A Comparison of Crowd Simulation Techniques
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A Comparison of Crowd Simulation
TechniquesAuthor: Matthew Funcke
Supervisor: George Wells
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• Many, many, models. All different
• Multiple Applications. Entertainment Industry – Movies and Games Evacuation simulation Architectural optimisation Crowd Control Training – Military and Police Teaching – Academic
• Save time and effort in the future.
Why compare them?
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Three base methods• Cellular Automata• Rule-based Models• Social Forces Models
Types of models
Hybrid models eg:• MassMotion• Massive• HiDAC
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ALLSAFE
An overabundance of models
Social DistancesHelbing SF
Aseri
Blue & Adler
MassMotion
Massive
Legion
Simwalk Simulex
PathFinder Paxport
PEDFLOW
SGEM HiDAC
F.A.S.T.
TIMTEX
Helios
Muramatsu
BursteddeABS CA
Kebel et al.OpenSteer
Maïm
Exodus
Reactive Navigation
ACUMEN
CrossesAutonomous Pedestrians
Space Syntax Exit89
FPETool
MASCM Floor FieldsQuinn SF
Wagoum
ReynoldKirchner
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2 of each fundamental model
2 low complexity/quality models
2 medium complexity/quality models
2 high complexity/quality models
A Representative Sample
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Massive Massmotion HiDAC Helbing Quinn Reynolds OpenSteer Generic CA ABS
The models to analyse
Hybrid Models
Social Forces Models
Rule-based Models
Cellular Automata
HHHLMLMLM
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Cellular AutomataGeneric Cellular Automaton ABS Cellular Automaton
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Social Forces Models
Original Social Forces Parallelised Social Forces
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MassMotion
Hybrid ModelsMassive Software
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Several proposed methods:◦ Visual comparison
Comparing models
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Several proposed methods:◦ Visual comparison◦ Quantitative 4D histograms
Comparing models
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Several proposed methods:◦ Visual comparison◦ Quantitative 4D histograms◦ Literature-based scoring:
Identify common comparison factors Weight application Score models Apply equations
Compare specific models based on final scores Generalise results
Comparing models
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Comparing models - Weights
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Comparing models - Scores
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Comparing models – Equations
Weighted Average
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Results – before penalties
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Comparing models – Equations
Weighted Average
Penalties
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Results – after penalties
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Specific ConclusionsApplication Best Model
Movies Massive
Games OpenSteer or HiDAC
Evacuation MassMotion
Architecture MassMotion
Crowd Control MassMotion
Training MassMotion
Teaching Generic CA
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Specific ConclusionsApplication Best Model
Movies Massive
Games OpenSteer or HiDAC
Evacuation MassMotion
Architecture MassMotion
Crowd Control MassMotion
Training MassMotion
Teaching Generic CA
Bias?
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Specific Conclusions: Non-commercial / Hybrid
Application Best Model
Movies OpenSteer
Games OpenSteer
Evacuation Quinn
Architecture Quinn
Crowd Control Quinn
Training Quinn
Teaching Generic CA
Anything ->
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Commercial models are generally better.
Hybrid models are generally best.
Social forces if you need accuracy.
CAs when simplicity is essential.
Rule-based models for when looks and not accuracy matter.
Generalised Conclusions
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