 184 254 fl
1, 780 48 61 14 43 o
1,793 3, 451 2,717 155 138 46 75 2 2
2, 458346
93 391 553 66 56 1 o
8 229 33 84 6 c>
13, 550 443 567 263 171 1,908 35G 47 111 9,
3
35, 432 5, 0161
4, 8331
499
' ; »
5,175 1,741 1,097 299 6 2
31, 962 4, 896 1,817 2,189 447 506 151 308 22 211,92355, 147
3 491 6, 23718, 537
1,709 966 766 114 212 p11, 606 4, 480 989 1,500 703 475 23 2
518 23 48 28 11 16 9
214 89 23 13 4 o 3 12 51
633 51 58 15 1 4 1 3G71 239 128 54 15 7 o 22 7 2
11, 865 1,870 1,119 777 190 2G4 55 166 1 229, 392 . 3,099 3, 852 1,805 496 1,597 343 154 203 235, 290 2,614 867 1, 434 323 431 133 173 11 272, 505 3, 541 8,578 2, 894 687 2,468 197 526 20 2
25857, 388
1028,579
6622 822
12
28, 8774
2,4891
1,731
o
5, 515 1, 559 17, 009 2516 240 81 34 12 20 15 18 '•>
841190132
1,787
170125205
627135
74
432419
147
14
2230
.19
7318
731
7
9o ^
9
3 1 2384199
2268
35135
8916
35 33
28
3 '>
14 9,
861 350 305 130 20 43 7 11 2
3,225 104 168 95 18 176 3 4 2454339
65, 226
9370
6,736
192
4, 383
486
4,200
4 291
1,408
6 2 c>
c>
745 829 481 8 21,6968,202
323759
1502,322
181501
38299
33245
1753
2622
v
10 2215
2,763186
1,10816, 811
10734214
1,0111,580
4721013
1233, 044
193411082
1,031
6117
1
22216
3758
40365
1
30245
190
244102879
'>
^^c>
1 2*
69 24 11 8 3 2 1 1 6 2172
6, 65528621
9
2,27412
8766
4121
1311
34
^
34 2f
3, 260 645 263 575 . 174 37 16 39 2,
The completeness or these tables.—Comparison of the numbers reported iu theTables of Occupations with the numbers found under corresponding titles in the Tablesof Manufactures, will discover discrepancies of very important extent, which requireto be here accounted for, not only in justification of these tables, but for the additionallight which such an investigation throws upon the industrial capacity of the country.Not only do important discrepancies exist, but they are found to be of two kinds, of
diametrically opposite direction. In one class of cases the numbers reported in theTables of Occupations appear to be much too large; in the other, far too small. Two
614 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
Table LXV.
—
Occupations: The United States, oy Classes, and severally, cj-c.—Continued.
Occupations.
Powder-makersPrintersPrint-works operativesPublishers ofbooks, maps, newspaperPump-makersQuarrymenQuartz and stamp mill laborersRag-pickersRailroad builders and contractors (a)
Reed and shuttle makersRoofers and slatersRope and cordage makersRubber-factory operativesSail and awning makersSalt-makersSaw-mill operativesSawyersScale and rule makersScrew-makersSewing-machine factory operatives.
.
Sewing-machine operatorsShingle and lath makersShip-carpentersShip-smithsShip-calkersShip-riggersShirt, cuff, and collar makers (b)
Shot, cartridge, and fuse makersSilk-mill operativesSpring and axle makersStarch-makersStave, shook, and heading makers .
.
Steam-boiler makersSteam engine makersStereotypersStove, furnace, and grate makers(c)
.
Straw-workersSugar makers and refiners :
Tailors, tailores9es, & seamstresses(b)TinnersTool and cutlery makersTrunk and valise makers (d)
Tobacco-factory operatives (e)
Truss-makersType founders and cuttersUmbrella and parasol makersUpholsterersWheelwrightsWhip-makersWindow-shade makersWire makers and workersWoodchoppersWood turners and carversYfoolen-mill operatives (/)
PERSONS OCCUPIED.
All aces.
Total. Males.
575 56839, 860 36, 3653,738 2,7861, 577 1,5771, 672 1, 672
13, 580 13, 589617 617436 33G
1,292 1,292200 194
2,750 2,7502,675 2, 3453,886 2,0352,309 2,2781, 721 1,721
47, 298 47, 2636,939 6, 939
41G 390780 434
3,881 2, 0153,042 1823,788 3, 704
15, 900 15, 900396 396
3, 068 3,0681,057 1, 041
4, 080 1,268186 97
3,256 954301 301229 189
1,858 1,8256, 958 6,9534, 172 4, 172333 329
1,543 1, 5432, 029 5991, 609 1, 599
161, 820 61,61330, 524 30, 5075, 351 5, 2551, 845 1,831
11, 985 9, 69574 64
649 5561, 439 7495, 736 5, 558
20, 942 20, 942609 491245 219
1, 834 1, 7538, 338 8,3387,947 7,903
58, 836 36, 060
Females.
7
1, 495952
100
3301,851
31
26346
84
162,812
89
2,302
1,43010
97, 207179614
2,2901093690178
1182681
4422, 776
10 to 15.
Total.
1
1, 570•599
14
5484440
427292143
8
56797189
11715017615210
16212
8937
1212465
i
165210
2, 71844918163
2,496
64676715126
7213084
7,427
16 to 59.
Total.
556
37, 813
2, 9751, 5371,564
12, 781569302
1,273189
2,6692,2753,7022, 193
1, 611
45, 9696,459399655
3,7102,8563, 508
15, 102387
2,950990
3,884171
2, 337289215
1,7016,8194,086323
1,4971,9321, 568
153, 97729, 5815,0721, 751
9, 31972
5771,3385, 548
19, 153561236
1,7417,9317, 665
50, 212
(a) See Builders and contractors, (not specified; ) also Pridge and House builders and contractors.
\b) See Milliners, dress, and mantua makers, Shirt-, cuff, and collar makers, and Tailors, tailoresses,
and seamstresses.(c) See Iron-foundry operatives.(d) See Carpet-bag and satchel makers.(a) See Cigar-makers.
(f) See Cotton mill operatives and Mill and factory operatives, (not specified.)
broad reasons are found in the very form of a census taken under existing laws in theUnited States, one of which explains the first class of discrepancies, while the othercovers the ground of the second. As these discrepancies are capital in their extent,
they require to he discussed at some length.
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 615
Table LXV.— Occupations : The United States, oy Classes, and severally, <J-c—Continued.
29031,2081, 674
1, 3S31, 465
6, 020156203999156
1,7071, 535
2, 3831,679
79933, 5275, 764290558
2,6142,3373,136
11, 720283
2, 340495
2,970155
2,25816580
1, 3533, 177
2, 549211963
1,880360
94, 87522, 3373,012966
10,26649457988
2,83217, 477
473178832
6,2014,271
32, 083
262 249'~47
59(>6
1,30111910822
21943134781
2513,404
480431719577
146644
38265
27710783257
2865853752526413893
33,2003,8356725499361457
1341,6831,416
4445172322
2,210
148
2, 8561,078
4739
4, 0319868167
9
483414778168400
1,7932314415874247053
1,17666
31217555717
233•58
7969
1,9074274319283
21318,0091,732560176451
367239437652419
541196450
12, 231
371, 6525736944
1, 258892272119312110311120
689107183019071395452093129110
443219123273246423702932
4,7851,019
6064496
3738313419291
195100347
6,609
124091411310
1408
196
632431143042846
281713
2955
324233
3071341394
91, 196
24151
810
IE
70111
1
1
193080
1,306
803891731
43668
401
3834
22-1
-79
89420!)
15
452
2ii0
07210
151
2653
35101
59139824
3018
2, 79552934624241
3996
529
447735153
3,175
4
122
4203151
8
11411
l,i7615
26252
319
71,961
15511
86
161107
4
543286
28456212102
211, 496264401936
15100103
7
681155138
914513
410
97
First, however, it needs to be stated just what constitutes a discrepancy. A failure
in the numbers reported in the one place and in the other to balance exactly is not adiscrepancy. On the contrary, this is to be expected ; and if the numbers are foundto be in excess in the proper set of tables, and to be in excess to only the proper extent,this furnishes a statistical proof of a high character. The tables in'which the numbersshould thus be generally found in excess are the Occupation Tables. The reason for
the excess being found in these Tables and not in the others is, that the schedule ofmanufactures gives an average return of the number of " hands employed," while thestatistics of occupations are taken from a count of individuals upon the populationschedule, and present, therefore, a maximum return, embracing, as they do, artisans of
616 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.
every class out of employment, temporarily disabled, or for some otlier reason not in-
cluded in the actual return of any establishment.The degree to which such excess should extend "will depend, within certain limits,
upon the nature of the special occupation, as well as upon the general condition of
manufacturing industry throughout the country at the time. It should rarely, how-ever, fall below six percent, in any trade at any time, and it should quite as rarely goabove sixteen per cent.
Wheuever, therefore, the numbers returned in the Tables of Occupations do not exceedthose under the same titles in the Tables of Manufactures by at least six per cent., and,on the other hand, whenever tbe former exceed the latter by more than sixteen percent., there a discrepancy must be admitted.And, first, of those cases where the numbers in the Tables of Occupations do not ex-
ceed those in the Tables of Manufactures by six per cent., or even fall below them.Instances of this kind are principally confined to the returns of factory operatives.
At the present census these instances are sufficiently marked to require explanation.*A portion of these omissions, undoubtedly, may be accounted for by the large num-
ber (41,619) returned under the head of "Mill and factory operatives not specified," aswell as by the number (20,242) of "Employes of manufacturing establishments notspecified ;" but, in the main, the explanation of the discrepancies is found in the fact,
heretofore adverted to, that women and children employed in factories are omitted inlarge numbers.
Second. Those instances where the numbers appearing in the Tables of Occupationsexceed those in the Tables of Manufactures by more tban the probable or possibledifference between a maximum and an average" return. Unlike the class first noted,these discrepancies affect mainly the statistics of those occupations which are pursuedsingly, or by twos and tbrees, out of large mills and factories, and even, in a consider-able degree, out of shops. Discrepancies of this character in no degree discredit thestatistics of occupations. They arise from the fact that the return of "Productive In*dustry," under the census law of 1850, is not, as indeed it was not intended to be, acomplete return of the mechanical production of the country.The census attempts the enumeration of mechanical industry only as it is carried on
in shops, and thus fails to embrace that large body of individual labor which is notattached to distinct "establishments of productive industry." Moreover, the censuslaw establishes a mimimum (namely, the value of $500 annually) below which the pro-duction of shops shall not be returned; behind which unfortunate exception a host ofminor establishments, producing in the neighborhood of $500, take refuge and thusescape enumeration.The scope of these omissions may be seen in the tables .on pages 664 and 665 of Vol-
ume I of the Ninth Census. Larger omissions occurred at the census of I860, (see Vol.I, Ninth Census, p. 665.)The effect of this wholesale omission of the production of certain trades upon the
aggregate value of manufacturing and mechanical products in the country has beendiscussed in the quarto volume on Industry.Inasmuch at it is not the Tables of Occupations which suffer from the comparison,
it will not be necessary to pursue inquiry further into this class of discrepancies in thepresent connection. The Tables of Occupations are incontestably accurate, in a highdegree, in respect to these common trades.An exception.—In making such comparisons as the foregoing, between the Tables of
Occupations and those of Manufactures, care should be used that the titles taken forthe purpose really correspond. In some cases, even those in which the apparent cor-respondence is the strongest, the quantities are in fact not commensurable.' Anexample may be found in the brick and tile manufacture. It would seem, at first
glance, that the "hands employed" should answer exactly to the "brick and tile
makers " in the Tables of Occupations ; but, in fact, a considerable portion of the handsemployed in large brick-yards, exceeding, indeed, not infrequently, the number ofcraftsmen, are classed and known as common laborers, and are so returned in thecensus. The table on page 666 of Vol. I, Ninth Census, will show the scope of this ex-ception. It will be seen that, while in two or three minor cases the number returnedon the Tables of Occupations exceeds, as we are accustomed to expect, the number inthe Tables of Manufactures, the proportion of common laborers employed in brick-yards where that branch of manufacture becomes considerable, (notably'in the largermanufacturing States,) is so grea* as to raise the numbers in the latter tables consider-ably above those in the former.
Incomplete subdivision of employments.—In addition to the apparent deficiencies or dis-
crepancies which have been noted, one general remark will sufiice in explanation of
"At the census of 18C0 the discrepancies of this kind were still more numerous and far more extensive.A single example will suffice. The Tables of Occupations characterize but a little over two thousand per-sons as connected with the woolen and worsted manufactures, while the Tables of Manufactures showthat considerably more than forty thousand persons were engaged, upon the average, in these branchesof manufacturing industry.
COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 617
many of the entries in the tables, in respect to the accuracy of which question maynaturally arise.
It must be borne in mind that the number of persons who are reported under a cer-
tain specified occupation does not necessarily embrace all the persons who perform theduties usually associated with that title, but only those who discharge such duties tothe exclusion of other gainful occupations, or, at least, as their principal or sole pro-fessed means of support.The organization of labor and the subdivision of industry vary in respect to com-
pleteness and minuteness with each successive community. As communities advancein industrial character, functions become separated, and distinct occupations becomerecognized. This country, from its peculiar conditions, presents almost every degreebetween the two extremes of industrial development in this particular. It is commonto find on the returns from the present Territories, and even some of the present Statesof the Union, such entries as these :
" Carpenter and miner," " Blacksmith and carpen-ter," " Blacksmith and miner." In many of the communities of the land it is difficult
to draw distinctions much finer than those between the agricultural, the mining, themechanical, and the commercial pursuit or profession. Indeed, even this is not alwayspracticable, since it is matter of notoriety that in many of the States of the Union, andthose not among the newest, the occupations of carpenter and farmer, or blacksmithand farmer, or farmer and fisherman, are frequently united in one person. In largeand more prosperous communities a clear separation between such incongruous occupa-tions takes place
;yet, still, the carpenter, for instance, in nine out of ten counties in
the United States, performs half a dozen functions which, in cities, are recognized asbelonging to distinct trades.
The same general process occurs in agricultural, commercial, and professional em-ployments ; thus, the tables show 100,406 traders and dealers whose branch of trade is
not specified.
The want of specifications in the case of this 100,406 is not due to the neglect of assist-
ant marshals, but to the fact that these persons so characterized are actually selling
agricultural impdements, books and stationery, boots and shoes, &c, &c, throughpretty much the entire line of articles sold by those other dealers whose departmentsare defined because the communities in which they dwell and deal are sufficiently
large to allow of the subdivision of trade.If, therefore, we look at those occupations which emerge as distinct employments
only in communities where the organization of industry and the subdivision of laborare carried to a high degree, the number of persons engaged will appear to be impossi-bly small, unless the above considerations are borne carefully in mind.Anomalous Entkies.—Other seeming discrepancies, which demand at least an allu-
sion here, occur where persons are returned as of certain special occupations in Stateswhere it is notorious that the industries represented are not carried on ; or, again,
where persons, not more than one, two, or five in number, are returned in a Stateunder a description which implies a large body of workmen, as (in illustration of boththese classes) when Ohio is returned as having one silk-mill operative, it being dfffi-
cult to see how one operative could justify a silk-factory in Ohio, and it being, more-over, notorious, as matter of fact, that the manufacture of silk is not carried on in thatState. An adequate explanation of all cases of this general nature is found in theconsideration that the census takes account of persons where they are actually resid-
ing, and assigns them to their habitual occupation, whether it is being at the timepursued or not.
In the enumeration of tens of thousands of persons out of health, or out of employ-ment, traveling, or visiting friends in other States, it is inevitable that such apparentanomalies should arise.
Xota Bene.—Each employment specified in the following tables must be understoodin connection with the class or grand division of industry under which it is placed.
To many, and, indeed, most of the specifications of occupation, this warning, in thenature of the case, does not apply.
Others, however, will be misinterpreted without a reference to the more general title.
Thus, " clerks and copyists " appear under the head " personal and professional ser-
vices," to the number of 6,138. These are clerks to lawyers, clerks to civil engineers,
copyists not attached to commercial houses or manufacturing establishments, &c." Clerks " also appear under the head of " Manufactures and Mining," so far as personsare employed in a purely clerical capacity in those banches of industry ; while, underthe title of "Trade and Transportation," " clerks" appear several times as " clerks in
stores," "clerks in banks," "clerks in railroad-offices," &c. In such cases, "cross-
references " will generally be found between the several parts of the tables wherethese entries occur.