Peter Weibel

BEYOND ART: A THIRD CULTURE

a comparative study in cultures art and science in 20th century Austria and Hungary

SpringerWienNewYork

Foreword 4

Prologue 7

rn perception movement

12

[2] symmetrybreaking symmetry

154

[lJ measurement observation

190

[I] ma thema ti cs physics

238

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[SJ

[6]

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·THJ·

cybernetics computer science

computer art

evolution theorysystem theory

game theory

theory of science art theory

psychoanalysisactionism

294

368

418

508

[2J vision deconstruction

546

[Oj visual commun i ca tion

586

Index 602

Lenders 615

Imprint 616

tN'

rn percephon movement

16 Peter We;bel 33,35,38,39 Contours of a History of the Theory and Art 33,34,38,39,48of Perception in Austria

33

33 Peter We;bel 34 The Abstract Ornament 34 and the Quadratic World of the Wiener Werkstätte around 1900

36, 37

41 Bernhard LeHner 36 Viennese Kineticism 37

37,51,6245 tva Bajkay Viennese Kineticism and the Hungarian Avant-Garde 37

39 46 Peter We;bel

38Viennese Kineticism and Hungarian Constructivism

38

57 Peter We;bel 38 On the Origins of Hungarian Constructivism in Vienna:

39MA 1920-25

40, 52

71 tva Bajkay 40,42,62 Hungarians at the Bauhaus

41,52

42

Vision, Motion, Emotion: Moholy-Nagy's Experimental Activity 42 78 Cather;ne Oadd

43 81 LAszl6 f1oholy-Nagy

44, 57Light Requisite for an Electric Stage 45,47

82 Raou 1 Hausmann/ Han s Arp/ Iuan Pun;/ 46,48,49,62LAszl6 f1oholy-Nagy

48, 52A Call for an Elementary Art! 48,49

83 Raoul Hausmann 49,72,73 Optophonetics

50,62,63

84 f1;kI6s PeternAk 50 Light and Sound fram Hungary 50

5187 LAszl6 Alexander

Color Light Music 51

51 89 N;kolaus Braun

52The Concrete Light

52

90 Oskar Ra;ner 53 Musical Graphics 53

54, 72, 74, 7591 f1;kI6s PeternAk Vision in Motion 54, 62, 78-81

55 96 LAszl6 Lengyel

55The Brain of the Scholar, the Eye of the Painter, and the Heart of the Poet: György Kepes 55

Josef Hoffmann

Koloman f10ser

Molf Htllzel

Erns t Sttlhr

Leopold Stolba

Anton Hofer

f1ar;a

Ilse Bernhe;mer

Otto Er;ch Wagner

Fdeddch v.

Adolf Loos

Ludu;g W;ttgenste;n

f1ax Ben;rsehke

Fdtz Zeymer

Uly 6reenham

L ~ Rochouansk;

C;zek Schule

Johanna Re;smayer-Fr;tsche

Paul K;rn;g

6ertrude Neuu;rth

Vall!da O;enes

Trude Fle;schmann

Er;ka 6;ovanna Kl;en

Bl!la UHz

Oskar Oonau

JAnos f1aths-Teutsch

Luz;a Stadlmayer-B;eber

Berzev;czy·Pallav;dni

Irmgard Lang

SAndor Bortny;k

6er trude F; sehe 1

FrHz; Nechansky

6erta Hammerschm;ed

He;nz Re;chenfelser

Hans Hofmann

Sylv;a Penther

Hans PHseh

6ertrude Tomaschek

El;sabeth Karl;nsky

Raou 1 Hau smann

LAszl6 f1oholy-Nagy

Anna Bl!othy-Ste;ner

thenne BI!o thy

Lajos T;hany;

\

~!

14

1

98 Victor Vasarely Optical Kinetics

~r 100 Lajos N~meth

Homage to Nicolas Schöffer

102 Friedrich Kiesler~ini The Vision Machine

104 Nikolaus Schaffer Georg Jung or Almost a Color Religion

112 Walter 6erbino / Riccardo Luccio Biographical Sketch of Gaetano Kanizsa

114 6aetano Kanizsa Subjective Contours

118 Imre P~l

The Role of 3D Images

119 P~ I 6reguss Denes Gabor - The Inventor of Holography

120 11 ona Kov~c s Bela Julesz: Inventor of the Computer Generated Random-Dot Stereograms

122 B~la Julesz Dialogues on Perception

129 P~l 6reguss PALoramic Imaging and Art in View of Information Theory

135 Antal Nemcsics The Coloroid Color System

137 Atti Ia Cs~ j i/ Norber t Kro6 Creating Images with Lasers: a Method for Superpositioning

141 Peter Weibel Viennese Formal Film

149 Peter Weibel Expanded Cinema

153 6ert Pfurtscheller Planning and Imagination of Movements

56, 72, 74, 75, 76

56,62,63,67

71

72

73

74

75

76

86

87,88

89

90

90

96, 97

99

101

104,105

106,148

107

108,109

110

111

113

125,126

127,128

132

133, 134

135, 136

137-139

140

142,145

142,143

143

144, 146, 147

149

149

150

150

152

L~szl6 P~ri

Lajos Kass~k

Hargit T~ry-Adler

6yula Pap

Al fred Forbath

Andor Weininger

Farkas Holn~r

Harcel Breuer

6yIJrgy 6erIJ

L~szl6 Alexander

Nikolaus Braun

Hans Kohn

Franz Urbach

6yIJrgy Kepes

Victor Vasarely

Nikolas SchlJffer

6eorg Jung

Harc Adrian

Helga Philipp

Hermann J. Painitz

Wolfgang Buchner

Hans Florey

6aetano Kanizsa

Alfons Schilling

Hax Peintner

P~l 6reguss

Andr~s Hengy~n

Antal Nemcsics

Attila Cs~ji/Norbert Kro6

Eva T. Bortnyik/Csaba Tub~k

Peter Kubelka

Ferry Radax

Herbert Vesely

Kur t Kren

Hans Scheugl

Erns t Schmidt jr.

Peter Weibel

Valie Export

Hartin Arnold

15

symmetry[2J breaking symmetry

157 Eruin Chargaff A Few Unscientific Thoughts About Symmetry 164 Victor Vasarely

160 Hagdolna and Istv~n Hargittai 167-169 Vera Holn~r

The Concept of Symmetry in Modern Chemical Research

170 Tibor 6ayor 165 Vera und Francois Holn~r

Making and Breaking Symmetry in Visual Art 171 Hi I degard ) oos

179 Szaniszl6 Blrczi 172, 173 S;mon Hantai Changes in Symmetry Caused by Cellular Automata

174,175 Peter TUrk 182 Hichael StOltzner

Symmetry and Natural Laws 176 Wa I ter Obho I zer

187 Otto E. ROssler, Arthur ~ Schmidt, 177 Sab;na HOrtner Peter Weibel The Interface Concept in the History of Physics 178 )~nos Saxon Sz~sz

156

[lJ

193

198

201

208

211

212

218

220

224

224

225

234

measurement observation

l1ikl6s I?Uei John von Neumann - Mathematical Physicist

Alexander Zar tl Taking the Side Roads: Erwin Schrödinger in the 1940s

Erwin Srhradinger Letters to Mihaly Polanyi and Leo SZllard

Harald Atmansparher Wolfgang Pauli - Not Just a Physicist

Walter Thirring Quantum Ergodic Theory

Anton Zeilinger Bell's Theorem, Information, and Quantum Physics

Peter Weibel Endophysics and Art

Otto E. I?assler / Peter Weibel The Two Levels of Reality - "Exo" and "Endo"

Peter Weibel Victor F. Weisskopf - The Exactitude of Quantum Physics

Peter Weibel Eugene P. Wigner - The Philosopher and the Problem of Measurement

Kar I Svozi I Is the World a Machine7

HaraldA Posch Mieroscopic Reversibility and Maeroscopic Irreversibility

221 Gottfried Berhtold

221,222 Peter Weibel

223 I?uth Schnell

228

229,230

231

232

233

G~bor Cs~sz~ri

Mti I a Csarga

J~nos Sug~r

06ra l1aurer

Herllig Turk

[IJ

241

253

255

256

262

263

265

269

270

275

277

282

285

288

291

292

ma thema ti cs physics

6yula Staar Mathematics, the Lighthouse of Hungarian Science

P~ I ErdlJs How 1Became a Mathematician and World Wanderer

ffartin Neuuirther Raoul Bott - The Unconventional Thinker

Wilhelm Frank Modern Logic and Mathematics in and from Vienna

Christa Binder Olga Taussky-Todd - A Mathematician from Austria

6ilbert Helmberg/Karl Sigmund The Nestor of Mathematicians - Leopold Vietoris

Peter Weibel The Mathematical Community in Austria

ffartin Neuuirther Wolfgang M. Schmidt - The Geometer of Numbers

Peter Weibel / Eckehart KlJhler Gödeis Proof of Undecidability

6erszon K~ri/ Tam~s Varga Ernö Rubik's Cube and Its Groups of Rotations

ffichael StlJltzner Gödel on the Relationship Between Mathematics and Physics

6~bor l. Entropy

Sz~ke I y / D~nes Petz

Leo Szilard On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System

Leo Szilard Curriculum Vitae

Albert Einstein Letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt (August 2, 1939) 272 losef Linsehinger

Leo Szilard Memorandum, Attached to Einstein's Letter to the President (August 15, 1939)

273

274

D6ra ffaurer

Peter Weibel

240

296

[3J

297

301

303

304

307

308

315

318

321

329

331

334

338

342

346

350

352

357

cybernetics computer science computer art

Heinz von Foerster Circular Causality

Heinz von Foerster Cybernetics of Cybernetics

Ernst von Glasersfeld Radical Constructivism

GylJzlJ KovAcs The Early History of Cybernetics and Hungary

Peter Weibel John von Neumann

Tiham~r Nemes Cybernetic Machines

Nicolas SchlJffer The Cybernetic City

GylJzlJ KovAcs L3sz16 Kozma

Heinz Zemanek Information Theory and Technology in Austria after 1945

Hermann Haurer How Things Often Repeat Themselves

Axel Pinz Digital Visual Information

Thomas Natschlager Networks of "Spiking" Neurons

Hikl6s PeternAk Hungarian Computer Art

Leslie Hezei

CharIes A Csuri A Technique for Computer Sculpture

John George Kemeny

Peter Weibel The Explosion of the Visual: Machine-aided Perception

Otto Beckmann ars intermedia

•

319,320 Attila KovAcs

341 GAbor BMy

344 Gyula StAva

345 KrisztiAn Frey

348 TamAs Waliczky

348 GusztAv HAmos

349 George Legrady

358,359 Kurt Ingerl

360-362 Richard Kriesche

362 Gottfried Bechtold

363 Rober t Adrian X

364 Public Netbase

365 Kunstlabor

366, 367 knoubotic research

~

371

376

378

382

384

387

389

391

393

395

398

402

404

407

411

416

evolution theory system theory game theory

Franz Pichler The Contribution of Raoul H. France: Biocentric Modeling

Veronika Hofer Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Franz Pichler Searching for Arthur Koestler's Holans

ErnlJ K~llai

The Hidden Face of Nature

Etienne B~othy

The Theory behind the "Golden Series"

Peter /leibel Fritz Hartlauer's Contribution to the Theory of Morphogenesis

Christa Sommerer / Laurent Hignonneau Art as Living System

/lerner Leinfellner Evolutionary Epistemology

I s tv~n Kardos A Television Interview with Albert Szent-Györgyi

L~szl6 Beke The Aesthetics of Chance

/lerner Leinfellner A Short History of Game Theory

Chikako Nakayama The Concept of Equilibrium: John von Neumann and Kar! Menger

Eckehart KlJhler John C. Harsanyi as the Master of Social Theory

/lerner Leinfellner Evolutionary Game Theory

Peter Schuster Molecular Evolution and Game Theory

Karl Sigmund Game Theory and Artificial Life

386 Etienne B~othy

386 Etienne Hajdli

386 Zo I t~n Kem~ny

387 Fritz Hartlauer

395 Tam~s Lossonczy

396 Andr~s /lolsky

397 06ra Haurer

370

Rudolf Haller Poetic Imagination and Economy - Ernst Mach as Scientific Theorist

6ylJrg y Kamp i S Bela Zalai: An Original Hungarian Thinker

506

506

507

500

506

500

501

498

495

497

496

496

494

481

493

483-487

482-485

504, 505

504, 505

504, 505

498,499

489,490

481 , 483-485

481 , 483-485, 488

Peter Weibel Context Theory of Art (1971)

Peter Weibel Constructed Art History

Katharina Scherke Arnold Hauser and the Social History of Art

OSlial d Oberhuber How to Kill Art??!! or Artists without Art!

Nadja Ro ttner Some Portraits of Austrian Art Historians

L~szl6 Ropolyi György Lukacs and the Sunday Circle

Eckehart KlJhler The Circulation of the Concept of Philosophy in the Vienna Circle

Konrad Bayer the vienna group

Peter Weibel Paul K. Feyerabend - The Scientist as an Artist

Elisabeth Leinfellner Wittgenstein and Mauthner - Mauthner and Wittgenstein

6ylJrg y Kampis Arthur Koestler as Philosopher of Science

C. J, Nyfri The Austrian Element in the Philosophy of Science

Friedrich Stadler The Vienna Circle

John Blackmore Mach's Influence on Six Great Hungarian Scientists

PtHer Szegedi The Galilei Circle and the Polanyis

6ylJrgy Kampis Popper's Hungarian Disciple: Imre Lakatos

6ylJrg y Luk~c S

Leo Popper 1886-1911. An Obituary

theory of science art theory

(va KarUi G. Lukacs, K. Mannheim, and the Sunday Circle

473

472

502

497

481

444

491

470

455

478

465

463

468

449

441

456

424

431

421

425

lJJ

420

H. C.

He"inz

L~szl6

Wo I fgang

Richard Kriesehe

Peter Weibel

Valie Export

60ttfried Bechtold

Loys Egg

Oominik Steiger

[ons tanze Ruhm

Bal~zs BelJthy

[saba Nemes

Roland Pereszl~nyi

Rudolf Petrik

Konrad Bayer

6appmayr

OSliald Wiener

OSliald Oberhuber

Erns t

Friedrich Achleitner

6erhard RlJhm

Lakner

Artmann

Andr~s Hal~sz

ErnlJ Tolvaly

6ylJrgy Jov~novics

l1ikl6s Erdely

psychoanalysis[BJ actionism

536 PUer Forg~cs

511 Ferenc Erlls On the History of Hungarian Psychoanalysis 540 6Unter Brus

515 Johannes Reichmayr / Elke MUhlleitner 541 Hermann Nitsch "The Internationaiity of the Unconscious" -Otto Fenichel's Circulars 1934-1945 542 Otto Muehl

521 Peter Weibel 543 Rudolf Schuarzkogler Biographical Sketches of the Psychoanalytical Movement

544 Valie Export 537 Peter Weibel

Vienna Actionism: Direct Art, Body Art, Material Art 545 Tibor Hajas

510

[2J

549

555

559

565

568

570

578

581

583

585

visio n decons trukti on

SJndor Bor tnyi k / Harce I Breuer Farkas HolnJr / Andor Weininger The Demands of the Age

Harcel Breuer Genesis of Design

Uszl6 Beke Deconstruction in Hungary

Dieter Bogner Friedrich Kiesler

Franco Bevilacqua Wenzel Hablik. Architecture Between Utopia and Reality

6unther Feuerstein Visions and Realities. The Austrian Scene in the 1960s and 1970s

Dieter Bogner Coop Himmelb(l)au

Hanfred Wolff-Plottegg Quick and Dirty

Victor Papanek How to Draw a Hexagon

Bernard Rudofsky architecture without architects

551

551, 553, 556

552

553

554

555, 556

557

558

559, 560

560, 561

561

562

562

563

564

565-567

568

569

570

570

571

572

572, 573

573, 579

574

575

575

576

576

576

577

577

580

581, 582

584

Vilmos HuszJr

Farkas HolnJr

AI frr!d ForbJth

Friedrich Kiesler

Andor Weininger

Harcel Breuer

David 6eorges

JJnos Hegyik

6Jbor Bachman

LJszl6 Rajk

Tibor Szalai

Kar1Steiner

Pau I Theodore Frankl

Joseph Urban

Friedrich Kiesler

Wenzel Hablik

Hax Peintner

Walter Pichler

Fritz Wotruba

Hans Hollein

Laurids Ortner

Haus-Rucker-[o

[oop HimmelbllJau

lUnd up

Raimund Abraham

Friedrich St. F10rian

Bernhard Hafner

6unther Domenig

Eilfried Huth

[arl Pruscha

6ernot Nalbach

Otto Beckmann

Hanfred Wolff-Plottegg

Agnes Denes

548

rm visual communication

589 Rolf Sachsse Herbert Bayer or the Universal Designer

591 Angela Jansen What Can Information Graphie Designers Learn from atto Neurath Today? - Isotype and Information Graphies

594 Joseph Binder Graphie Design

595 Ecke Bonk In<=>formation [The Speech of Weimar]

597 Peter Weibel Logo Culture

600 Jeff Bernard Thomas A. Sebeok and the Signs of Life

589, 590 Herbert Bayer

594 Joseph Binder

596 Ecke Bonk

599 Hanfred Erjautz

5/!/!