“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO
Transcript of “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA &
VISESHA SHODHANA” By:
Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.SONAR
Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (Doctor of Medicine)
In
RASASHASTRA
Under the Guidance of
Dr. M.GOPIKRISHNA, M.D. (Ayu) Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra,
S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.
Under the Co-Guidance of
Dr. RUDRAKSHI.P.DEVARAGUDI, M.D. (Ayu) Reader,
Dept. of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra,
S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.
DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA
S.G.V.V.T’S SHREE JAGADGURU GAVISIDDESHWARA AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE, KOPPAL – 583 231 (Karnataka) 2014
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka,
Bangalore
Declaration by the candidate
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M. GOPIKRISHANA M.D (Ayu), Asst. Prof., S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.
Signature of the Candidate Date: Place: Koppal Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S
SHRI JAGADGURU GAVISIDDHESHWAR AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE, P.G.STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER, KOPPAL
(Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka)
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASA SHASTRA
Certificate by the Guide
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.SHIVAPRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.
Signature of the Guide
Date: Place: Koppal
Dr. M. GOPIKRISHNA, M.D. (Ayu) Asst. Professor. Dept. of P.G. Studies in Rasashastra, S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL
SHRI JAGADGURU GAVISIDDHESHWAR AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE, P.G.STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER, KOPPAL
(Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka)
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASA SHASTRA
Certificate by the co-guide
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.
Signature of the Co-guide
Date: Place: Koppal
Dr.RUDRAKSHI.P.DEVARAGUDI. M.D. (Ayu)
Reader Dept. of P.G.Studies in Rasashastra S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL
SHRI JAGADGURU GAVISIDDHESHWAR AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE, P.G.STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER, KOPPAL
(Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka)
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASA SHASTRA
Endorsement by the H.O.D and Principal/Head of
the institution
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.
Signature of the H.O.D Signature of the Principal
Dr. P. H. C. MURTHY Dr. B. S. SAVADI Principal
COPY RIGHT
Declaration by the candidate
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Signature of the Candidate Date: Place: Koppal
Dr. SHIVAPRASAD. J. S
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
Acknowledgement
The dissertation work is a planned work carried out in a scheduled time. This
is made possible with valuable guidance, inspiration, critics, advice and suggestions;
all these empowered me to complete my work successfully.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to his great holiness Jagadguru Shri
Abhinava Gavisiddeshwara Mahaswamiji, Gavimath, Koppal, for their divine
blessings.
I express my Sincerest thanks to my beloved Guide Dr. M. Gopikrishna
M.D.(Ayu), Associate professor, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra, for his
maximum support and guidance all throughout the work.
I express my heartiest gratitude to my co-guide Dr. Rudrakshi. P. Devaragudi
M.D. (Ayu), Reader, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra who supported me with
her extremes in making this dissertation a completed work.
I express my heartiest gratitude to Dr. P. H. C. Murthy M.D. (Ayu), professor and
H.O.D, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra, who supported me with his
extremes in making this dissertation a completed work.
I express my heartiest gratitude to Dr. Sashidhar Jeeru M.D (Ayu), Reader,
Department of Rasa Shastra and Dr. Santosh Kulakarni M.D (Ayu), Reader, Dept. of Rasa
Shastra and Bhaisajya Kalpana for their valuable suggestions.
I sincerely thank our Principal Dr. B. S. Savadi M.S (Ayu) for his encouraging and
thought provoking support.
I am thankful to our P. G. Coordinator Dr. M. M. Salimath M.S (Ayu), for
encouragement and facilities provided during my postgraduate studies.
I am Thankful to Prof. Dr.P. Brinda, Associate Dean & Co-Ordinater of Centre
for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University,
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, who supported me in the analytical study of Drug - Vanga.
I am Thankful to Sreenivas. G. M and Madhusudhan JSW Steel Limited HSM
LAB#2 for supporting me in the analytical study of Drug - Vanga.
A friend need is a friend in deed. I always remember Late Dr. Raghavendra
Shetty for his wish in completing this work.
I would like to thank my U. G. friends Dr. Aruna, Dr. Ambika, Dr. Guru. G, Dr.
Dhanu, Dr. Premalata, Dr. Ranjit, Dr. Ravi, Dr. Seema, Dr. Shivaraj, Dr. Sudha.
I would like to thank my friends Dr. Prateek, Dr. Naveen.B, Dr. Satish, Dr.
Bhaskar, Dr. Pown, Dr. Tarun, Dr. Somanath, Dr. Vikram, Dr. Suprabha, Dr. Ashwini,
Dr. Vijayalaxmi, Dr. Veena, Dr. Ajay, Dr. Praveen and Dr. Naveen Kumar. who helped
me in the all the way to complete this Work.
I also would like to thank my seniors Dr. Sreemant. G. Chawan, Dr. Sreenidhi
G. S, Dr. Kevin for their guidance and support.
I am thankful to my juniors Dr. Vishal. C and Dr. Altaf who are part and
partials in making this work completed.
Mr. Vinod I. E (Librarian), Miss. Sunita and Miss. Saraswati (Library staff) and
Mr. Shivappa, attender, RS and BK pharmacy for their kind support.
I am desperately thankful to my parents Sri. Jagadevappa. K. Sonar and Smt.
Sharada bai. J. Sonar, my Sister Smt. K. Jyothi and my junior friends Vara Prasad
and Varsha for their love, affection and caring support throughout my studies.
Last but not the least I wish to thank all the persons who have helped me
directly and indirectly with apologies for my inability to identify them individually.
Date:
Place: Koppal
Dr. ShivaPrasad. J. S.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CS Charaka Samhita
SS Susrutha Samhitha
AH Astanga Hrudaya
BP Bava Prakasha
RN Raja Nigantu
RM Rasendra Mangala
RSS Rasendra Sara Sangraha
RT Rasa |Tarangini
RJN Rasajalanidhi
RDP Rasa |Dhatu Prakasha.
R.CHU Rasa Chudamani
AP Ayurveda Prakash
YR Yoga Ratnakara
BRRS Bruht Rasa Raja Sundara
RPS Rasa Prakasha Sudakara
RV Rasarnava
SHS Sharangadhara Samhitha
AK Ananda Kanda
Sn Tin
Mg Mile gram.
Gm. Gram
XRD X-Ray diffraction method
XRF X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
M.M Microscopic Metallography
ABSTRACT
Background and objectives:
Vanga is classified under Dhatu varga in all Rasa texts and it will be considered one
among the PootiLoha. Vanga Bhasma is having great medicinal value in many more
diseases. To make its use internally it has to undergo various processes like Sodhana,
Jarana and Marana, here Sodhana method is one among the basic and fundamental
process. Shodana for Vanga is carried out in 3 different methods and its Pharmacuetico
analytical study was carried out to evaluate Malavichhedana and gunavardana
property of Shodhana method.
Method:
Method selected for shodhana in present study: Nirvapa method for Samanya
Sodhana and Dalana method for Visesha Sodhana was selected. The study carried out
in following steps. Vanga samanya shodana carried out for 7 times, in each of the
following media Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta kwatha. Vanga vishesha
shodhana carried out i.e., Nirvapa of vanga in churnodhaka for 7 times without
subjecting it to samanya Shodana. Vanga Samanya and Visesha Shodhana carried
out by subjecting it to both Samanya Shodana and Visesha Sodhana.
Characterization study: In this study each and every character of the Vanga will be
tested by both physical and chemical base. Those tests are cleavage, fracture, colour,
taste etc.
Analytical study: The physic-chemical, organoleptic analysis is carried out for the
each of the sample. Physicochemical analysis is carried out with XRD, XRF, M.M, ZP
and FTIR in order to calculate the percentage and evaluate the characteristic of Tin in
after Bhasma form. Liquid used for the each Shodhana is subjected analysis with
Organoleptic characters, Physical and chemical properties before and after shodhana.
Physical properties include pH, total solids, and weight per ml. Chemical properties
includes percentage of Tin in both before and after Bhasma.
Interpretation and conclusion: Zinc as a Mala was removed from the Vanga this
shows the importance of MALA VICCHEDANA property of Shodhana.
Comparatively Maximum amount of Zinc was removed in Vanga by Samanaya and
Visesha Shodhana. Media contribute to the removal of Lead in ppm level except
Aranala. Maximum percentage of Tin was obtained in Samanya and Visesha Sodhana
procedure. Physical and structural changes take place, in metal helpful for the next
process. Vanga under goes the oxidation as a chemical change which quickens the
further process of Jarana and Marana. Reduction in the size of particles is maximum in
Samanya-Visesha sodhita Vanga Bhasma.
Key words: Vanga, Samanya shodhana, Vishesha shodhana, Malavicchedana, Xrd,
XRF, FTIR, Ph Weight/ml Physical, Chemical
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL. No. CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
01 INTRODUCTION 01-02
02 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 03
03 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DRUG REVIEW
04-31
04 PHARMACUETICAL STUDY 32-56
05 ANALYTICAL STUDY 57-87
06 VANGA
CHARECTARIZATION STUDY
88-93
07 DISCUSSION 94-103
08 CONCLUSION 104
09 SUMMARY 105-107
10 BIBLIGRAPHY 108-117
Sl. No. TABLES PAGE NO.
01 Synonyms of Vanga 04
02 Vanga Types according to different Rasa Texts 06
03 Khuraka Vanga Lakshanas in some Rasa Texts 07
04 Misraka Vanga Lakshanas in some Rasa Texts 08
05 Sweta and Krishna Vanga Lakshanas 08
06 Ashodhita Vanga Sevana Janya Vyadhies 08
07 Various methods of Sodhana of Vanga 09
08 Important Ores of Tin 12
09 Contents of Butter Milk 16
10 Chemical composition of Gomutra 17
11 Various methods of Sodhana 26
12 Sodhana medias their properties and effects 27
13 pH value of Taila Media 34
14 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Taila Media 34
15 pH value of Takra Media 35
16 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Takra Media 36
17 pH value of Gomutra Media 37
18 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Gomutra Media 37
19 pH value of Kanji 39
20 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kanji Media 39
21 pH value of Kulatta Kwata 41
22 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kulatta Kwata Media 41
23 pH value of Curnodaka 43
24 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Curnodaka Media 44
25 All sodhana medias and its pH 46
26 Loss and appearance of Vanga in all Sodhana medias 46
27 Observation of Vanga Jarana(Samanya Sodhita) 47
28 Observation of Vanga Jarana( Visesha Sodhita) 49
29 Observation of Vanga Jarana( Samanya-Visesha
Sodhita)
51
30 Results of Marana Procedure 56
31 Analytical characteristic of Vanga
Bhasmas(v1,v2,v3,v4)
61
32 FTIR Results of V1 77
33 FTIR Results of V4 77
34 Grain size of vanga(Taila Sodhita) 87
35 Grain size of vanga(Takra Sodhita) 87
36 Grain size of vanga(Gomutra Sodhita) 87
37 Grain size of vanga(Kanji Sodhita) 87
38 Grain size of vanga(Kulatta Kwata Sodhita) 87
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
1 INTRODUTION
INTRODUTION
Rasa Shastra is a one of the basic and fundamental branch of Ayurveda
developed in medieval period i.e., 8th
-9th century A.D and onwards. It deals with the
usage of various Metals, Minerals and Visha dravyas by their identification,
purification, incineration and for the therapeutic usage, Ayurvedic classics describe
several methods for the processing of the raw Rasa drvyas, and Sodhana is one
among them. During Sodhana, all most all Rasa Dravyas are processed in stipulated
manner and brought into purified manner. So hear the process of Sodhana carried out
to remove the impurities and convert them for best suitable for further process and
therapeutic use.
Vanga is metal classified under loha varga and one of Poothi loha. It is having
synonyms like Ranga, shukra loha, trapasva etc, Vanga is classified into Khuraka and
mishraka where khuraka is considered as sresta. Vanga is having tikta, ushna, ruksha
guna and medogna krumigna activates.
In Rasa Shastra branch so many different type of works have been under
taken for the study of Vanga Bhasma, but it is necessary to establish the relative
difference in qualities acquired to Vanga Bhasma when it is subjected to different
types of Sodhana methods.
Though there are different types of Sodhana Vidhis are advocated in classical
texts, in the present study, Vanga Sodhana is carried out through three different
methods, in which separate Physic-Chemical analysis will be carried out for each
methods of Sodhana in order to establish and record the data related to qualitative
and quantitative comparative changes occurred in final product to validate and
facilitate for rational practice and usage.
Sodhana is a process which separates impurities (mala) by doing bhavana,
mardana, dalana, nirvapana, swedhana etc. Vanga Sodhana is carried out to by heat
and dip (quenching) method in different medias as taila, takra, gomutra, aranala,
kulatta kwatha, and churnodhaka.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
2 INTRODUTION
In Sodhana method there are mainly two types one is Samanya Sodhana and
second is Viseha Sodhana . In Samanya Sodhana procedure all most impurities
present in minerals/ metals are removed out and drug will be ready for further
procedures.
Second method is Visesha Sodhana, in Samanya Sodhana some doshas are
remains their only so removing these doshas a specific Medias are mentioned for
specific drugs in Rasashastra.
Now a days all Ayurvedic drug manufacturing companies prepare Rasa
Oushadies without doing Samanya Sodhana they directly doing Visesha Sodhana
and next Bhasmikarana so somewhat doshas remains their as it is in the drugs and
they distribute to all pharmacy, so drugs having less efficacy.
Considering all above concepts here my work is on observe the
Pharmaceutical Analytical changes in Vanga Bhasma prepared by 3 different purify
methods i.e Smanya Sodhana, Visesha Sodhana and Samanya-Visesha Sodhana.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM:
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA
BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA
SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
OBJECTIVES:
1. To carry out Samanya Shodhana of Vanga Bhasma and its Pharmaceutico-
Analytical study.
2. To carry out Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga Bhasma without subjecting them to
Samanya Shodhana and their Pharmaceutico-Analytical study.
3. To carry out Samanya-Visesha Sodhan of Vanga Bhasma and its
Pharmaceutico-Analytical study.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
VANGA
Vanga it is one of the DHATU (metal), due to origin Vanga got its name i.e.
from Vanga Desha. It is classified under of Puti lohas, is because of it emits putrified
smell on melting. It is widely used in Prameha Roga. In Ayurveda Prakasha1, it has
been mentioned that if the disease Meha is compared as Hasti(elephant), then the
Vanga is like Simha(lion) which is able to kill it.
“VANGA BHAKSHATO NARASYA NA BHAVIAT |
SWAPNEPI SHUKRA KSHAYAM ||” Rasatarangini.
Many rasa vaidyas called vanga as shukrala dhatu, vrishya which indicates its main
use 2.
Vernacular Names 3:
Sanskrit : Vanga
Hindhi : Ranga, kalai
Gujarathi : Kalai
Kannada : Tavara
Latin : Stannum
English : Tin
Malayalam : Velutteyam
Marathi : Kathila
Tamil : Velliyam
Telugu : Tagaramu
Table No. 1 Synonyms of Vanga
Sl.No Name A.K R.T R.R.S R.A A.P R.J.N R.K
1 Vangaka + + +
2 Ranga + + + + +
3 Shukralaha + +
4 Kurupya + + +
DRUG REVIEW
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
5 Trapu + + + + + + +
6 Trapusha + +
7 Vanga + + + + +
8 Pichchata + + + +
9 Aleemaka +
10 Vanga + +
11 Gurupatraka + +
12 Hima + + +
13 Kasteera + +
14 Mrudu vanga + +
15 Nagaja +
16 Pushpa +
17 Pootigandha + +
18 Simhala +
19 Abheera +
20 Mukhabhushana +
21 Shwetaroupya +
22 Trapusamarupam +
23 Vichata +
25 Swacha +
26 Rupyakarana +
27 Manduka
28 Madhura
30 Suksma Patra +
Meaning of some important synonyms 4,5
:
Ranga - Means colour, specially used for colouring process.
Trapu - “Agnim drishtva trapate lajjate va” Since Vanga melts quickly on fire.
Vanga - Vanga desha refers to north east part of India, from where it is
obtained Picchata - Easy to cut down or to mould.
Abheer - Which gives confidence.
Banga - Which was transported from Bangladesha in olden days.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chippata-Which melts easily.
Ghana- Gains solid state very quickly.
Kasteera- Shaining metal.
Kurupy- If Vanga exposes to atmosphere for longer period it becomes dull.
Nagabhava- Its properties are similar to Naga.
Nagaja-It occurs along with lead ores.
Pichchata- Which melts easily.
Puspa- Molten vanga attains shape of flowers after pouring in liquid media.
Pootiganda-Emits foul smell on heating.
Rangaka- Used for dyeing process.
Roupya shastra- Destroys the metallic properties of silver.
Simhala- Occurs in Simhala desha.
Shukraloha-Represents shukragraha, useful in shukravikara.
Historical Review:
In Veda Kala:
The reference of Vanga is found in the oldest testimony of Indian culture, i.e.
“Vedas”. The word Trapu is used in “Sukla - yajurveda”alongwith the other five
metals (Yajurveda 18/13). The Manusmrti also mentioned Trapu is one of the metals
for making vessels (Manusmriti 5/111).
In Samhita period:
Charaka Samhita, Vanga is mentioned in the group of metals6
and its use in
making some Yantras like Vasti Yantra7. In sutra sthana it mentioned as a jihwa
lekhana karma(tongue scraper) He also mentioned a therapeutic use of Vanga churna
as an external application for Mandala Kustha8.
Sushruta samhita, “Trapu” is said as a metal, and its therapeutic action is said
as a Krimighna9. In uttara tantra it is mentioned as a netra varti in rakta abhishandy
disease with the combination of other drugs10
.
Ashtanga sangraha , he explained the treatment for diseases of Netrasandhi
& mandala. Anjana is prepared out of powder of precious minerals like Tamra,
Loha, Seesa, Trapu, Manashila, Samudralavana, Kukkutanda, Saindhava choorna
with honey is mentioned11.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rasendra mangala12
: Nagarjuna the author of Rasendra Magalam describes
Shodhana and Marana procedures of Vanga.
Rasa Hridaya Tantra13
:
Rasa Hrudaya Tantra describes Vanga and categorizes it under Puti Lohas for
the first time. In the Golden period of Rasa Shastra, Vanga was used mainly for
Dhatuvada.
Rasarnava14:
The author of Rasarnava gave much importance to Vanga in Swetakarma,
Dwandvamelapana. In Rasarnava some special procedures like Vanga Sthambhana
and Vanga Nirmali karana have been mentioned.
Rasendra cudamani 15:
Rasendra Chudamani has also described Vanga Shodhana and Marana. He also
described the pathaya to be followed while using Vanga Bhasma.
Rasa Prakash Sudhakara 16:
Rasa Prakash Sudhakar has quoted that Vanga Bhasma can cure 80 types of
Vatvyadhi and 20 types of Prameha roga. Rasa Ratna Samuchayakara gave detailed
description of Vanga regarding its varieties, properties, Shodhana and Marana etc. The
books written after 14th A.D such as Sharangdhara Samhita, Bhava Prakasha, Rasa
Kamadhenu, Ayurveda Prakasha explained Vanga in Shukra Vikaras, Meha and many
other diseases.
Mythological origin:
According to Rasa Kamadhenu, Vanga is originated from Shareera of Indra.
According to another view it is said as the semen of Indra17
.
According to Rasendra Bhaskara it is originated from footmarks of Lion of
Durga while killing Shumbha Rakshasa. During the extreme fighting stage
between goddess Durga, lion of the goddess and the demon Shumbha, the earth
was badly dug.Vanga’s origin is believed to be from that foot marks18
.
BHOUTIKA GUNAS OF VANGA19
:-
Varna (colour) – Sweta
Sparsha (Touch) - Mrudu snigdha
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Apekshita gurutwa – 118.7
Melting point – 2320 C
Boiling point - 2700 C
Vanga is softer than gold, harder than lead
Lighter than lead & malleable metal.
Praptisthana20
:
Usually Vanga is not available in muktavasta (Native form), but is in the
form of oxide known as Vanga patthar (Tinstone). In India it is found in less
quantity in Bihar. Specially in Burma & Bangla desh it is available in large quantity.
So in olden days Vanga was imported from vangadesha (Bangla desha) hence called
as Banga, Vanga also found in Simhala desha (Srilanka) hence Simhala. Vanga has
been found in native form in Bolivia, Syberia & also found in nature in yougika
form (mixed) i.e it contains Gandhaka (Sulphur) Silika, Loha (Iron), Tamra
(copper) etc. by applying heat to this yougika form in presence of charcoal vanga
could be separated. Vanga is also avialable abundantly in Malasia & Tennaserim.
Varieties: 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32
In major rasa shastra granthas and other Authors also have explained only two
types of Vanga.
A) 1. Khuraka vanga - Uttama
2. Mishraka vamga - Adhama
B) 1. Sweta vanga - Uttama
2. Krishna vanga - Adhama
Table No. 2: Vanga types according to different rasa texts
TYPES R.chu RC RM RSS RRS RT RSN AP RJN AK YR BRRS
Khuraka + + + + + + - + + + + +
Mishraka + + + + + + - + + + + +
Sweta - - - - - - + - - - - -
Krishna - - - - - - + - - - - -
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7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Khuraka Vanga Lakshanas: 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43
Dhavalam : White
Mrudulam : Soft, malleable on pressure.
Snigdham : Smooth.
Drutadravam : Readily melting on heat.
Sagauvaram : Heavy
Nisshabdam : Makes no noise on hitting.
Nirmala : white and clear
Table No. 3: Khuraka vanga lakshanas in some rasa texts:
Lakshnas R.chu RM RSS RRS RT AP RJN RPS BRRS AK YR
Dhavala + + + + + - + - + + +
Mrudu + + + + - - + - + + +
Snighda + + + + + - + - + + +
Drutadravam + + + + - - + - + + +
Sugauravam + + + + + - + - + + +
Nishabdam + + + + + - + - + + +
Nirmala - - - - + - - - - - -
Chandraloha
Samaprabha
- - - - + + - - - - -
Khurakaram - - - - - + - - - - -
Saralam - - - - - - - + - - -
Shubhram - - - - - - - + - - -
Misraka Vanga Lakshana: 44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53
Dravteatikathina : Not easily melting.
Ruksha : Dry/Rough surface.
Anya Dhatuvimisritum : Mixed with other metals.
Dhusaram : Greyish in colour.
Kathina : Hard.
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8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Table No. 4: Misraka vanga lakshanas in rasa texts:
LAKSHANAS R.chu RM RSS RRS RT RJN RPS BRRS AK YR
Shyam + + + + - + + + + +
Ashubhrakam + + + + - + - + + +
Drutae ati
kathinam
- - - - + - - - - -
Rukshatvam - - - - + - - - - -
Anya dhatu
vimishram
- - - - + - + - - -
Dhusaram - - - - + - - - - -
Katinam - - - - + - - - - -
Durgandhi - - - - - - + - - -
Malinam - - - - - - + - - -
Guru - - - - - - + - - -
Rasa rasayanae
ayojyam
- - - - - - + - - -
Table No. 5: Shweta and Krishna Vanga Lakshanas54
:
Necessity of Shodhana & Marana: It is necessary to subject Vanga to
Shodhana and Marana to eradicate impurities and convert it it to Bhasma.
Ashodhita or Apakwa Vanga causes following disorders.
Table No. 6 :Ashodita/Apakwa Vanga Sevana Janya Vyadhis.
Vyadhis B.P55
B.R.R.S56
R.T57
R.J.N58
Kusta + + + +
Kilasa + - + +
Gulma + + + +
Shweta Vanga Lakshana Krishna Vanga Lakshana
Laghu Guru
Mridu Kathina
Snigdha Ruksha
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9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Prameha + + + +
Pandu + + + +
Shleshma jvara + - + +
Bhagandhara + - + +
Shukrashmari + - + +
Rakta vikara + - + +
Akshepa + - - +
Kampa + - - +
Shoola + - - +
Vatashopha + - - +
Kshaya + - - +
Vidradhi + - - +
Muskala roga + - - +
Ashodita/Apakwa Vanga Sevana Janya Vikara Shanti59
: The combination of
Mesha shringi and sita is advised to be taken for three days to overcome the
Ashuddha Vanga sevana janya vikaras.
Shodhana: There are different Shodhana methods explained in the classics of
Rasashastra and they are tabulated below.
Various methods of Shodhana of Vanga: 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67
Table No, 7
No Referance Drug & Media (Type of Shodhana) Procedure Repetition
1 R.M. Arka-dugdha (V) Dhalana 3
2 R.R.S. For Khuraka – Nirgundi Swarasa +
Haridra churna (V)
Dhalana 3
“ Taila-Takra-Gomutra-Aranala-Kullatha
Kwatha (S)
Dhalana 3
4 R.Chi Nirgundi Swarasa (V) Dhalana -
6 R.S.S Arka-dugdha/Churnodaka (V) Swedana
1/2 yama
3
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7 A.P.
Taila-Takra-Gomutra-Aranala-Kullatha
Kwatha (S)
Dhalana 7timesIn
each
Kadalimula rasa
Arka-dugdha (V)
Dhalana 7
8 B.R.R.S.
Mutra+Amla+Ksharajala+
Arka-dugdha+Snuhi-dugdha (V)
Dhalana
3
Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna (V) Dhalana 7
9 R.T.
Churnodaka/Arka-dugdha (V) Dhalana 7
Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna
Amla Takra/Kumari Swarasa (V)
Dhalana 3
10 R.J.N. Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna
Amlatakra + Punarnava Kwatha +
Vishtinduka or Katukalabu Rasa or Arka-
dugdha (V)
Dhalana 3
Juice of Ghosha/Nirgundi rasa +
Nirgundimula Churna (V)
Mutra+Amla+Ksharajala+
Arka-dugdha+Snuhi-dugdha
Kadamba Patra (V)
Churnodaka (V)
Lepan &
Atapa
shoshana
Dhalana
Prakshalan
Swedana
7
-
½ Yama
*V – Vishesha Shodhana *S – Samanya Shodhan
Vishesha shodhana68
:
।
॥
।
॥ - R.T. 18/8
Bhasma Matra69
: 1-2 Ratti.
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Guna Karma70
:
Rasa : Tikta, amla, kshareeya
Guna : Ushna, Ruksha
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Deepana, Pachana, Balya, Lekhana, Medhya,
Kantiprada, Virsya, Dhatukara, Ojoprada,
Rasayana.
Vyadhihara : Kleebata, Upadamsha, Svapnadosha,
Swetapradara, Prameha, Daha
Modern chemistry view – TIN71,72
:
Tin was known to the ancients and is mentioned in the Old Testament.
Ordinary tin is a silvery-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly
crystalline structure.
History: Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age
around 3000 BC with the history of the tin-copper alloy. Bronze articles from an
ancient city of Babylonia, Mohanjadaro-Harappa called the Indus Valley civilization
dated about 3500 BC. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. The Tin content
between 10 to 15% in Persian White copper are dating back to 3000 BC have been
found in the form of weapons, Tools, Chariot fittings & Ornaments etc., The
discoverer and the discovery year of Tin is not known to the scientists but since
ancient times it is in use, there are specimens of it being found in Egyptian tombs.
Habitat: The important tin producing countries are Malaysia, Bolivia, Thailand,
Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and China, which account for 99 % of world production.
Small tonnage is produced in Australia U.K., Burma, Japan, Canada, Spain and
Portugal. In India occurrences of tin ore have been reported from Bihar, Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Karnataka
Occurrence: Cassiterite (SnO2) or Tin stone is the only commercially important
source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from
complex sulfides such as Stannite, Cylindrite,Franckeite, Canfieldite, and Teallite. In
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crude form tin is always found associated with Sulphur, Arsenic, Manganese, Iron,
Tungston, Copper etc., So in order to obtain the pure form of it, it has to be processed.
Ores of tin: Table No.8: Important ores of Tin
Name Formula
Cassiterite(tin stone) SnO2
Cylindrite Pb3Sn4Sb2S14
Franckeite Pb5Sn3Sb2S14
Stannite Cu2FeSnS4
Teallite PbSnS2
Properties:
Latin Name: Stannum
Symbol: Sn
Classification: Metallic
Group in periodic table : 14, period 5, p-block
Colour : silvery-white
Atomic number: 50
Atomic weight: 118.71
Hardness: 1.5
Specific gravity: 7.29gm/cc
Density (g/cc): 7.31
Crystal structure: Tetragonal.
Melting point: 231.93 °C
Boiling point: 2602 °C
Malleability: Capable of being shaped or bent into extremely thin tin foils.
Ductility: Easily pulled or stretched into a thin wire
Conductivity: Good transmission of heat or electricity
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Oxidation: Not easily oxidized but oxidizes upon heating with concentrated HNO3
Reactivity with water: Stable in both cold and boiling water
Reactivity with acids: Does not react rapidly
Extraction and Refining: Different methods of extraction of tin from Cassiterite:
Concentration: The powdered tin stone is concentrated by gravity separation
and the magnetic impurities like Wolframite etc., are separated from tin stone
by magnetic separators.
Roasting: The concentrated ore is heated in a current of air in which impurities
like Sulphur and Arsenic are oxidized to volatile SO2 and As2O3. Iron pyrites
change to their oxides and sulphates.
Leaching and washing: The roasted ore is treated with water when CuSO4 and
FeSO4 are washed away from the main ore. Further lighter ferric oxide is
washed away leaving behind heavier ore particles known as black tin. Molten
tin is drawn into blocks. It contains 99.5 percent of tin metal and is called
block tin.
Refining of tin: it is purified by liquation, poling and electrolytic refining.
Uses:
Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action
Alloying agent: important alloys include soft solder, type metal, fusible metal,
pewter, bronze, bell metal, white metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor
bronze.
The chloride is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing.
Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive
coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free wind-
shields.
Window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to
produce a flat surface (pilkington process).
Tributyltin, a tin compound is the ingredient in antifouling paint used on ships.
Organotin compounds are used as bactericides and fungicides in marine
environments but they cause severe problems to local wildlife.
Tin level in human body:
Bone/p.p.m : 1.4
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Liver/p.p.m : 0.23-2.4
Muscle/p.p.m : 0.33-2.4
Daily Dietary Intake : 0.2-3.5 mg
Total Mass in Avg. 70kg human : 20 mg
Tin has no known natural biological role.
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion: Tin enters into the body while
eating contaminated food & drinks & also by touch or by eating soil, containing Tin.
Gastrointestinal absorption from food or water is the principal source of internally
deposited tin in the general population. Gastrointestinal absorption is generally quite
low, with only about 2% of the amount ingested being transferred to the blood stream.
Most of the Tin travels through the intestine and excreted through the faeces & urine.
35% of tin that reaches the blood is deposited in mineral bone, 15% is distributed
throughout all other organs and tissues of the body and the remaining 50% are
excreted. If your breath air containing Tin dust or fumes, some of the Tin could be
trapped in lungs, but this does not affect your breathing if it’s in small amount. Of the
tin deposited in any organ or tissue, 20% is retained with a biological half-life of 4
days, 20% is retained with a biological half-life of 25 days, and 60% is retained with a
biological half-life of 400 days.
Health hazards: The organic tin bonds are the most dangerous forms of tin for
humans. Despite the dangers they are functional in a great number of industries, such
as the paint industry and the plastic industry, and in agriculture through pesticides.
The number of applications of organic tin substances is still increasing, despite the
consequences of tin poisoning. The effects of organic tin substances can vary. Human
and animal studies shows that large amounts of these tin compounds can cause
Stomach aches, anaemia, liver and kidney problems and skin & eye irritation. They
can interfere with the functions of brain & nervous system. Some of these compounds
weakness body’s immunity. Tin compounds do not affect reproductive function; nor
produce any birth defect or causes genetic changes.Acute symptoms are: Eye and skin
irritation, Headache, Stomach ache, Sickness, Dizziness, Severe sweating,
Breathlessness.
Long-term effects are: Depressions, Liver damage, malfunctioning of immune
systems, Shortage of red blood cells, Brain damage.
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DRUGS USED FOR VANGA BHASMA
TILA 73, 74, 75
:
Botanical name: sesamum indicum DC.
Family: Pedaliaceae.
Vernacular name:
a) Hindi- Tila
b) English-sesame seeds
c) Kannada- Ellu.
Botanical description: It is an annual herb growing up to 1m bearing
white or light pink colour flowers. It is mainly cultivated in temperate land
of India
Varaities: Swetha and Krishna.
Chemical constituents: Neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids,
sesamolin.
Classical classification:
Charaka: Svedopaga, Purishavirajaniya.
Properties: Rasa - Madhura, Kasaya, Tikta
Guna - Guru, Snigdha
Virya - Usna
Vipaka - Madhura
Karma - Vatahara, twachya, balya, keshya, sukrala
Indications - Vataroga, grahani, agnimandya
Properties of Sesame oil76
:
It is a pale yellow limpid liquid, with a slight pleasant odour.
Solidifies at -50º C to form buttery mass
Density: 0.916 to 0.920
Oil is soluble in chloroform, ether, pet-ether, carbon disulphide, slightly soluble in
Alcohol and insoluble in water.
This oil is having Fat, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, Vitamin C, vit
E, vit K.
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TAKRA77,78:
It comes under Aahara dravya and it is a Dugdha vikruthi.
„Mathitam dadhi Takra mithyochatae‟ |
Dadhi chaturtham jalam Takra muchatae ||
It is obtained by churning 1/4th
of water with curd.
Properties: Rasa : Kashaya, Amla, Madhura
Vipaka : Madhura
Veerya : Ushna
Guna : Laghu
Karma : Pathya, Deepana, Preenana, Vrushya, Sangrahi
Doshaghnata : Tridosha shamaka, Pitta prashamana
Swadupaakitwaat, Kapha prashamana, Vata prashamana, Swaadwamla, Saandratwaat
Rogaghnata : Shopha, udara, Arsha, Mootragraha, Aruchi,
Pleeharoga, Gulma, Ghruta vyaapat, Garavisha, Panduroga, Grhani
Table No. 9 Butter milk79
Energy 169kJ (40Kcal)
Carbohydrates 4.8gm
Fat 0.9 gram
Protein 3.3grm Calcium I16mg
It also contains lactic acid naturally produced by the lactic acid bacteria while
fermenting lactose primary sugar found in milk. Here milk cacine precipitate causing
curdling make butter milk thinner then plain milk.
GOMUTRA80:
Gomutra is considered as the best among all the mutra.
Properties: Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya
Veerya : Ushna
Vipaka : Katu
Guna : Ushna, Kshaara, Teekshna.
Dosha karma : Pittakrut, Kaphavata hara
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Rogaghnata : Shoola, Gulma, Aanaha, Kandu, Akshiroga,
Mukharoga, Kilasa, Atisara, Mootra rodha, Kasa, Kushta, Krumi, Panduroga,
Pleeharoga, Shwasa, Shotha.
Table No: 10 Chemical Composition of Gomutra 81
No Composition Formula No Composition Formula
1. Nitrogen N2 8. Lactose C6H12O6
2. Sulphur S 9. Water H2O
3. Ammonia NH3 10. Creatinine C4H6N2O2
4. Copper Cu 11. Iron Fe
5. Urea CO (NH2)2 12. Uric acid C4H4N4O3
6. Manganese Mn 13. Carbolic acid HCOOH
7. Phosphate P 14. Hippuric acid CHO-NH-CH2- COOH
ARANALA/ KANJI82,83,84,85
Kanji is categorized under Shukta kalpana.
Definition: “Vari paryushitannamla jalam kanji iti bhasha” (Shabdha Kalpa Dhruma)
The Amla Jala prepared out of boiled rice is called Kanji.
“Kanji is a clear transparent fluid with an acid taste and vinous smell.
Synonyms: Aranala, Sauvira, Kulmasha, Abhiyutm, Avanti somam, Dhanyamla, Kunjalam,
Bhaktavari, Tushambu
Classical reference: Different contexts according to different Acharyas
Charaka -„Amla skandha‟.
Vagbhata -„Madya varga
Sushruta - „madya varga‟.
Sharangadhara -„Asavaristakalpana‟.
Bhavamishra-„KritannaVarga”.
Madana pala Nighantu -„paniyadi varga
Different methods of preparation of Kanji are as follows: 86, 87, 88, 89
• By fermenting the Dhanya manda (Gruel prepared by boiling the cereals like
rice, wheat etc.) and this method is adopted in the present study to prepare
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Kanji.
• By fermenting Kulmasha and Dhanya manda.
• Cooked rice is added with 3 times parts water and fermented for 7 days to get
Kanji.
• The pounded Ashu Dhanya and Bala moolaka of 1 Prastha quantity is mixed
with 1 Adhaka of water and fermented to get sour tasted Kanji.
Pharmaco therapeutic properties of Kanji: 90.
Rasa : Amla rasa
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Amla
Guna : Laghu, Teekshna, Ushna
Karma : Vatakaphahara, Rochana, Pachana, Deepana, Koshta
Shuddhi kara
Rogaghnata : Daha, Jwara, Vibanda, Shoola, Ajeerna.
KULATTA91,92 :
Botanical name: Dolichor biflorus. Linn
Family: Fabaceae.
Vernacular name: Hindi-Kulthi, English-Horse gram, kannda- Huruli.
Synonyms: Kulatthika.
Botanical description: It is an annual herb which is grown up to 1 mt height, and
bears light yellow flowers and it is cultivated in most parts of India.
Major chemical constituents: Genistenin, dalbergioidin, phase colliding from seeds.
Classical categorization:
Charaka: swedopaga.
Vagbhata:Niruhopaga.
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Properties: Rasa : Kashaya
Guna : Laghu
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Vatakapha hara, medohara,sukrahara,vidahi.
Indication: Asmari,Medoroga,svasa,kasa.
Parts used: seeds.
KUMARI93,94 :
Botanical name:. Aloe vera. linn.
Family: Liliaceae.
Vernacular name: Hindi: Gheekuvara, English: Indian aloe, Telagu:
Klalabandnha Tamil: Chiruli, Kannada: Lole sara.
Synonyms: Ghrita kumara, Ghritakumarika,vipulasrava,kumarika.
Botanical description: A perineal plant with a short stem.
Leaves: 30 to 60cm erect crowded in basal rosette flower: yellow dense recemes
terminating the scapes.
Chemical constituents: Aloe emodin, Alotin, Aloenin, Barbaloin.
Properties: Rasa : Tikta
Guna : Snigdha, Picchila, Guru
Veerya : Shitha
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Kapha vatahara, chakshushya, vrushya,
brimhana, rasayana.
Indication: Gulma, granthi, yakritodara, plihodara, jwara, stri roga
Parts used: Leaves.
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CHURNODAKA95.
It consisting of A) Churna--- lime B) Udaka--- distilled water.
Churna:
Synonyms: Churnaka, sudha, soudhavilepana, and shilakhara.
Preparation of Churnodhaka: The filtrate obtained by mixing 250mg of choorna or sudha
with 5 tola water, kept for 12 hrs is called as Choornodaka or sudhodaka. This should be
stored in green bottle.
Properties: Krimihara, Atisarahara, Amlapitta shamaka, shoola, grahanihara.
Dose: For 1 year baby : 30 drops - 60 drops
For adults: 2 tola
Therapeutic Uses: a) As an external application in scorpion bite with navasagar.
b ) As an antidote for malla visha. c)Choornodaka and milk given in Amlapitta roga.
d) Applied on the Dagdha Vrana to reduce its burning.
LIME WATER:96
(Saturated calcium hydroxide)
Taste: Alkaline
Smell: arthy smell.
Chemical formula: Ca(OH).
Chemical properties: when expose to co2 lime water turns to milky white.
Manufacturing: Lime water is prepared by mixing excess of calcium hydroxide
with distilled water and shakes well. It is left to settle and clear superannuated liquid
is obtained from sediment.
Uses:
a. To find out the presence of co2
b. To produce various maize bakery products
c. To make sugar from sugar beets
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d. Used in arts painting etc.
Samudra Lavana 97,98
Historical review: The Lavanas were known to man since vedic period. The various
reference of Lavana can be traced even from the Samhita. Charakacharya explains
about 15 Lavanas in Aharopayagi Varga1, Shushrutha under Lavana Varga2 mentions
10 in and in Astanga Sangraha eight different types of Lavana are mentioned. In Rasa
Granthas mainly six types of Lavana are mentioned they are Saindhava, Samudra,
Bida, Souvarchala, Romaka and Chullika Lavana. Among all Saindhava Lavan is
given Prime importance by all the authors. It has been included under Lavan Varga ,
Lavana Panchaka in rasa texts,Dhanvantari Nighanu-Shatpushpadi Varga, Kaiyadeva
Nughantu- Dhatu Varga, Madanapala Ngatu- Shunthyadi Varga, Priya Nigahntu-
Suvarnadi Varga.
Synonyms: Samudra Jalasambhava, Samudraja, Sagaraja, Samudrka,
Properties: Rasa : Madhu, Tikta, Katu
Guna : Snigdha, usna
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Bhedi, Vataghna, Hridya, Ruchya,
Agnidipaka.
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INTRODUCTION
Sodhana is a one of the Samskara wich is a very first step to adopt for all kinds
of Rasa Dravyas. Shodhana is swatantra vidhi. Sodhana make the drugs those
suitable for further procedures like Jarana and Marana.
HISTORICAL
Historically Shodhana concept was in existance since the time of
Charaka Samhita (600-1000BC).
NIRUKTI 99,100,101,102
zÉÑkÉ + ÍhÉcÉç + srÉÑÈ
DEFINATION:
• iÉSåuÉ zÉÉãkÉlÉqÉç MüqÉï SìèurÉ SÉåwÉ ÌlÉuÉUhÉqÉ| (rÉÉSuÉ ÎeÉ)
Shodhana is a process where impurities are removed from the Rasa dravyas.
• “vÉÉåkÉlÉÇ MüqÉï ÌuÉfÉårÉÇ SìurÉSÉåwÉ ÌlÉuÉÉUhÉqÉç |”
The process, which eliminates the blemishes, is called Shodhana.
• E̬¹æUÉæwÉkÉæÈ xÉÉ®ïÇ Ì¢ürÉiÉå mÉåwÉhÉÉÌSMüqÉç | qÉsÉÌuÉÎcNû¨ÉrÉå iɨÉÑ zÉÉãkÉlÉÇ iÉÌSWûÉãcrÉiÉå ||
-(UxÉiÉUÌ…¡ûÍhÉ 2/52)
It is a process in which blemishes are separated from the substance by
various processes.
• ÌlÉÌSï¹æUÉæwÉkÉæÈ xÉÉ®ïÇ mÉåwÉhÉçÇ xuÉãSlÉÉÌSMüqÉç | SÒ¹Ç SÉãwÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉÉrÉ zÉÉåkÉlÉÇ mÉËUMüÐÌiÉïiÉqÉç ||
(UxÉÍqɧÉÉ, mÉëjÉqÉ UÎzqÉ mÉ× 11)
• Shodhana is a process of removal of impurities from substances
by means of different pharmaceutical process like Swedana, Mardana
etc with particular drugs.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
23 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
• “sÉÉåWû kÉÉiÉÑ UxÉSÏlÉÉqÉÑÌSiÉæÈ AÉæéæwÉkÉæÈ xÉWû
xuÉåSlÉÇ qÉSïlÉÇ cÉæuÉ iÉæsÉSÉæ RûÉsÉlÉÇ iÉjÉÉ ||
SÉååwÉÉmÉlÉѨÉrÉrÉæ: uÉæ±æ: Ì¢ürÉiÉå vÉÉåkÉlÉÇ ÌWû iÉiÉç |”
Subjecting the Loha, Dhatu, Rasa and upa Rasas etc. to the procedures like
Swedana, Mardana etc. with the prescribed medicines, Dhalana in tailadi
dravadravyas to remove the Doshas is termed as Shodhana.
COLECTIVE DEFINATIONS103
:
Shodhana is the combination of processes where it removes unwanted
part from the drug or its ill effects, which enhances the properties of the
drug and makes the drug suitable for desired actions.
Though the literal meaning of shodhana is purification but it has wide
implications. By impregnating and triturating with the organic materials
like herbal juice (in the form of weak acids and bases) they are made
homologous to the cells and thus their toxicity get reduced and
acceptability by the cells is increased.
Example: Role of Garlic in purifying mercury where in the sulpur
content in garlic not only helps in detoxifying the mercury and its
stabilization but also the enhances properties as garlic by itself is a
known anti-oxidant it makes Parada (mercury) a better ingredient in
further drug designing.
CONCEPT OF SHODHANA 104
In samhita period we are not find any reference regarding visesha Shodhana
for Metals. Charaka mentioned Nirvapa method in case of some metals but it is not
with specifications. The Raw drugs generally possess lot of impurities which are
visible / invisible, of toxic nature & with heterogeneous qualities which are unwanted
in therapeutic use. So many Rasagranthas suggests the process of purification of
metals or minerals before administration for alchemical or therapeutic purposes.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
24 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
The meaning of shodhana can be
It is for clean the drugs.
It is for purify the drug.
It is for distil and filter a unwanted residents.
It is for to wash and clarify the drug.
It is for to peel and to sort out adherent components.
The impurities can be of 3 types
1) Natural 2) Physical 3) Chemical
IMPORTANCE OF SODHANA:
Its importance mainly in 1) Physical changes 2) Chemical Changes 3) Biological
changes
Phisical and Chemical Changes
Shodhana having its own importance in Rasashastra. Without Shodhana
there is no further process.
Shodhana removes both physical and chemical impurities which are
present in Rasa dravyas.
Shodhana helps to do sangatha bedha of drug and makes it marana
upayogi.
Helps to archive guanavrudhi of the drug.
It removes tikshnatva, ushnatva, rechaka etc of Rasa dravyas.
Example: In gandhaka shodhana,
The poisonous matter and tikshnatva will be removed by Bharjana with
ghee.
The other poisonous matter will be removed by pouring in milk.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
25 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
And lastly the other physical materials will be removed by pouring
through the cloth.
So finally gandhaka become mrudata ,snigdhta & devoid of all toxic
matters.
It gives smoothness and reduces particle size of Rasa dravyas.
Biological Chages
These physico-chemical changes ultimately increases bioavailability.
Reduction in particle size helps in absorption.
Smoothness leads to non-irritability and all chemical changes makes metal
body friendly and suitable for further proceeding.
OBJECTIVES
With the help of shodhana we can achieve the following objectives.
Conversation of some characteristics of the drugs to different stages.
The enhancement of therapeutic action of dravya.
Elimination of harmful matters from drug.
Modification of undesirable physical properties of drug.
Elimination of impurities.
Separation of admixtures.
Metals are made free from blemishes.
Reduce or minimize toxic effect.
Make metal or mineral soft and brittle.
Reduction in particle size.
Make substance suitable for further processing.
Transformation of attributes or imbue organic qualities to inorganic
substances.
Increasing the potency of the drugs.
Modification of undesirable physical properties of the drug.
Conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug to different stages.
Enhancement of therapeutic action.
Conversion of drugs from heterogeneous state to homogenous state.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
26 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
Corrects the imperfections.
Shodhana depends upon
1. Dravya Structure
2. Dravya composition
3. Dravya Impurities
4. Dravya Qualities
5. Dravya Action etc.
Shodhana for is of two types 105:
(1) Samanya Shodhana: Common for all the dhatus & may be helpful in
removing generalised impurities.
(2) Vishesha Shodhana: Specifically indicated for individual dathus, may
alleviate specific dosha.
Various methods of Shodhana: Various methods of shodhana are mentioned in
Rasa classics. Table No. 11
1 Swedana Boiling with liquid Sankha Sodhana
2 Mardana Trituration Parada Sodhana
3 Murchana Trituration up to fine
disintegration
Parada sodhana
4 Patana Sublimation Parada Sodhana
5 Abhiseka Sprinkling Mandura Sodhana
6 Atapa Drying Lauha Sodhana
7 Achusana Absorption Bhallataka Sodhana
8 Bhavana Levigation Hingula Sodhana
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
27 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
9 Bharjana Frying Navasadara Sodhana
10 Dhalana Melting & Quenching Vanga sodhana
11 Galana Melting & Pouring Gandhaka Sodhna
12 Nirjalikarana Evaporation of water Sphatika sodhana
13 Nirvapa Heating & Quenching All metals Sodhana
14 Prithakikarana Separation Guggulu Sodhana
15 Vilayana Elutriation Silajatu sodhana
16 Prakshalana Washing Godanti Bhasma
These are also some of the methods of shodhana for many Rasadravyas:
1. Washing. 7. Desumption.
2. Sifting. 8. Decoloration, Bleaching.
3. Elutriation. 9. Boiling.
4. Chemical combination 10. Dipping.
5.Percolation. 11.Sublimation.
6.Dialysis.
Table No. 12 SODHANA MEDIAS, PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS106
:
Media of Sodhana Properties Effect
1) Tila Taila Suksma, Asukari -Rapidly enters into metals
-Make film coating
-Further heating causes compound
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
28 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
formation & breaking of material
2) Takra Tiksna, Sithalikarana -softening of material
-breaking Materials
3) Gomutra Dahana, Pachana -Separates oxides from metals
-Remove undesired substances
4) Aranala Tiksna, Shaithilikarana Softening and breaking
5) Kulatha
Kwatha
Bhedana Breaking of metals
CONCEPT OF VANGA JARANA
Recent Acharyas like C.B. Zaa107
and P.H.C. Murthy108
uses the word „Jarana‟
for explaining conversion of Putilohas in powder form prior to conversion in Bhasma
form.
It is said to be the intermediate procedure between Shodhana and Marana of
Putilohas. The rationality of this process may be the fact that Putilohas with low
melting point cannot be converted to powder form easily, once they are cooled they
regain their metallic form. So the procedure of melting the Putilohas in open air is
carried along with continuous adding of powders of drugs like Apamarga Panchanga,
Ashwattha bark, Kukkutanda Twaka in big iron pan. The continuos rubbing with iron
ladle converts Putilohas to powder form in 3-4 hrs and reconversion of metal is not
possible. This Jarita Vanga is further processed giving puta till it obtains Bhasma
form.
Drugs use for Jarana procedure:
Apmarga curna , Aswattha twak curna , kukkutanda twak curna, vata twak curna ,
tamrind bark.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
29 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
CONCEPT OF MARANA
Definition109
: Root meaning of Marana is Himsayana110
, to kill…etc. Marana is the
Rasashastra method of subjecting the Rasadravya to Puta to get the respective
Bhasma. The process of Marana burns the Rasadravya to irreversible form called
Bhasma, in which Shodhita Rasadravya treated with Marana gana dravyas so that
Marita dravyas attains pharmaco –Therapeutically useful new form. The Marana word
was used in Tantrica practice for sacrificing. This irreversibility of a Bhasma from
parent substance is a mandatory condition to call it a Bhasma.111
Significance of Marana: Hard substances are converted into powdered ash form.
Reducing the non assimiable Dravya to assimiable form. Further elimination of
remnant if any unwanted substance at high temperature. Achievement of qualities like
– Laghuta, Aruchi, Alpamatropayogi and achieving Rasibhava (absorbable) form.
Concept of Puta: The method of subjecting Rasadravyas as per Rasashastra
principles is called Puta. Processed materials are triturated with juices or decoctions of
prescribed plants; the solid paste is made into coin shaped cakes. These cakes are
given different degrees of heat with fired cow dung cakes is called Puta. This process
of Putapaka (heating) produces Niruthatva (non-returning to original metallic state),
Varitaratwa (floating on water), Deepana (appetizing)…. etc. are the benefits of
Mrutaloha. The amount of heat to be given was defined in ancient Rasashastra texts
by means of specific arrangements of cow dung cakes on the surface of earth or in the
pit specially constructed for burning.
Types of Puta:
Chandra puta: Preparation of Bhasma and allied procedure under moonlight.
E.g. Pravala bhasma.
Surya puta: 112
Also called Bhanupaka, is preparation of Bhasma and allied
procedure under sunlight. E.g. Loha bhasma.
Agni puta: Pharmaceutical heating in open air in earthen Sharava with the help of
fire.
Bhugarbha puta: Keeping the pharmaceutical product beneath dry ground.
Dhanyarashiputa113
: Keeping the prepared medicines in the piles of cereals
viz. Jawar, Shali…etc
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
30 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
BhugataPuta114
: Giving heat to the processed material in a specially prepared
pit in the selected grounds of selected measurements either with referred
number of cow dung cakes or organic husk is called Bhugata puta. Agni, it is
of various types viz. Maha puta, Gaja puta, Varaha puta, Kapota puta, Kukuta
puta, and Laghu puta depending upon the quantum of heat, number of cow
dung and the drugs to be incinerated.
Varitaratva: This test signifies the lightness of Bhasma, when the prepared Bhasma
is sprinkled on water it doesn‟t sink but float. This shows, they attain a fine state of
division and cannot break the surface tension of water, on account of which they float
on water115
Rekha purnatvam: When the Bhasma is rubbed between index finger and thumb,
particles of Bhasma enters into the skin furrows, signifies fineness116
.
Gata Rasatvam: The properly processed Bhasma becomes tasteless. The presence
of taste in Bhasma indicates the imperfectness of Bhasma. This may be due to less
heat
Unnama (Uttam): If a guru dravya or dhanya is placed on bhasma surface over
water, the dhanya will not sink rather it floats on the water117
Apunarbhava Pareeksha : Even after intense heat and mixture of dravaka gana
dravyas, the bhasma is not gaining its original metallic form ,rather it is in the same
bhasma form is known as Apunarbhavatwa. This implies total conversion of raw
metal into bhasma form118
.
Nirutthatva – The Roupya (Silver) is mixed with bhasma and heated
vigorously on fire. Not even a little amount of bhasma mixes with the Roupya
(silver) such bhasma is called Nirutthita bhasma 119
.
Significance of Marana process:
Hard substances are converted into powder form.
Use of reducing agents for final product to be assembles form.
Elimination of unwanted substances with high temperatures.
Uses as catalyst agents for therapeutic value.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
31 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
Conversion of qualities of Nirindriya Dravya to Sendriya Dravyas.
Achievement of qualities like Laghuta etc., to final product & achieving
Rasibhava (Absorbable) form.
Properties of Bhasma :
Very fine therefore easy for absorption & assimilation.
Thus giving quick action.
This fact reduces the amount of dose to be administered.
Properties of curing many diseases are developed when this prakriya is done
in combination with mercury.
Unlikely taste of the material is lost during the process so appreciated by the
patients.
REVIEW OF YANTRAS USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY
Pithara Yantra120
: It is circular based iron mortar, with a heavy lid having a hole
at centre. It is to be filled with liquid media selected for shodhana and then molten
metal has to be poured in it through the hole of lid. It is used in shodhana of
Putilohas. Due its narrow base which requires less quantity of liquid. Puti loha like
vanga when poured into the liquid explodes with a splash of liquid which may
harmful to worker, this special method save the worker from danger.
Khalva Yantra121,122
: Khalva literally means “a mill or stone for grinding drugs”
That which is round shaped, hard and which is made by good quality, that stone vessel
is called as Khalva Yantra.Khalvas are of different shapes and sizes, depending upon
its utilization. On the basis of shape, it is of 2 types viz., round and oblong. Depending
on the materials used, 4 varieties of Khalvas are there viz. Mrunmaya, Loha, Pashana
and Ayaskanta, among which Ayaskanta is considered as best for Rasakarmas118
. The
mortar is commonly prepared from the stone. The stone should be black or bluish in
colour, heavy, hard and lustrous119
. That which is made up of iron & kept over fire is
called tapta Khalva Yantra.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
32 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
PROCEDURE REVIEW
Samanya Shodhana of Vanga:
1. Heating in fire and then dipping in Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranal & Kulattha
Kwatha for seven times each can do the Samanya Shodhana of Swarnadi
Dhatus123
.
2. Samanya Shodhana can be also done by heating the Dhatus and then dipping
in Swarasa of Kadali Moola124
.
3. Purification of all Lohas can be done with Sashaka Rakta Bhavana or apply
over metals then subjected to strong heat, this procedure repeated for 3
times125
.
Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga:
1. Khuraka Vanga is taken in Darvi then heated on fire till it melts, then it is
poured in a pot covered with lid (having central hole) containing Churnodaka.
After Vanga gets cool it is taken out and same procedure is repeated for seven
times & each times Churnodaka has to be changed126
.
2. Molten Tin should be poured in Arka dugdha for seven times127
.
3. Molten tin should be poured in a Nirgundi juice containing Haridra powder.
By repeating the process three times Khuraka Vanga becomes pure128
.
A. SAMANYA SODHANA:
Name of the Practical: Samanya Shodhana of Vanga.
Reference: R.R.S 5/29
Materials: Raw Vanga - 500gm
Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwatha.
Equipment: Gas stove, steel vessel, Loha Darvi , cloth, weighing machine,
pH paper.
Method: Nirvapa.
Procedure:
Pre procedure: Raw Vanga with proper quantity measured and taken.
Procedure:
Take the Vanga in loha darvi.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
33 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Give heat up to Vanga get melt.
The melted Vanga pore on the flat stone made it into thin
sheet.
Heat the thin sheet on fire and dip it in following medias,
Tila , takra , gomutra , arnala , kulatta kwata
This procedure is for 7 times in each media.
Post procedure:
After this procedure wash the sheets with water.
Observe the physical changes in it.
Check the pH in every stage.
1. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN TAILA MEDIA:
Materials: Vanga – 500gm
Tila Taila – q.s
Equipment’s: metal holder, Gas stove, steel vessel
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire
Then after dip it in Taila.
After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again heat and dip it in Taila for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Taila in each Nirvapa.
Observations:
After above procedure the metal became solid with oily smell.
It’s shining decreased slightly.
There was no change in pH - 5.
Total loss of Vanga during this media was 6 Gms.
After Shodhana Vanga was 494gms in Tila Taila media.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
34 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Table no.13 pH value of Taila media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 5
2 5
3 5
4 5
5 5
6 5
7 5
Table no. 14. Results of Vanga Sodhana in Taila Media.
Colour before
Taila
Shodhana
Colour After
Taila
Shodhana
Touch before
TS
Touch
after TS
Weight
before TS
Weight
after TS
No, of hours
taken for
procedure
White silvery Slight yellow Metallic and
malleable
Slight
rough
500gms 494gms 10 minutes
Precaution taken:
Avoid too much heat
It is fell down while more heat
Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga pieces.
Preparation of Takra (Butter milk): 129
Materials: Curds -3 liters, water -12 liters, churner, vessel.
Procedure: One part of curd was mixed with 4 parts of water and churned
thoroughly in a vessel to prepare the Takra.
Observations: The prepared Takra was white in colour, sour in taste, pH-3
2. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN TAKRA MEDIA
Materials: Taila Sodhita Vanga – 494gm
Takra – q.s
Equipment’s: metal holder, Gas stove, steel vessel
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire
Then after dip it in Takra.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
35 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again heat and dips it in Takra for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Takra in each Nirvapa.
Observations:
Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.
While dipping Vanga in this media explosive sounds (hissing) were
heard.
Reduce the size of the Vanga patra.
Colour of the Takra turned white to grayish white.
Curdy smell.
After the above procedure the metal became brittle, rough,
disintegrated.
The pH of Takra increased from 3 to 4.
Total loss of Vanga by this media 10 Gms.
After Shodhana Vanga – 484 Gms.
Precaution taken:
Avoid too much heat
It is fell down while more heat
Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga
pieces.
Table no.15 pH value of Takra media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 3
2 3
3 3
4 3
5 3
6 4
7 4
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
36 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Table no.16 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Takra Media.
Collection of Gomutra (cow’s urine)
Bhava Prakasha has explained Gomutra in Mootra Varga. For the practical
purpose, required amount of Gomutra was collected early in the morning from a
healthy cow. Light yellow in colour, pH-11
3. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN GOMUTRA MEDIA:
Materials: Takra Sodhita Vanga – 484gm
GoMutra – q.s
Equipment’s: Metal holder, Gas stove, Steel vessel
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire
Then after dip it in GoMutra.
After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again heat and dips it in Takra for 7 times.
Check the pH level of GoMutra in each Nirvapa.
Observations:
Vanga appeared to be highly explosive in gomutra.
Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.
While dipping Vanga in this media explosive sounds (hissing) were
heard.
Reduce the size of the Vanga patra.
Colour of the GoMutra turned into blackish brown.
Pungent smell.
Colour
before TS
Shodhana
Colour After
TS
Shodhana
Touch before
TS
Touch after
TS
Weight
before
TS
Weight
after TS
No, of hours
taken for
procedure
White silvery Shining
increase
Slight brital
and rough
Slight rough 494gms 484 gms 10 minutes
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
37 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Black fumes were observed during heating.
After the above procedure the metal became brittle, rough,
disintegrated.
The pH of GoMutra increased from 10 to 11.
Total loss of Vanga by this media 14 Gms.
After Shodhana Vanga – 470 Gms.
Precaution taken:
Fresh Gomutra should be used.
Avoid too much heat.
It is fell down while more heat.
Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga
pieces.
Table no.17 pH value of GoMutra media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 10
6 11
7 11
Table no.18 Results of Vanga Sodhana in GoMutra media.
Colour Before
GoMutra
Shodhana
Colour after
GoMutra
Shodhana
Touch Before
GMS
Touch After
GMS
Weight
before
GMS
Weight
after GMS
No,of hours
taken for
procedure
White shining Slight Black Slight brutal
and rough
Average
brittle rough
484gms 470 gms 10 minutes
Preparation of Kanji:130.
Materials and methods:
Materials: Rice Shali: 500 Gms,
Water: 7 liters
Equipments: Big stainless vessel, Mud pot of 8 liter capacity
Method: 500gms of pounded and de husked Shali rice was boiled with 7liters
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
38 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
of water till the rice get well cooked. Then that cooked rice was filtered. The
filtered liquid was placed in mud pot. The mouth of pot was covered with
cloth tied with thread. This pot was kept undisturbed for 7 days. After 7 days
Kanji was tested for Amlatva and pH. Then the Kanji was filtered and stored.
Observation:
After 2 day, sour alcoholic odor was observed near the pot indicating
the process of fermentation.
After 4 days, the sour alcoholic odor became more and strong.
After 7 days, Kanji was tested for Amlatva, it was sour in taste and pH
was 4, indicating its acidic nature.
The final product Kanji was found to possess, following properties -
Sour taste, transparent white in color , Sour alcoholic odor , Cool to
touch.
Results: Ingredients used- 7 lts water, 500 Gms rice,
Quantity of Kanji prepared – 4 liters
Net loss - 3 liters
pH of Kanji - 4
4. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA ARANALA/KANJI MEDIA
Materials: GoMutra Sodhita Vanga – 470gm
Kanji – q.s
Equipment’s: Metal holder, Gas stove, Steel vessel
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire
Then after dip it in Kanji.
After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again heat and dips it in Kanji for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Kanji in each Nirvapa.
Observations:
The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.
After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.
Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
39 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
While dipping Vanga in this media explosive sounds (hissing) were
heard.
Reduce the size of the Vanga patra.
Kanji changed from whitish clear liquid to blackish grey coloured
liquid.
Acidic smell.
After the above procedure the metal became brittle, rough,
disintegrated.
The pH of Kanji increased from 4 to 5.
Total loss of Vanga by this media 10 Gms.
After Shodhana Vanga – 460 Gms.
Precaution taken:
Well prepared Kanji should be used.
After this procedure Vanga became more brittle so avoid too much
heat.
Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga
pieces.
Table no. 19 pH value of Kanji media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 4
2 4
3 4
4 4
5 5
6 5
7 5
Table no. 20 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kanji media
Colour Before
Kanji
Shodhana
Colour after
Kanji
Shodhana
Touch
Before KS
Touch After
KS
Weight
before KS
Weight
after KS
No,of hours
taken for
procedure
slight black Blackish
surface
Average
brittle and
rough
More brittle
rough
470 gms 460 gms 10 minutes
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
40 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Preparation of Kulattha Qwatha:131.
Materials: Kulattha - 6 kgs,
Water - 96 liters.
Apparatus: Big vessel, Gas stove, Stirrer, Cloth Thread, Ulukhala yantra,
Vessels.
Procedure: Yavakuta Curna of Kulattha (horse gram) was secured by
pounding in Ulukhala yantra. This was taken in a big vessel and mixed with
96 liters of water. This was heated in Mrudu Agni and reduced to one eighth
i.e., 12 liters. This was filtered thoroughly by a clean cloth.
Observations:
After 2 hours of heating dense fumes covered the vessel of Kulattha
Qwatha.
After the liquid was filtered thoroughly the following characters were
observed.
Colour - Dark brown, Taste - Bitter, pH - 5
Precautions:
Mrudu Agni was maintained throughout the process.
Continuous stirring was required until the liquid started boiling.
The liquid was filtered thoroughly before using it for Shodhana
5. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN KULATTA KWATA
MEDIA
Materials: Kanji Sodhita Vanga – 460gm
Kulatta kwata – q.s
Equipment’s: Metal holder, Gas stove, Steel vessel
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire
Then after dip it in Kulatta kwata.
After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again heat and dips it in Kulatta kwata for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Kulatta kwata in each Nirvapa.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
41 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Observations:
Grayish Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.
While dipping Vanga in this media explosive sounds (hissing) were
heard.
Colour of Kulattha Qwatha turned from light brown to blackish brown.
Acidic smell was appreciated.
Reduce the size of the Vanga patra.
After the above procedure the metal became more brittle and rough.
The pH of Kanji increased from 4 to 5.
Total loss of Vanga by this media 15 Gms.
After Shodhana Vanga – 445 Gms.
Precaution taken:
Well prepared Kulatta kwata should be used.
After this procedure Vanga became more brittle so avoid too much
heat
It is fell down while more heat.
Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga
pieces.
Table no. 21 pH value of Kulatta Kwata media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 4
2 4
3 4
4 5
5 5
6 5
7 5
Table no.22 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kulatta Kwata media
Colour Before
K.K Shodhana
Colour after
K.K Shodhana
Touch Before
KKS
Touch After
KKS
Weight
before KKS
Weight
after KKS
No,of hours
taken for
procedure
slight black Blackish surface more brittle
and rough
More brittle
rough
460 gms 445 gms 10 minutes
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
42 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
B. VISESHA SHODHANA METHOD:
In this method 1st
to prepare Curnodaka as a Shodhana media -
Preparation of Curnodaka132,133.
Materials: Lime powder-50gms, water-10 lts
Apparatus: Earthen pot, cloth, vessels
Procedure: Fine powder of lime was taken and to this water was added. This
was kept overnight. Next day the supernatant liquid part was collected and
filtered thoroughly with the help of a clean cloth.
Observations
After adding water to the fine powder of lime air bubbles and hot
fumes were appreciated.
The filtered lime water was whitish in colour, translucent with
pH-12
Precautions taken
Handling fine powder of lime with bare hands avoided.
The prepared sudha jala should be filtered before using it for
Shodhana.
Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Curnodaka134.
Reference: Rasa Tarangini- 8-9/18
Materials: Samanya Shodhita Vanga – 500 Gms, Curnodaka - 7 liters.
Apparatus: Big iron pan with handle, Pithara Yantra (Iron vessel with a lid
having a hole), Agni Chullika, Steel vessels, Steel spoons.
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga and heat it on fire wait upto melt completely.
Then after pour it into Curnodaka.
After each Dhalana, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again Melt and pour it in Curnodaka for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Curnodaka in each Dalana.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
43 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Observations
Grayish black scum forms over the surface of Vanga.
There was more explosive (hissing) sounds were heard.
There is splashing of Curnodaka.
Vanga broke down into small pieces, which were soft and pointing
with more powder form.
Odorless.
Vanga – Curdy white, no shining.
Colour of Curnodaka became grayish.
There was change in pH 10 to 06
Total loss of Vanga – 30 gms
After Vishesha Shodhana Vanga – 470 Gms.
Average time taken for completion of procedure is 3.48 min.
Average time taken for Vanga to start melt is 2.57min.
Precautions:
Precaution should be taken while preparing Curnodaka as is having
kshariya guna.
Proper quantity of Curnodaka should be taken to immerse molten
Vanga.
Pouring of molten Vanga was done using Pithara yantra to avoid
splashing of Vanga in unwanted directions causing injury or wastage.
Table no.23. pH value of Curnodaka media
NIRVAPA pH VALUE
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 09
6 09
7 09
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
44 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Table no.24 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Curnodaka media
Colour
Before
Shodhana
Colour after
Shodhana
Touch Before
Shodhana
Touch After
Shodhana
Weight before
Shodhana
Weight after
Shodhana
No,of hours
taken for
procedure
White shining Curdy white
No shining
Soft, flexible Slight brittle
and rough
500 gms 470 gms 10 minutes
SAMANYA AND VISESHA SHODHANA:
Concept: all most all previous studies conducted on Vanga dhatu only on
different methods of Shodhana and different method of Marana. Still no one conduct
research activity on both combination of Samanya Sohana and Visesha Shodhana
here my study is depend upon this method only, I want to observe the pharmaceutical
analytical changes in this combination of practical method.
As we seen in the above mentioned practical’s procedure of Samanya
Shodhana and its observation, organoleptic changes also we observed the changes in
the method of Visesha Shodhana.
Name of the Practical: Samanya Shodhana of Vanga.
Reference: R.R.S 5/29
Materials: Raw Vanga – 500gm
Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwatha.
Equipment: Gas stove, steel vessel, cloth, weighing machine, pH paper.
Method: Nirvapa.
Procedure:
Pre procedure: Raw Vanga with proper quantity measured and
taken. And equipment’s also taken.
Procedure:
Take the Vanga in loha darvi.
Give heat up to Vanga get melt.
The melted Vanga pore on the flat stone made it into thin
sheet.
Heat the thin sheet on fire and dip it in following medias,
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
45 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Tila , takra , gomutra , arnala , kulatta kwata
This procedure is for 7 times in each media.
Post procedure:
After this procedure wash the sheets with water.
Observe the physical changes in it.
Check the pH in every stage.
Practical: Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Curnodaka
Materials: Samanya shodhita Vanga – 450 Gms,
Churnodaka - 3 liters.
Reference: Rasatarangini, 8-9/18
Apparatus: Big iron pan with handle, Pithara yantra (Iron vessel with a lid
having a hole), Agni Chullika, Steel vessels, Steel spoons.
Procedure:
Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical
1st take Vanga and heat it on fire wait upto melt completely.
Then after pour it into Curnodaka.
After each Dhalana, wash the Vanga with normal water.
It was again Melt and pours it in Curnodaka for 7 times.
Check the pH level of Curnodaka in each Dalana.
Observations
Grayish black scum forms over the surface of Vanga.
There was more explosive (hissing) sounds were heard.
There is splashing of Curnodaka.
Vanga broke down into small pieces, which were soft and pointing
with more powder form.
Odorless.
Vanga – Curdy white, no shining.
Colour of Curnodaka became grayish.
There was change in pH 10 to 06
Total loss of Vanga – 40 gms
After Vishesha Shodhana Vanga – 410 Gms.
Average time taken for completion of procedure is 3.48 min.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
46 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Average time taken for Vanga to start melt is 2.57min.
Precautions:
Precaution should be taken while preparing Curnodaka as is having
kshariya guna.
Care should be taken handling molten Vanga.
Proper quantity of Curnodaka should be taken to immerse molten
Vanga.
Pouring of molten Vanga was done using Pithara yantra to avoid
splashing of Vanga in unwanted directions causing injury or wastage.
Table no.25 All sodhana medias and its pH
No. Of
Nirvapa
Taila Takra Gomutra Kanji Kulatta
Kwatha
Churnodaka
1 5 3 10 4 4 10
2 5 3 10 4 4 10
3 5 3 10 4 4 10
4 5 3 10 4 5 10
5 5 3 10 5 5 09
6 5 3 11 5 5 09
7 5 3 11 5 5 09
Table no. 26 Loss and appearance of Vanga in all Medias:
Sl.No Name of media
used
Intial wt of
metal(gms)
Final wt of
metal (gms)
Loss of wt of
metal (gms)
Physical appearance
1 Tila taila 500 494 06 Solid smooth surface
with yellow coating
2 Takra 494 484 10 Brittle rough surface
with shining
3 Gomutra 484 470 14 Brittle rough surface but
shining decreased.
4 Kanji 470 460 10 Some part becomes
granular with shining.
5 Kulaththa
kwatha
460 445 15 Some part becomes
coarse powder.
6 Curnodaka 445 410 35 Granular and thorny
surface.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
47 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A) Samanya Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method135
:
Name of the Practical: Vanga Jarana
Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra
Ingredients: Shodhita Vanga- 445 gms.
Samudra Lavana Curna - 500 gms. (Coarse Powder)
Apparatus: Iron cauldron (Big size)
Iron Ladle
Agni Chullika
Water
Litmus paper
Procedure:
445 gms of Samanya Shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron cauldron. It was
heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra Lavana was
sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous rubbing with
big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke of burnt
Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from. It took
5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder was
collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat was
given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to self-
cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana was
done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.
For Kshara nirmulana jarita Vanga was taken in a patra and water was added
to it. With the hand Vanga powder was macerated in 2 litr. Of water and allowed to
settle down over night without any shaking. The next day morning supernatant water
was thrown out, then again procedure was repeated and every time test with litmus
paper was done. It took 5 to 6 days for Kshara Nirmulana.
Table no. 27 Observations of Vanga Jarana(Samanya Sodhita):
Time
Aprox. Conversion of
Vanga to powder
form
Samudra Lavana
used Observation.
½ hr. No conversion, Vanga 10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
48 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
in molten state rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.
1 hr. 5 – 10% 30 – 40 gms. Smoke of burning Curna, Rubbing was
smooth, Greyish black powder on sides of
cauldron.
2 hr. 25 % 60 gms. Sluggish rubbing, smoke with Curna.
3 hrs. 35 – 40 % 80 – 100 gms. Sluggishness increased, Blackish white
ash was seen.
4 hrs. 65 – 70 % 130 – 140 gms. More pressure could be applied since less
chances of spillage, colour whitish black.
(Plate no- 6)
4 1/2 hrs. 90 % 180 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few
globules of tin.
5 hrs. 98% 210 – 230 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted
tin could be seen colour whitish.
6 hrs. Almost all 255 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen
colour whitish yellow.
Total weight of Vanga before and after Jarana was 445 gms. & 470 gms
respectively.
5-6 day required for kshara Nirmulana.
After kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &
weight were 395 gms. (Loss 75 gms.)
No odour to the product.
Partial Rekha Poornatva & Varitaratva obtained.
Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8.
Visesha Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method:
Name of the Practical: Vanga Jarana
Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra.
Ingredients: Visesha Shodhita Vanga - 470 gms.
Samudra Lavana Curna - 500 gms. (Coarse Powder)
Apparatus: Iron cauldron (Big size)
Iron Ladle
Agni Chullika
Water
Litmus paper
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
49 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Procedure:
470 gms of Visesha shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron cauldron. It was
heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra Lavana was
sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous rubbing with
big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke of burnt
Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from. It took
5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder was
collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat was
given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to self-
cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana was
done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.
For Kshara nirmulana jarita Vanga was taken in a patra and water was added
to it. With the hand Vanga powder was macerated in 2 litr. Of water and allowed to
settle down over night without any shaking. The next day morning supernatant water
was thrown out, then again procedure was repeated and every time test with litmus
paper was done. It took 5 to 6 days for Kshara Nirmulana.
Table no. 28 Observations of Vanga Jarana (Visesha Sodhita):
Time
Aprox. Conversion of
Vanga to powder
form
Samudra Lavana
used Observation
½ hr. No conversion, Vanga
in molten state
10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow
rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.
1 hr. 5 – 10% 30 – 40 gms. Smoke of burning Curna, Rubbing was
smooth, Greyish black powder on sides of
cauldron.
2 hr. 25 % 60 gms. Sluggish rubbing, smoke with Curna.
3 hrs. 35 – 40 % 80 – 100 gms. Sluggishness increased, Blackish white
ash was seen.
3 1/2 hrs. 65 – 70 % 120 – 130 gms. More pressure could be applied since less
chances of spillage, colour whitish black.
(Plate no- 6)
4 hrs. 90 % 160 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few
globules of tin.
4 1/2 hrs. 98% 190 – 210 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
50 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
tin could be seen colour whitish.
5 hrs. Almost all 230 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen
colour whitish yellow.
Total weight of Vanga before and after Jarana was 470 gms. & 510 gms
respectively.
5-6 day required for Kshara Nirmulana.
After Kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &
weight were 470 gms. (Loss 40 gms.)
No odour to the product.
Partial Rekha Poornatva & Varitaratva obtained.
Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8.
Samanya & Visesha Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method:
Name of the Practical: Vanga Jarana
Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra
Ingredients: Samanya-Visesha Shodhita Vanga - 410 gms.
Samudra Lavana Curna - 500 gms. (Coarse Powder)
Apparatus: Iron cauldron (Big size)
Iron Ladle
Agni Chullika
Water
Litmus paper
Procedure:
410 gms of Samanya & Visesha shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron
cauldron. It was heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra
Lavana was sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous
rubbing with big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke
of burnt Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from.
It took 5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder
was collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat
was given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to
self-cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana
was done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
51 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
For Kshara nirmulana jarita Vanga was taken in a patra and water was added
to it. With the hand Vanga powder was macerated in 2 litr. Of water and allowed to
settle down over night without any shaking. The next day morning supernatant water
was thrown out, then again procedure was repeated and every time test with litmus
paper was done. It took 5 to 6 days for Kshara Nirmulana.
Table no. 29 Observations of Vanga Jarana (Samanya & Visesha Sodhita):
Time
Aprox. Conversion of
Vanga to powder
form
Samudra Lavana
used Observation.
½ hr. No conversion, Vanga
in molten state
10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow
rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.
1 hr. 5 – 10% 30 – 40 gms. Smoke of burning Curna, Rubbing was
smooth, Greyish black powder on sides of
cauldron.
2 hr. 25 % 60 gms. Sluggish rubbing, smoke with Curna.
3 hrs. 35 – 40 % 80 – 100 gms. Sluggishness increased, Blackish white
ash was seen.
4 hrs. 65 – 70 % 120 – 130 gms. More pressure could be applied since less
chances of spillage, colour whitish black.
(Plate no- 6)
5 hrs. 90 % 160 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few
globules of tin.
6 hrs. 98% 190 – 210 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted
tin could be seen colour whitish.
7hrs. Almost all 230 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen
colour whitish yellow.
Total weight of Vanga before and after Jarana was 410 gms. & 470 gms
respectively.
5-6 day required for Kshara Nirmulana.
After Kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &
weight were 425 gms. (Loss 45 gms.)
No odour to the product.
Partial Rekha Poornatva & Varitaratva obtained.
Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
52 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Precautions:
Coarse powder of Samudra Lavana should be used.
Rubbing with ladle should be done with pressure but not rigorously, in order to
avoid spillage of molten tin.
Process should be continued till all particles of tin gets converted to powder
form.
In order to avoid excess alkalinity to the final product Kshara Nirmulana is
must.
MARANA PROCEDURE:
Yadavj Trikamji acharya in dravya guna vignayan – Paribhasha prakarana
says ‘The process by which conversion of purified metals and minerals into Bhasma
after subjecting them to trituration with juice and then heat is called Marana’.
Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Samanya sodhita)136:
Reference: Rasamritam 3/94
Ingredients: Jarita Vanga 395 gms.
KumariSwarasa- Q.S
Apparatus: Khalva Yantra, Plastic sheet, Knife, spoon,
Cloth Domesticated Cowdungs around 500 for each puta.
Karpura, Match box
Procedure:
Jarita Vanga 395 gms. Was taken in a Khalva Yantra and to it Kumari
Swarasa was added, and then triturated continuously for 3 hrs. After that Chakrikas
were prepared and kept for drying. After a day these Chakrikas were kept in earthen
Sharava. Chakrikas were arranged in two layers one above the other. Then another
Sharava with same measurement was kept above it and Sandhi Bandana was done.
This Sharava samputa was then subjected for ardha gajaputa with around 525
cowdung cakes (375 below Sharava samputa & 150 above) Size of Cowdung cakes
was approximately same size, totally dried. The uniformity was maintained to have
uniform heat. The fire was lited by keeping four small camphor balls on all four sides.
It took 7 – 8 hrs. For complete burning & self-cooling. Then the Samputa was taken
out of pit and by slowly scraping the sealed part, 2 Sharavas were separated & Vanga
was taken out weighted and again placed in khalva Yantra and same procedure was
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
53 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
repeated for 6 more times to get final Vanga Bhasma.
Observations:
The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to yellowish white after
seven putas.
After 1st puta only 1 – 2 gms of Vanga got stucked to the Sharava. But it was
not seen successively.
Total quantity of 400 – 500 ml of Swarasa was required for 1st Bhavana but
successively it was less.
The fineness of Bhasma got increased with successively puta which was tested
by Rekha purnatva and Varitaratva of Bhasama.
There was no odour to the Bhasma.
Slight reduction in the weight was noticed i.e. 30 gms.
Precautions:
Trituration should be done continuously & uniformly.
Swarasa should be filtered, pulp should not be used.
Chakrikas should be uniform & thin.
Use of properly baked Sharavas should be done.
General precautions of Sandhi Bandana were taken.
Cowdung cakes should be uniformly thick, round & dry.
Arrangement of Cowdung cakes should be proper.
Fire should not be put at a time rather use of camphor at 4 corners ensures
slow burning.
After completion, careful opening of Sarava should be done to avoid
contamination of Vanga Bhasma with mud dust or ash.
Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Visesha sodhita):
Reference: Rasamritam 3/94
Ingredients: Jarita Vanga 390 gms.
Kumari Swarasa- Q.S
Apparatus: Khalva Yantra, Plastic sheet, Knife, spoon,
Cloth Domesticated Cow dungs around 500 for each puta.
Karpura, Match box
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
54 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Procedure:
Jarita Vanga 390 gms. Was taken in a Khalva Yantra and to it Kumari
Swarasa was added, and then triturated continuously for 3 hrs. After that Chakrikas
were prepared and kept for drying. After a day these Chakrikas were kept in earthen
Sharava. Chakrikas were arranged in two layers one above the other. Then another
Sharava with same measurement was kept above it and Sandhi Bandana was done.
This Sharava samputa was then subjected for ardha gajaputa with around 525
cowdung cakes (375 below Sharava samputa & 150 above) Size of Cowdung cakes
was approximately same size, totally dried. The uniformity was maintained to have
uniform heat. The fire was lited by keeping four small camphor balls on all four sides.
It took 7 – 8 hrs. For complete burning & self-cooling. Then the Samputa was taken
out of pit and by slowly scraping the sealed part, 2 Sharavas were separated & Vanga
was taken out weighted and again placed in khalva Yantra and same procedure was
repeated for 6 more times to get final Vanga Bhasma.
Observations:
The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to grayish white after seven
putas.
After 1st puta only 1 – 2 gms of Vanga got stucked to the Sharava. But it was
not seen successively.
Total quantity of 400 – 500 ml of Swarasa was required for 1st Bhavana but
successively it was less.
The fineness of Bhasma got increased with successively puta which was tested
by Rekha purnatva and Varitaratva of Bhasama.
There was no odour to the Bhasma.
Slight reduction in the weight was noticed i.e. 40 gms.
Precautions:
Trituration should be done continuously & uniformly.
Swarasa should be filtered, pulp should not be used.
Chakrikas should be uniform & thin.
Use of properly baked Sharavas should be done.
General precautions of Sandhi Bandana were taken.
Cowdung cakes should be uniformly thick, round & dry.
Arrangement of Cowdung cakes should be proper.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
55 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Fire should not be put at a time rather use of camphor at 4 corners ensures
slow burning.
After completion, careful opening of Sarava should be done to avoid
contamination of Vanga Bhasma with mud dust or ash.
Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Samanya &Visesha Sodhita):
Reference: Rasamritam 3/94
Ingredients: Jarita Vanga 365 gms.
Kumari Swarasa- Q.S
Apparatus: Khalva Yantra, Plastic sheet, Knife, spoon,
Cloth Domesticated Cow dungs around 500 for each puta.
Karpura, Match box
Procedure:
Jarita Vanga 425 gms. Was taken in a Khalva Yantra and to it Kumari
Swarasa was added, and then triturated continuously for 3 hrs. After that Chakrikas
were prepared and kept for drying. After a day these Chakrikas were kept in earthen
Sharava. Chakrikas were arranged in two layers one above the other. Then another
Sharava with same measurement was kept above it and Sandhi Bandana was done.
This Sharava samputa was then subjected for ardha gajaputa with around 525
cowdung cakes (375 below Sharava samputa & 150 above) Size of Cowdung cakes
was approximately same size, totally dried. The uniformity was maintained to have
uniform heat. The fire was lited by keeping four small camphor balls on all four sides.
It took 7 – 8 hrs. For complete burning & self-cooling. Then the Samputa was taken
out of pit and by slowly scraping the sealed part, 2 Sharavas were separated & Vanga
was taken out weighted and again placed in khalva Yantra and same procedure was
repeated for 6 more times to get final Vanga Bhasma.
Observations:
The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to grayish white after seven
putas.
After 1st puta only 1 – 2 gms of Vanga got stucked to the Sharava. But it was
not seen successively.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
56 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Total quantity of 400 – 500 ml of Swarasa was required for 1st Bhavana but
successively it was less.
The fineness of Bhasma got increased with successively puta which was tested
by Rekha purnatva and Varitaratva of Bhasama.
There was no odour to the Bhasma.
Slight reduction in the weight was noticed i.e. 40 gms.
Precautions:
Trituration should be done continuously & uniformly.
Swarasa should be filtered, pulp should not be used.
Chakrikas should be uniform & thin.
Use of properly baked Sharavas should be done.
General precautions of Sandhi Bandana were taken.
Cowdung cakes should be uniformly thick, round & dry.
Arrangement of Cowdung cakes should be proper.
Fire should not be put at a time rather use of camphor at 4 corners ensures
slow burning.
After completion, careful opening of Sarava should be done to avoid
contamination of Vanga Bhasma with mud dust or ash.
Table no.30 Results of Marana Procedures:
Marana procedures WT. before Marana WT. after Marana Colour of Bhasma
1.Samanya Sodhana 395 gms 365 gms Yellowish white
2.Visesha Sodhana 390 gms 350 gms Grayish white
3.Samanya & Visesha 365 gms 325 gms Dull white
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
57 ANALYTICAL STUDY
ANALYTICAL STUDY
To evaluate quality of finished product, it becomes necessary to subject the
drugs in the prospect of science. The drugs, which are manufactured, should be well
understood and interpreted in the light of modern chemistry to provide proper
scientific back ground. The increasing need for drugs have made it incumbent that
some uniformity of manufacturing in Ayurveda i.e. medicines should be brought
about. The need has also been arises for statutory control to ensure standard of
Ayurveda drugs in the modern sense.
In the present study the analytical study was done for all three samples i.e.,
Samanya Shodhita, Visesha Sodhita, Samanya & Visesha Shodhita Vanga Bhasma
under following aspects.
Vanga Bhasma-
Ancient Parameters- At S.J.G.A.M.C. KOPPAL
Physical & Chemical test- At SASTRA University, TANJAVUR.
NPST – At S.J.G.A.M.C. KOPPAL under guidance of Dr.P.H.C.Murthy.
VANGA BHASMA
Ancient Parameters:
Organoleptic Characters:
Colour- Yellowish white.
Odour- Odourless
Touch- Fine smooth Powder
Taste- Tasteless.
Physical Test:
Varitaratva - Positive
Rekha Poornatva - Positive
Unatvam - Positive
Nirdhoomata - Positive
Gata rasatva - Positive
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
58 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Varanatva - Yellowish White
Nischandratva - Positive
Mrudutva - Positive
Chemical test:
Apunarbhavatva- Positive
Procedure- Vanga Bhasma along with Gunja, Madhu, Guda, Sarpi, Tankana were
triturated together in equal quantity then kept in Sumputa. The Ardhagajaputa was
given to find no regainment of metal.
Physico- chemical tests137,138,139.
Ash value, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying and pH are some physico-
chemical tests employed in the present study. The brief review of those is as follows-
Determination of ash:
Method I
Unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph, weigh accurately 2 to 3 g
of the air-dried crude drug in a tarred platinum or silica dish and incinerate at a
temperature not exceeding 450o
C until free from carbon, cool and weight. If a
carbon-free ash cannot be obtained in this way, exhaust the charred mass with hot
water, collect the residue on an ash less filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter
paper until the ash is white or nearly so, add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and
ignite at a temperature not exceeding 450o. Calculate the percentage of ash with
reference to the air-dried drug.
Method II
Heat a silica or platinum crucible to red hot for 30 minutes; allow cooling in a
desiccators and weight. Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph,
weigh accurately about 1 g of the substance being examined and evenly distribute it in
the crucible. Dry at 100o to 105
o for 1 hour and ignite to constant weight in a muffle
furnace at 600o + 25
o. Allow the crucible to cool in desiccators after each ignition. The
material should not catch fire at any time during the procedure. If after prolonged
ignition a carbon-free ash cannot be obtained proceed as directed in Method I. Ignite
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
59 ANALYTICAL STUDY
to constant weight. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the air dried
substance.
Determination of acid- insoluble ash:
Method I
Boil the ash, Appendix 3.38, with 25 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 5
minutes, collect the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible or on an ash less filter paper,
wash with hot water, ignite, cool in a desiccators and weigh. Calculate the percentage
of acid-insoluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.
Method II
Place the ash, Appendix 3.38, or the sulphated ash, Appendix 3.24, as directed
in the individual monograph, in a crucible, add 15 ml of water and 10 ml of
hydrochloric acid, cover with a watch glass and boil for 10 minutes and allow cooling.
Collect the insoluble matter on an ash less filter appear, washes with hot water until
the filtrate is neutral, ignite to dull redness, cool in a desiccators and weigh. Calculate
the percentage of acid-insoluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.
Determination of loss on drying:
Loss on drying is the loss in weight in % w/w resulting from water and volatile
matter of any kind that can be driven off under specified conditions. The test is carried
out on a well-mixed sample of the substance. If the substance is in the form of large
crystals, reduce the size by rapid crushing to a powder. Unless otherwise specified in
the individual monograph, use Method A.
Method A
Weigh a glass-stopper, shallow weighing bottle that has been dried under the
same conditions to be employed in the determination. Transfer to the bottle the
quantity of the sample specified in the individual monograph, cover it and accurately
weigh the bottle and the contents. Distribute the samples as evenly as practicable by
gentle sidewise shaking to a depth not exceeding 10mm. Place the loaded bottle in the
drying chamber (oven or desiccators) as directed in the monograph, remove the
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
60 ANALYTICAL STUDY
stopper and leave it also in the chamber. Dry the sample to constant weight or for the
specified time and at the temperature indicated in the monograph. After drying is
completed, open the drying chamber, close the bottle promptly and allow it to cool to
room temperature (where applicable) in a desiccators before weighing. Weighing the
bottle and the contents.
Note: Where drying in desiccators is specified, care must be taken to keep the
desiccant fully effective by frequent replacement.
Method B
Thermo-gravimetry:
Thermo-gravimetry is a technique in which the weight of a sample is recorded
as a function of temperature according to a controlled temperature programmed.
Apparatus:
A thermo balance consisting of a device for heating or cooling the substance
being examined according to a given temperature program, a sample holder in a
controlled atmosphere, an electro balance and a recorder. The instrument may be
coupled to a device permitting the analysis of volatile products.
Temperature verification:
Check the temperature scale using nickel or other suitable material according
to the manufacturer‟s instructions.
Calibration of the electro balance:
Place a suitable quantity of calcium oxalate monohydrate RS in the same
holder and record the weight. Set the heating rate according to the manufacturer‟s
instructions and start the temperature program. Record the Thermo-gravimetric curve
as a graph with temperature on the abscissa, increasing from left to right, and weight
on the ordinate, increasing upwards. Stop the rise in temperature at 230o
C. Measure
the distance on the graph between the initial and final weight-temperature plateaux
that corresponds to the loss of weight. The declared loss of weight for calcium oxalate
monohydrate RS is stated on the label.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
61 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Note: If the apparatus is in frequent use, carry out temperature verification and
calibration regularly. Otherwise, carry out such checks before each measurement.
Procedure:
Apply the same procedure to the substance being examined, using the
conditions prescribed in the monograph. Calculate the loss of weight of the substance
being examined from the distance measured on the graph obtained and express as a
percentage w/w of the substance taken.
The actual procedure and the calculations to be employed are dependent on the
particular instrument used. Consult the manufacturer‟s literature and / or the thermal
analysis literature for the most appropriate technique for a given instrument. In any
event, it is imperative to keep in mind the limitations of solid solution formation
insolubility in the melt, polymorphism and decomposition during the analysis.
Table .No. 31 Analytical characters of v1, v2, v3
Parameters Results V1 Results V2 Results V3
Description Dull white fine
powder
Dull white amorphous
powder
Dull white
amorphous powder
pH (1%w/v suspension) 4.59 4.68 4.34
LOD at 105°C 0.1442% 0.0748% 0.2558%
Total Ash 99.56% 99.73% 99.79%
Acid Insoluble Ash 84.42% 77.31% 90.81%
V1- Samanya Sodhita V2- Visesha Sodhita V3- Samanya&Visesha Sodhana.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
62 ANALYTICAL STUDY
REPORT OF TEST OR ANALYSIS
Form 50 [See Rule 160-D (f)]
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the rules thereafter
Report No.: CAR/DTL/phy154 Date: 17.03.14
1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.
Sample received with Mfg. License No College, Koppal
2. Reference number and date of the letter : SR No.473, 25.02.14
3. Date of receipt of the sample : 25.02.14
4. Name of drug / Raw material received : VangaV1/4003
5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)/
Final product (in finished pack) :
6. Original Manufacturer Name :
B. No
Batch size as
represented by the
sample
Sample Qty.
submitted Mfg. Date Expiry Date
- - - -
RESULT OF TEST/ANALYSIS SAMPLE SUBMITTED BY
THE PARTY
SAMPLE NOT
DRAWN BY US
S No Parameters Results Specifications
1. Description Dull white fine powder -
2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.59 -
3. LOD at 105°C 0.1442% -
4. Total Ash 99.56% -
5. Acid Insoluble Ash 84.42% -
In the opinion of the undersigned, the sample referred to above is of Standard Quality
/is not of Standard Quality as defined in the act or the rules made there under for the
reasons given below
Remarks:
Tested By Signature of person
In- charge of testing
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
63 ANALYTICAL STUDY
REPORT OF TEST OR ANALYSIS
Form 50 [See Rule 160-D (f)]
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the rules thereafter
Report No.: CAR/DTL/phy155 Date: 08.03.14
1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.
Sample received with Mfg. License No College, Koppal
2. Reference number and date of the letter : SR No.473, 25.02.14
3. Date of receipt of the sample : 25.02.14
4. Name of drug / Raw material received : Vanga V2/4004
5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)
Final product (in finished pack) :
6. Original Manufacturer Name :
B. No Batch size as represented by
the sample
Sample Qty.
submitted Mfg. Date Expiry Date
- - - -
RESULT OF TEST/ANALYSIS SAMPLE SUBMITTED BY
THE PARTY
SAMPLE NOT
DRAWN BY US
S No Parameters Results Specifications
1. Description Dull white amorphous powder
2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.68
3. LOD at 105°C 0.0748%
4. Total Ash 99.73%
5. Acid Insoluble Ash 77.31%
In the opinion of the undersigned, the sample referred to above is of Standard Quality
/is not of Standard Quality as defined in the act or the rules made there under for the
reasons given below
Remarks:
Tested By Signature of person
In- charge of testing
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
64 ANALYTICAL STUDY
REPORT OF TEST OR ANALYSIS
Form 50 [See Rule 160-D (f)]
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the rules thereafter
Report No.: CAR/DTL/phy156 Date: 17.03.14
1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva prasad, S.J.G.A.M.
Sample received with Mfg. License No College, Koppal
2. Reference number and date of the letter : SR No.473, 25.02.14
3. Date of receipt of the sample : 25.02.14
4. Name of drug / Raw material received : VangaV3/4005
5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)/
Final product (in finished pack) :
6. Original Manufacturer Name :
B. No Batch size as represented by
the sample
Sample Qty.
submitted Mfg. Date Expiry Date
- - - -
RESULT OF TEST/ANALYSIS SAMPLE SUBMITTED BY
THE PARTY
SAMPLE NOT
DRAWN BY US
S No Parameters Results Specifications
1. Description Dull white amorphous
powder
-
2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.34 -
3. LOD at 105°C 0.2558% -
4. Total Ash 99.79% -
5. Acid Insoluble Ash 90.81% -
In the opinion of the undersigned, the sample referred to above is of Standard Quality
/is not of Standard Quality as defined in the act or the rules made there under for the
reasons given below
Remarks:
Tested By Signature of person
In- charge of testing
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
65 ANALYTICAL STUDY
X RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD:
It is a special and sophisticated technique for conducting the analysis in a non-
destructive fashion. A variety of X-Ray techniques and methods are in use. The main
three categories in which all the methods are classified are:
i. X-Ray Absorption Methods
ii. X-Ray Fluorescence Methods
iii. X-Ray Diffraction Methods
As we have adopted the X-Ray Diffraction method, we will go into the
essential details of this method only.
Principle:
X-Ray Diffraction Method:
When a beam of X-radiation is incident upon a substance, the electrons
constituting the atoms of the substances become as small oscillators. These oscillate at
the same frequency as that of incident X-radiation. These scattered waves come from
electrons, which are arranged in a regular manner in a crystal lattice and then travel in
certain directions. If these waves undergo constructive interference, then these are
diffracted from that crystal plane. Every crystalline substance scatters the X-rays in
itsown unique diffraction pattern producing a fingerprint of its atomic and molecular
structure. The following methods used in the X-ray Diffraction Technique.
1. Laue Photographic Method
2. Bragg X-ray Spectrometer Method
3. Rotating Crystal Method
4. Powder Method
We have adopted the Bragg X-ray Spectrometer method. When X-rays fall on
a sample, they are diffracted as per the Bragg's equation:-
n λ = 2d Sin θ (depending upon arrangement of atoms)
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
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66 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Where, λ = Wavelength of X-rays
d = Spacing between the layers of atoms
θ = Angle of incident X-rays
Materials and Methods:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Shimadzu XRD-6000
diffractometer with Cu-Kα as target with 40 KV voltages and 30 MA current.
Sample Preparation:-
The powdered sample was placed in a sample holder and analysis was carried
out in a static position with the detector moving through 2 θ 3 to 70.
Characterization:-
The X-ray diffraction of the sample is matched against the standard reference
spectra library of software for phase identification. The method gives certain emission
peaks, which are characteristic of elements contained in the target. The wavelengths of
the peaks can be related to the atomic number of the elements producing them, so they
provide a means of identifying elements present in the target sample. Furthermore,
under controlled conditions, the intensity of the peaks can be used to determine the
amounts of the various elements present. This is the basis of "electron probe
microanalysis", in which a small target area of the sample in pinpointed for
examination. This has important applications in metallurgical research and in
determining the metallic elements in biological materials (if present)
Advantages:
1. It is rapid and accurate method in identifying the crystal structure.
2. Ease of sample preparation
3. It is large library of known crystalline structure.
4. It is a non-destructive method.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
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67 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Limitations:
1. XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.
2. Trace element detection is often difficult.
Applications:
1. Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous
solid mixtures.
2. It is used in determining relative abundance and actual state of chemical
combination.
3. It is only a method, available for determining polymorphs of a substance.
4. The effect of polymorphism on solubility is particularly important from
pharmaceutical point of view.
5. Used for differentiation among various oxides. For e.g. difference between
FeO, Fe2O3 & Fe3O4 can be identified.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
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68 ANALYTICAL STUDY
V1
Angle 2-Theta ° d value
Intensity
Intensity % Angstrom Count%
26.643 3.34308 3137 87.9
33.939 2.63926 3570 100.0
38.011 2.36538 846 23.7
39.036 2.30559 187 5.2
42.691 2.11626 84.8 2.4
51.824 1.76273 3104 87.0
54.804 1.67373 715 20.0
57.873 1.59205 472 13.2
1 - File: V1.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 13 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.00
Inte
ns
ity
in
co
un
ts
0
1000
2000
3000
2-Theta
10 20 30 40 50 60
d=
3.3
4308 d=
2.6
3926
d=
2.3
6538
d=
2.3
0559
d=
2.1
1626
d=
1.7
6273
d=
1.6
7373
d=
1.5
9205
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METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
69 ANALYTICAL STUDY
V2
Angle 2-Theta ° d value
Intensity
Intensity % Angstrom Count%
26.663 3.34068 2709 84.0
33.963 2.63745 3225 100.0
38.028 2.36433 640 19.8
39.052 2.30467 185 5.7
51.837 1.76232 2640 81.8
54.819 1.67331 623 19.3
57.901 1.59135 390 12.1
1 - File: V2.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 10 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.00
Inte
ns
ity
in
co
un
ts
0
1000
2000
3000
2-Theta
10 20 30 40 50 60
d=
3.3
4068
d=
2.6
3745
d=
2.3
6433
d=
2.3
0467
d=
1.7
6232
d=
1.6
7331
d=
1.5
9135
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
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70 ANALYTICAL STUDY
V3
Angle 2-Theta ° d value
Intensity
Intensity % Angstrom Count%
26.612 3.34695 3073 98.0
33.903 2.64201 3135 100.0
37.977 2.36742 822 26.2
38.995 2.30791 188 6.0
42.200 2.13974 33.7 1.1
51.794 1.76368 2816 89.8
54.778 1.67446 717 22.9
57.845 1.59276 350 11.2
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETER:
XRF is a physical method of analysis which directly analyses almost all
chemical elements of the periodic system in solids, powders or liquids. These
materials may be solids such as glass, ceramics, metal, rocks, coal, plastic or liquids,
like petrol, oils, paints, solutions, blood or even wine.
1 - File: V3.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 9 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.000
Inte
ns
ity
in
co
un
ts
0
1000
2000
3000
2-Theta
10 20 30 40 50 60
d=
3.3
4695
d=
2.6
4201
d=
2.3
6742
d=
2.3
0791
d=
2.1
3974
d=
1.7
6368
d=
1.6
7446
d=
1.5
9276
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
71 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Principle:
X-ray is a type of electromagnetic waves such as visible light ray, but the key
difference is its extremely short wavelength, measuring from 100A to 0.1A. And
compared to normal electromagnetic waves, X-ray easily passes through material and
it becomes stronger as the material's atomic number decreases. X-ray fluorescence
analysis is a method that uses the characteristic X-ray (fluorescent X-ray) that is
generated when X-ray is irradiated on a substance. The fluorescent X-ray is the excess
energy irradiated as electromagnetic field, which is generated when the irradiated X-
ray forces the constituent atom's inner-shell electrons to the outer shell and the vacant
space (acceptor) falls on the outer-shell electrons. These rays possess energy
characteristic to each element, and qualitative analysis using Mosley's Equation and
quantitative analysis using the energy's X-ray intensity (number of photons) are
possible.
Device Structure:
X-ray fluorescence analysis devices can be largely categorized into
1. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX).
2. Energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX).
WDX disperses the fluorescent X-ray generated in the sample using dispersion
crystal and measures it using a Goniometer, resulting in a large size. On the other
hand, the detector in EDX has a superior energy resolution and requires no dispersion
system, which enables downsizing of the device.
X-Ray Generation
X-ray is generated when the X-ray tube accelerates the electrons at high
voltage and bombards them against the metal anode (anti-cathode). There are two
types of X-ray tubes, side window type and end window type, and both are designed
to irradiate intense X-ray on the sample surface as evenly as possible. Beryllium foil is
commonly used for the window for retrieving the incident X-ray. For the anti-cathode,
(sometimes referred as 7gtarget7h) tungsten, rhodium, molybdenum and chrome are
used.
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Detector
When voltage is applied against the current (reverse bias) and light enters in
this state, the electrons in the forbidden band are excited into conductive band and
only the current for the excited electron travel. For X-ray detection, each current pulse
corresponding to an incident X ray photon is measured one by one. The instantaneous
current value of a single pulse is relative to the incident X-ray energy, so X-ray energy
can be found by measuring the wave height of the current pulse.
Qualitative Analysis
In defining X-ray fluorescence analysis, the wavelength of the characteristic
X-ray or the regularity of the energy and atomic number are used. Most devices are
equipped with the automatic identification (definition) feature but it is important to
note various interfering spectrums. Depending on the element types contained in the
sample, energy position of characteristic X-rays may be close to each other or
spectrums may overlap.
When conducting quantitative analysis with fluorescent X-ray, there are two
basic methods. The first is to create a standard curve. This method involves measuring
several samples with a known element concentration, and finding the relationship
between the intensity of the measured element's fluorescent X-ray and the
concentration. By referring this relationship, element concentration of unknown
sample is obtained only with information on its fluorescent X-ray intensity.
Limitations:
Only the elemental composition of the surface layer of the sample (in case of
solid samples) be to U can be easily determined.
For solution state/liquid samples much care is to be taken lest the X-ray source
gets damaged due to spilling of the sample by the rupture of the mylar film
window of the solution cell.
In general XRF DOES NOT give the oxidation state information of elements
except in case of low Z elements eg. for Sulphur, if we use very high
resolution mode of measurements, one can at least in principle, differentiate
between sulphide and sulphate group.
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73 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM)
SASTRA University, Thanjavur
Phone: 04362-264346
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS
Name of the Sample : V1 (Vanga)
Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.C, Koppal.
Sample Received Date : 25.02.14
Report Date : 15/03/14
Instrument used : XRF (Bruker S8 Tiger)
Material: Oxides : Mode: Vacuum
Element in oxide form Element form
Formula Concentration (%) Formula Concentration (%)
SnO2 97.11 Sn 97.73
PbO 0.85 Pb 0.79
Fe2O3 0.50 Cd 0.39
CdO 0.45 Fe 0.35
SO3 0.30 Cl 0.22
Cl 0.22 Hg 0.14
Al2O3 0.19 S 0.12
MgO 0.18 Mg 0.11
Hg 0.14 Al 0.10
CuO 0.04 Cu 0.03
SrO 0.02 Sr 0.02
ANALYST QUALITY MANAGER TECHNICAL MANAGER
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74 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM)
SASTRA University, Thanjavur
Phone: 04362-264346
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS
Name of the Sample : V2 Vanga
Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, SJGAM College, Koppal.
Sample Received Date : 25.02.14
Report Date : 15/03/14
Instrument used : XRF (Bruker S8 Tiger)
Material: Oxides : Mode: Vacuum
Element in oxide form Element form
ANALYST TECHNICAL MANAGER QUALITY MANAGER
Formula Concentration (%)
Sn 96.72
Pb 2.10
Cd 0.32
Fe 0.25
Cl 0.21
S 0.19
Al 0.07
Mg 0.06
Cu 0.05
Sr 0.03
Formula Concentration (%)
SnO2 92.57
PbO 0.47
SO3 0.10
CdO 0.08
Fe2O3 0.08
Cl 0.04
Al2O3 0.03
MgO 0.02
CuO 0.01
SrO 67PPM
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75 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM)
SASTRA University, Thanjavur
Phone: 04362-264346
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS
Name of the Sample : V3 (Vanga)
Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, SJGAM College, Koppal
Sample Received Date : 25.02.14
Report Date : 15/03/14
Instrument used : XRF (Bruker S8 Tiger)
Material: Oxides : Mode: Vacuum
Element in oxide form Element form
ANALYST TECHNICAL MANAGER QUALITY MANAGER
Formula Concentration (%)
SnO2 97.47
PbO 0.78
Fe2O3 0.60
CdO 0.43
SO3 0.33
Al2O3 0.16
MgO 0.14
CuO 0.04
P2O5 0.03
SrO 0.02
Formula Concentration (%)
Sn 98.11
Pb 0.72
Fe 0.42
Cd 0.38
S 0.13
Al 0.08
Mg 0.08
Cu 0.03
Sr 0.02
P 0.02
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76 ANALYTICAL STUDY
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy):
Infrared spectroscopy is an important technique in organic chemistry, which is
an easy way to identify the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule.
Principal:
As the chemical bonds absorb infrared energy at specific frequencies or
wavelength, basic structure of the compound can be determined by spectral locations
of their IR absorption. The plot of a compounds IR transmission Vs Frequency is its
„Finger print‟ which is characteristic of the molecular composition of the sample.
Advantages
Identification and quantification of organic solid, liquid or gas samples.
Analysis of powders, solids, gels, emulsions, pastes, pure liquids and solutions,
polymers, pure and mixed gases.
Infrared used for research, methods development, quality control and quality
assurance applications.
Limitations
Limited surface sensitivity (typical sampling volumes are ~0.8 µm)
Minimum analysis area: ~15 micron
Limited inorganic information
Typically not quantitative (needs standards)
Application
Identification of organic functional groups in the finished products like
bhasma, kupipakwa, kharaleeya preparations.
Interpretation of report V1:
In V1 FTIR report- at level of 3408.84 level shows Alcohols and Phenols stri-
vibr O-H and frequency is 2.93µ
At the level of 1639.74- Bonding Vibration shows NH2 Scissoring Amines.
At this same level Stretching Vibration point shows Amides, Carboxylic acids
and derivatives having C = O bond of Frequency 6.09µ
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Report V2 and Report V3 shows same contents as shown above pattern.
Report V4: 3421.28 point level Stretching vibration shows Amines N-H 2 bonds
and Frequency is 2.92µ.
2922.57 stretching vibration Alkanes CH3,CH2 and CH having 2 or 3 bonds.
Frequency is 3.42µ
At the level of 1540.82 shows carboxylic Acids and derivatives.
Acids C-H overlap O-H and Frequency is 6.49µ
Table No: 32 Showing the observations of V1:
Frequency Wave length (μ) Functional group Bonding
3408.84 2.93 Alcohol & Phenol O-H(Single)
1639.74 6.09 Amines, Carboxylic
acids & derivatives.
C=O(Double)
V1-Samanya Sodhita Vanga Bhasma
V2 and V3 Results are same as it is mentioned in above table
V2 is Visesha sodhita Vanga Bhasma.
V3 is Samanya& Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma.
Table No: 33 Showing the observations of V4:
Frequency Wave length (μ) Functional group Bonding
3421.28 2.92 Amines N-H(Double)
2922.57 3.42 Alkanes CH3, CH2 &
CH
C=O(Double
or Triple)
1540.82 6.49 Carboxylic Acids and
Derivatives.
C-H overlap
O-H.
V4- Jarita Vanga.
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78 ANALYTICAL STUDY
SAMPLE NAME : FT-3992 FT-IR SPECTRUM (V1 Vanga) Date: 3/4/2014
Shiva Prasad,V1Vanga,FT-3992-280214.pk
Shiva Prasad,V1Vanga,FT-3992-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00
18.78 54.42 4.00 %T 10 1.00 REF 4000 54.40 2000 52.83 600
3408.84 48.85 1639.74 51.95 620.55 18.77
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 15.0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55.0
cm-1
%T
3408.84
1639.74
620.55
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79 ANALYTICAL STUDY
SAMPLE NAME:FT-3993(V2 Vanga) FT-IR SPECTRUM Date: 3/4/2014
Shiva Prasad,V2 vanga,FT-3993-280214.pk
Shiva Prasad,V2 vanga,FT-3993-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00 25.12 55.23 4.00 %T 10 1.00
REF 4000 55.21 2000 53.95 600 3426.89 50.10 1632.21 53.30 1078.78 53.76 623.08 25.12
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 20.0
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54 55.3
cm-1
%T
3426.89
1632.21 1078.78
623.08
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
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80 ANALYTICAL STUDY
SAMPLE NAME : FT-3994(V3 Vanga) FT-IR SPECTRUM Date: 3/4/2014
Shiva Prasad,V3 vanga,FT-3994-280214.pk
Shiva Prasad,V3 vanga,FT-3994-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00 9.23 42.05 4.00 %T 10 1.00
REF 4000 42.04 2000 41.95 600 3409.19 37.01 1631.99 40.70 619.15 9.23
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45.0
cm-1
%T
3409.19
1631.99
619.15
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81 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Namburis Phased spot test
Namburis phased spot test was conducted for qualitative standardization of
Vanga Bhasma.
Methods & Materials :
This test is special for qualitative assessment of Bhasmas developed by Dr. H.
Namburi. When a drop of clear solution of a substance (Bhasma) that is under
examination is put on one of the chemical reacting paper, a spot with a series of
changes in colour and pattern will appear on paper. It is the study of this spot and
colour at three successive phases spreading over three different time intervals is
known as “Phased spot test”.
In chemistry the technique of spot test or chromatography is widely used. This
is a method to study or detect continual chemical reaction that take place gradually
between two chemical substances on static media at every second or even at a fraction
of a second.
Procedure:
For testing Vanga Bhasma which is mulika marita ,the following procedure is
to be adopted.
Preparation of solution:
0.2 gms of bhasma was taken in to a centrifuge test tube and 0.5 ml of 5 N
HNO3 was added drop by drop and gently heated for one minute. This solution was
kept in the stand for 50 hrs. Shaking now and Then solution was allowed to settle until
clear layer was formed for testing.
Preparation of Chemical reacting Paper:
The paper that is treated with the solution of the taken Bhasma is known as chemical
reacting paper. For vanga Bhasma 10% Potassium iodide paper is indicated.
No.1 Whitman‟s paper of size 14 cm x 8 cm was taken. Then 50 ml of solution
of 10% potassium iodide was taken in a stainless steel tray and paper was impregnated
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82 ANALYTICAL STUDY
for one minute and was kept for drying, on glass sheet in shade avoiding wrinkles or
air bubbles formation between glass & paper. After proper drying it was used.
Testing of the bhasma : The solution, which was prepared of Vanga Bhasma & 5, N
HNO3 was taken & one drop of clear supernatant fluid was taken & drooped on
chemical reacting paper.
Observation: Observation was made in three phase‟s i.e.
1st phase – Very moment of dropping the drop till formation of spot up to
5 min. Called “Immediate reaction”.
2nd
Phase – Extends after 1st phase up to 20 min called “Delayed Reaction”.
3rd
Phase – Extends from end of 20th
min to some hrs. Or days called “Late
reaction”.
Following observation were seen in Vanga Bhasma.
1st Phase – Dark brown solid spot.
2nd
Phase – Formation of glittering grey spot.
3rd
Phase – i.e. 8 hrs. After 1st Phase – the dark brown spot fades away in the center
of the spot leaving behind a yellowish while spot as big as a glittering spot.
This pattern was observed tallying the standard pattern of mulika mrita Vanga Bhasma
indicating high standards of the Bhasma.
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83 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Particle Size Analysis:-
Aim: To determine the particle size of the given sample.
Principle: The illumination system in the sensor is designed to provide a monotonic
increase in pulse height with increasing particle diameter. A particle size distribution
is constructed one particle at a time, by comparing the detected pulse heights with a
standard calibration curve, obtained from a set of uniform particles of known
diameters.
Baseline Correction: The water / medium used as the vehicle should be standardized
before running the sample. With reference to this standard values the system is
calibrated.
Sample Preparation: 20 mg of the given sample is mixed with the insoluble medium
and stirred well. The sample should be uniformly dispersed in given solvent.
Procedure: The medium, kept in the conical flask is taken in by the syringe and it
passes through the sensor. Few drops of the sample are added to the conical flask
which is constantly stirred by the magnetic stirrer. The detector detects the number of
particles per ml of the sample. The result derived is calibrated with reference to the
baseline correction value. A data file can be retrieved to display the resulting particle
size distribution with the desired weighing result. Display: A data file which has been
stored following a measurement can be retrieved to display the resulting particle size
distribution (PSD), with the desired weighting using this option. Population
Distribution: This is the raw data that the instrument produces a histogram of
differential counts vs particle size. All of the data is obtained in 512 logarithmically
spaced channels from the minimum to maximum sizes as defined by the sensor
calibration menu. The graphical binning of the counts is based on the choice entered
in the system menu where the user had the choice to look at data in 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,
256 or 512 channels.
Differential distribution: Differential distribution displays a histogram of the data as
the total number of particles located in each bin. For example in this particular data
file the raw data channels were 512 logarithmically spaced channels from 0.5 to 400
microns. In this graph they were binned to 128channels for graphical representation
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84 ANALYTICAL STUDY
and case of data handling. To assign a single size value to a bin the instrument picks
the arithmetic mean of the bin size and rounds it off to the second decimal place. For
differential distributions the data is displayed as a function of the total number of
counts located in each bin. There are several differential plots that can be obtained.
The Population Differential distribution is the raw data of counts vs size in each bin
or the number of particles at each diameter. The Number Weighted Differential
Distribution is the same graph normalized to 100 %. This is very useful when trying
to compare multiple runs where the same number of counts was not present. By
normalizing all curves to 100% the graphs are now displayed as percentage of total
number of particles located in each bin where The Volume Weighted Differential
Distribution takes each bin from the Number Weighted Differential Curve and
applies a volume weighed function.
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MICROSCOPIC METALLOGRPHY
The surface of a metallographic specimen is prepared by various methods
of grinding, polishing, and etching. After preparation, it is often analyzed
using optical or electron microscopy. Using only metallographic techniques, a skilled
technician can identifyalloys and predict material properties.
Mechanical preparation is the most common preparation method. Successively
finer abrasive particles are used to remove material from the sample surface until the
desired surface quality is achieved. Many different machines are available for doing
this grinding and polishing, which are able to meet different demands for quality,
capacity, and reproducibility.
A systematic preparation method is the easiest way to achieve the true structure.
Sample preparation must therefore pursue rules which are suitable for most materials.
Different materials with similar properties (hardness and ductility) will respond alike
and thus require the same consumables during preparation.
Metallographic specimens are typically "mounted" using a hot
compression thermosetting resin. In the past, phenolic thermosetting resins have been
used, but modern epoxy is becoming more popular because reduced shrinkage
during curingresults in a better mount with superior edge retention. A typical
mounting cycle will compress the specimen and mounting media to 4,000 psi
(28 MPa) and heat to a temperature of 350 °F (177 °C). When specimens are very
sensitive to temperature, "cold mounts" may be made with a two-part epoxy resin.
Mounting a specimen provides a safe, standardized, and ergonomicway by which to
hold a sample during the grinding and polishing operations.
After mounting, the specimen is wet ground to reveal the surface of the metal. The
specimen is successively ground with finer and finer abrasive media. Silicon
carbide abrasive paper was the first method of grinding and is still used today. Many
metallographers, however, prefer to use a diamond grit suspension which is dosed
onto a reusable fabric pad throughout the polishing process. Diamond grit in
suspension might start at 9 micrometres and finish at one micrometre. Generally,
polishing with diamond suspension gives finer results than using silicon carbide
papers (SiC papers), especially with revealing porosity, which silicon carbide paper
sometimes "smear" over. After grinding the specimen, polishing is performed.
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Typically, a specimen is polished with a slurry of alumina, silica, or diamond on
a napless cloth to produce a scratch-free mirror finish, free from smear, drag, or pull-
outs and with minimal deformation remaining from the preparation process.
After polishing, certain microstructural constituents can be seen with the microscope,
e.g., inclusions and nitrides. If the crystal structure is non-cubic (e.g., a metal with a
hexagonal-closed packed crystal structure, such as Ti or Zr) the microstructure can be
revealed without etching using crossed polarized light (light microscopy). Otherwise,
the microstructural constituents of the specimen are revealed by using a suitable
chemical or electrolytic etchant.
Analysis techniques:
Many different microscopy techniques are used in metallographic analysis.
Prepared specimens should be examined with the unaided eye after etching to detect
any visible areas that have responded to the etchant differently from the norm as a
guide to where microscopical examination should be employed. Light optical
microscopy (LOM) examination should always be performed prior to any electron
metallographic (EM) technique, as these are more time-consuming to perform and the
instruments are much more expensive.
Further, certain features can be best observed with the LOM, e.g., the natural color of
a constituent can be seen with the LOM but not with EM systems. Also, image
contrast of microstructures at relatively low magnifications, e.g., <500X, is far better
with the LOM than with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), while transmission
electron microscopes (TEM) generally cannot be utilized at magnifications below
about 2000 to 3000X. LOM examination is fast and can cover a large area. Thus, the
analysis can determine if the more expensive, more time-consuming examination
techniques using the SEM or the TEM are required and where on the specimen the
work should be concentrated.
Bright and dark field microscopy:
Most LOM observations are conducted using bright field (BF) illumination, where the
image of any flat feature perpendicular to the incident light path is bright, or appears
to be white. But, other illumination methods can be used and, in some cases, may
provide superior images with greater detail. Dark field microscopy (DF), although not
used much today, provides high contrast images and actually greater resolution than
bright field. In dark field, the light from features perpendicular to the optical axis is
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blocked and appears dark while the light from features inclined to the surface, which
look dark in BF, appear bright, or "self-luminous" in DF. Grain boundaries, for
example, are more vivid in DF than BF.
Metallographic analysis may determine such issues as:
Grain size and growth
Grain structure resulting from processing
Intermetallic phase microstructures
Carbide formation at surfaces and grain boundaries
Equiaxed or columnar grains
Chemical microsegregation
Microshrinkage and porosity
Inclusions
Planar, cellular, and dendritic interfaces
Microstuctures as a function of cooling rate
Grain size as a function of work hardening
Table no. 34 Grain size of vanga(Taila Sodhita)
SID:A ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)
Frame - 1 3.00 0.12793 0.04001
Table no. 35 Grain size of vanga(Takra Sodhita)
SID:B ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)
Frame – 1 3.75 0.10151 0.08078
Table no. 36 Grain size of vanga(Gomutra Sodhita)
SID:C ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)
Frame – 1 4.00 0.10164 0.04425
Table no. 37 Grain size of vanga( Kanji Sodhita)
SID:D ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)
Frame – 1 4.25 0.08085 0.03712
Table no. 38 Grain size of vanga(Kulatt Kwata Sodhita)
SID:E ASTM NO. MeanIntercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)
Frame – 1 4.38 0.07564 0.03255
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88 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
CLEAVAGE
Cleavage or parting is the tendency of minerals to split along certain definite
planes. The cleavage plane is closely related to crystalline form and internal atomic
structure and therefore is generally parallel to crystal faces. Minerals may show
several cleavages and also the degree of perfection of each cleavage plane Vang is
imperfect Cleavage.
COLOUR
The sensation of colour depends in the case of monochromatic light, solely upon
the length of the waves of light which meet the eye. If the light consists of various
wavelengths it is to be the combined effect of these that the sensation of color is due.
Vanga is Metallic Colour
VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
89 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
CRYSTAL AGGREGATES
When a mineral shows no crystalline form, it is said to be massive it may however
have a definite molecular structure, and then it is said to a crystalline aggregate.
The Vanga is Lump in crystal aggregate. (Lump is an uneven mass).
FLAME COLOUR
Forceps are employed to hold the fragment of the mineral while a test
is made as to its fusibility, also when the presence of volatile ingredient which
may give the flame a characteristic colour is tested for
Vanga didn’t show any change in colour on the flame.
FRACTURE
The term fracture is used to define the form or kind of surface obtained by breaking in
a direction other than that of cleavage in a crystallized mineral, and in any direction in
massive minerals
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
90 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
Irregular fracture and it’s not so easy to breck because it is not brittle one.
LUSTER
The nature of luster of minerals varies with the nature of their surfaces .A variation
in the quantity of light reflected produces different degrees of intensity of luster: a
variation in the nature of the reflecting surface produces different kinds of luster.
Vanga is a Silvary white colour metal.
MAGNETISAM
A few minerals/ metals, in their natural state, are capable of being
attracted by a hand magnet. They are called magnetic. In other words, if a
mineral/ metal gets attracted by a horse-shoe magnet or deflects the needle of a
compass, it is said to possess magnetism. A substance may be strongly
magnetic, weakly magnetic or nonmagnetic.
Vanga is a nonmagnetic in nature.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
91 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
NATURE
Being natural chemical compounds, minerals may occur in any aggregation
state, though most of them are known to belong to solid crystalline substances.
Amorphous minerals are scarce. As such natural occurrence of minerals may be in the
following forms:
a. Crystalline
b. Amorphous
c. Opaque, transparent and translucent
d. Aggregate
Vanga is in opaque nature
ROASTING
Sample is taken in Iron pan and heated to observe the odour, fumes and
changes occurring while roasting.
While roasting Vanga gets melt and produce the Pooti Gandha. On continue heating it
get burnt become black powder form.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
92 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
TENACITY
This is a measure of how a mineral deforms when it is crushed or bent. In fact,
tenacity or tensile strength is the resistance that a mineral offers to mechanical
deformation. In other words, it is the resistance that the atoms or ions of a substance
offer to being subjected to processes that tent to cause bending, breaking, crushing, or
cutting. Vanga is malleable.
FIZZ TEST:
A mineral which is to be tested kept on a flat surface and few drops of conc.
hydrochloric acid is dropped on the sample and the observations are to be noted, if the
test is positive the froth and sound will be observed. On Vanga Fizz test positive.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
93 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION
STREAK TEST
The fine powder of a mineral shows more constant colouration than the same
mineral in a massive specimen. This phenomenon is used for identification of
a mineral by rubbing the mineral on a rough surface. A white unglazed
porcelain plate commonly known as streak plate is generally used to see the
colour of the powder of a mineral. Streak is a more reliable distinguishing
feature of minerals with a semi-metallic and sub-metallic lustrer.
Vanga gives White Streak and glittering fine particles were sprinkled.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
94 DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Discussion is the part of research work. Without this, work cannot be
completed. This chapter deals with the discussion regarding Drug, Purification,
Incineration and its Observations, findings and results of the various studies.
The present work entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE
PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA
SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” are studied under 3
headings.
Review of literature
Pharmaceutical study
Analytical study
Discussion on Review of literature:
Discussion on Vanga Dhatu:
Vanga is a known one of the Dhatu since Vedic period, In Rasa texts it is
classified under Dhatu Varga and in the Poothi loha varga, because of the bad smell
emitted during its melting or reason can be the mythological origin of metal that it is
from the Sharira of Indra according to rasakamadhenu. It is also called as Khuraka, the
shape resembling the hoofs of animals indicates the easy recognization of the metal.
Other synonyms reflect the nature, properties, and origin of the metal.
Classification of the Vanga clearly indicates the quality of the metal, Khuraka
is considered as the pure form of the metal known. It is most beneficial to select
Vanga which is Dhavalam, Mrudulam, Snigdha, Drutadrava, Sagaurava, Nisabdha,
smooth, shiny, proper weightage; clarity indicates the quality of the drug. Vanga metal
is Mrudhu as compared to Yashada and Khatina as compared to the Naga. Vanga is
Mrudu and easily cut by knife, Katinata of the Vanga indicates the mix of other metal
in it.
Vanga is having laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna, Ushna property to bring the
Medohara, lekhana property when induced internally. According to Kashinata Shastri
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
95 DISCUSSION
on commenting on Rasatarangini text says Vanga is used internally in Bahumutra,
Shukradosha, Sveta pradara, and various other Sravayukta vikaras indicates its Grahi
property, hence it is also a superior medicine in the treatment of Shukrakshaya,
Swapnameha.
Ashodita Vanga mainly affect the Rasavaha, Rakthavaha, and Mamsavaha
srothas, causing pandu, Vatashonitha,Vidradi and various other ill effects on the body.
Tin was the one of first metal known to the human being throughout the
ancient history various culture recognize the virtues of the tin in coating, alloys and
compounds and use of the metal increases with the advancing of the technology. Tin
is an important metal used in industry although its annual usage is minimum
compared to other metals, in most applications only small amount of tin are used at
the time.
In periodic table Vanga the Stannum-Tin (Sn) is belonging to „P‟ block
element, of fourth group vertically positioned in number 4, just above the lead. It is
obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide.
Tin not easily oxidized in air so used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.
Tin is malleable at ordinary temperature but it is brittle when it is cooled, at 2000c it
become brittle and falls in to powder. Cry of tin when it is bent is due to the twinning
of crystals. It is less hard (1.8) so it can be cut easily.
Because of wide range of Physical and chemical property it is used in many
forms such as alloys ,soldering, making utensils, mirrors, dying, calico printing and
many more.
Tin has been established as essential trace elements for some animals. From
the source of the food we get 1-3mg range which is less than 1/10th
of daily intake
obtained, less usage of tin coated utensils may be the cause. Tin deficiency results in
the poor growth, hearing loss, hair loss. Tin is capable of entering in to biological
activity at saline pH, and less toxic than important trace elements.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
96 DISCUSSION
Discussion on Pharmaceutical Review:
Discussion on Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga
Samanya and Visesha Sodhana concept we seen in mainly in Dhatu varga.In
various Rasa Granthas different types of liquid Medias like Taila, Takra, Gomutra,
Kulattha Qwatha, Kanji for Samanya Sodhana and Choornodaka, haridra kwatha,
kumara swarasa ect. For Visesha Sodhana are mentioned. Shodhana described before
any kind of use of Vanga for Marana. So the main purpose of Shodhana of Vanga
seems to be for removal of both physical and chemical impurities. Destruction of
structure of Vanga by converting to a granular form especially before Marana. pH of
these drugs do play an important role in the structural changes in Vanga as well as
impose their properties on it during the process.
In this study, Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga were performed by
the process of Nirvapa and Dhalana. So, here the action of Nirvapa and Dhalana
procedure for Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of metals /minerals has been
discussed.
Nirvapa procedure:
This process is performed in two phases. In first phase metals /minerals made
into thin sheet form are heated and in second phase metals /minerals are quenched in
liquid media. These heating and quenching are repeated for specific times and in
particular Medias.
Dhalana process
This process is performed in two phases. In first phase metals /minerals are
heated up to molten/red hot state on strong heat and in second phase the molten /red
hot metals /minerals are quenched in liquid media. These melting/heating and
quenching are repeated for specific times and in particular Medias.
Nirvapa procedure: First Phase -
In this phase, flakes (thin sheet) of metals/minerals are taken with holder
heated it on fire. Heat is the most important phenomenon in Rasashastra. Because for
the transformation of state of matter,heat is most essential. So, in Rasashastra for
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
97 DISCUSSION
every processing a particular heating pattern is indicated. This pattern of heating must
be followed to achieve the desired change in the matter and in case of process of
Nirvapa, heating to complete state is very important, because in this state desired
changes in the metal can be achieved.
Second Phase: Phase of quenching
In this phase, heated flakes of the metal/minerals are quenched in specific
liquid media. The quenching must be immediate, because which affects the
reconstruction of the crystals after heating during cooling by changing its grain size.
Grain size is nothing but the microscopic crystalline areas of a particular
metal/mineral, limited by the boundaries known as “grain boundaries”
In general smaller grain size causes more strength and hardness in a metal. So
one has to increase the grain size to reduce the hardness and increase the brittleness of
a metal by recrystallization, which can be achieved by quenching.
As this heating is followed by quenching and sudden cooling takes place. The
sudden change in the temperature breaks the strong bonds to reduce the hardness and
increase the brittleness of Vanga.
The liquids used for the primary processing of Samanya and Vishesha
Shodhana contain one or many following qualities or substances. viz, weak/strong
acids, weak/strong bases, enzymes, solvents, inorganic contents, herbo-mineral
entities and specific Prabhava. Presence of any acidic content in the liquid reacts with
the metal to liberate hydrogen. Similarly with other substance; these liquids may be
solvents for other contents, elements etc...
Changes of materials during Shodhana process:
Physical changes
Repetition of heating and cooling effect‟s disruption in compression tension
equilibrium leads to increased brittleness, reduction in hardness and finally reduction
in the particle size. The applied force by the form of heat is initially taken on high
portion of the surface. As a result, high stress may be set up locally in the particles.
The bond at this place becomes weak, which may be responsible for flaws. The
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
98 DISCUSSION
particle with the weakest flaw fractures most easily and produced largest possible
pieces. In the next step, another weakest flaw fractures. By this way particle size is
reduced.
Chemical changes
During heating hot state of metals and minerals volatile chemical impurities
like arsenic are removed completely. Some metals and minerals during molten or red
hot state react with atmospheric oxygen or steam and form chemical compound. So
during molten or red hot state immediate quenching in liquid media is important; it
facilitates chemical reaction in the media whenever the materials remain molten or red
hot. For example Tin when heated to molten, react with atmospheric oxygen or steam
to form Tin oxide
DISCUSSION ON TIN PERCENTAGE IN THE VANGA :
Raw Vanga contains 97.05% of Tin, after the treatment in the different media
percent of tin is decreased except in Takra and Kulatta kwatha of Samanya Shodhana,
Kumari drava and Arka dugdha of Vishesha Shodhana,and Arka dugdha of samanya
and vishesha shodhana. The reduction in Tin percent shows some amount of tin has
oxidised to Tin oxide, this can be established from XRD report, but this does not give
any initial information about MALAVICCHEDANA property.
In Choornodaka percentage of Tin is drastically reduced that shows maximum
amount of Tin is converted to Tin oxide.
In Tila Taila Media:
It has Sukshma and Ashukari properties, by these properties it may easily and
rapidly enter into the material through the cracks and intermolecular space, and makes
film coating and further heating causes chemical reaction, compound formation and
breaking of the material. It has Madhura,Tikta and Kashaya Rasa, Vyavayi, Vikasi,
Vishada, Deepana, Lekhana, Ushna, Guru properties, by these properties it may
causes Snigdhata (softening) and bhedana and removal of the Doshas present in
Vanga.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
99 DISCUSSION
In Metallurgical science also explanation of Oil as a quenching media is found.
Quenching in oil media may be responsible for removal of fat soluble impurities.
These metals contain greasy material and apart from this any other fat soluble
impurities are present with metal, they may get dissolved in this media.
Takra Media:
It is having Tikshna, Sanghata Bhedana and Shithili karana properties. By
these properties it may cause softening and breaking of the material it is acidic in
nature so it may contain lactic acid and acid media to help in removing the basic
impurities associated with these metals like hydroxides, bicarbonate and oxides.
Shodhana in Amla rasa varga may be effective upon these metals due to the
physico pharmalogical effects of Amla rasa such as Apakarshana, etc. Hence these
metals are benefited by Shodhana with reference to Apakarshana, Kledana, leading to
increased laxity of molecules and for dissociation and also the intermolecular space of
metals are pierced by the effect of amla rasa under temperature and pressure. As Takra
is also rich in protective organic bacilli, it may be helpful in effective organolising of
the metals as well as helping in organic conversion of inorganic substance. In this
process, splashing and explosive sounds were heard, which may be due to the boiling
point of Takra which is less than the melting point of these metals which causes
decomposition of water and organic matter.
Sn+ + Takra (lactic acid) T
+ salt +H2O + H2
In Gomutra Media:
It has Dahana and Pachana properties. So it may cause worn out of the
material and this may cause eradication of undesired substances from the material. It
is alkaline in nature and having the Ksharana and Kshanana property upon drugs may
remove its watery and oily contents. Hence Kshara rasa may be helpful in dissociation
of molecules and softens and brittles the metals. In this process it may remove the
acidic impurities which may be soluble in alkaline media present in the metals. The
acidic impurities like chlorides, sulphides and nitrates may be washed away. The
boiling point of Gomutra is lesser than melting point of these metals this may cause
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
100 DISCUSSION
decomposition of water and organic matter. So splashing and explosive sounds were
heard.
Sn++ Gomutra (alkaline) T
++ H2O + Salts
In Kulattha Qwatha Media:
It has Ashmari bhedana property. By this property it may cause breaking of
material. In this media there was maximum loss of metals due to scum formation. This
indicates Kulattha Qwatha makes metal soft and breaking it into smaller particles. The
boiling point of Kulattha Qwatha is lesser than the melting point of metals it may
cause decomposition of water and release of Hydrogen gas, which leads to splashing
and explosive sounds.
Sn++ 2 H2O kul.qwath T
+O2+2 H2
In Kanji Media:
It is also having same properties like Takra and may cause softening and
breaking of materials.
2CH3COOH + T+ T
+ (CH3COO
-) 2 + H2
Choornodaka
It is also alkaline in nature. By this process any escaped acidic impurities are
washed away.
Sn+ + Ca(OH)2 T
+ + Ca salts + H2O
Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Choornodaka may help in breaking down the
crystalline structure of Vanga to grain amorphous nature. The breaking of bonds helps
in quenching the metals
All these liquid Medias acts as cooling media during the process of
Nirvapa/Dhalana, these may serve a favourable atmosphere to the material for
occurrence particular chemical reaction and compound formation. These may enter
through the cracked surface of the material and cause film coating and further heating
leads to breaking of the material. They may also acts as source of inorganic traces.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
101 DISCUSSION
Discussion on Jarana Procedure:
It is said to be the intermediate procedure between Shodhana and Marana of
Putilohas. The rationality of this process may be the fact that Putilohas with low
melting point cannot be converted to powder form easily, once they are cooled they
regain their metallic form.
This procedure is carried out in open air, along with continues adding of
powders of drugs like Apamarga Panchanga, Ashwattha bark, Kukkutanda Twaka in
big iron pan. The continuos rubbing with iron ladle converts Putilohas to powder form
in 3-4 hrs and reconversion of metal is not possible. This Jarita Vanga is further
processed giving puta till it obtains bhasma form.
Here we are using Samudra Lavana for Jarana procedure. It is because of it
burnt and make molten Vanga into ash form and it not give any high weight to Vanga
while Jarana procedure. After washing it in water all burnt salt removed out.
Discussion on Marana Procedure:
After the Jarana procedure next step is Marana procedure here we took Kumari
swarasa for Mardana. Take Jarita Vanga in Khalva fill it with Kumari Swarasa 3 to 4
hrs mardana should be done.
After dried make into chakrikas keep it into Sarava Samputa give heat by cow
dung cakes. This procedure is repeated for 8 times obtained dull white coloured
Bhasma. But it is not came white colour as classics told.
Kumari swarasa
Possessing Tikta,Madhura anurasa,and Ushna virya property it brings the
Bedaniya guna in each particles of Vanga leading to the reduction in the size of
Vanga.
Kumari brings the property of Balya, rasayana property to the Vanga and add
Singda and Laghu guna.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
102 DISCUSSION
Discussion on Analytical study:
To standardise and to establish the safety and efficacy of a drug and to
convince the scientific society of the efficacy of a drug, analytical study with data is
essential. For the present work, analytical study was carried out considering both
ancient and modern parameters. Discussion…
“A Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vanga Bhasma prepared by three purificatory
procedures i.e Samanya Sodhana, Visesha Sodhana and Samanya-Visesha Sodhana”
Ancient parameters
All the classical, analytical parameters explained in our rasa texts have definite
significance viz
– Which indicates lightness of bhasma ,
- which indicates micro fineness of the bhasma .
Nischandrata – Which indicates transformation of the specific lustful to lustreless
metallic compound after incineration process.
– Which helps to ascertain the stableness and complete formation of
bhasma .
Modern parameters
Various modern analytical parameters are explained to assess the quality of raw
drug, during the process and after the formation of the end product. But selection of
specific analytical parameters suitable to the purpose is very important . In the present
study,
1. Physico-chemical analysis:
a) Form of the Vanga Bhasma of all the 3 purified procedures shows fine
powder.
b) Shape, Colour ect. Charecters of the Vanga Dhatu shows their respective
characters according to its variety.
c) Odour and Taste of all the 3 procedures are indistinct.
d) Ash value of all 3 Bhasmas are above 99%.
e) Acid insoluble ash is more than 80% in all 3 Bhasmas.
f) PH of all the samples are varies.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
103 DISCUSSION
2. XRD analysis:
Major peaks at 2 θ position show the presence of SnO2.
3. XRF analysis:
Element in oxide form – SnO2 is 97.11% when it is in element form
Sn 97.73% - Samanya Sodhita Bhasma.
Element in oxide form – SnO2 is 95.87% when it is in element form
Sn 96.72% - Visesha Sodhita Bhasma.
Element in oxide form – SnO2 is 97.47% when it is in element form
Sn 98.11%
4. NPST Analysis shows standard quality and all three Bhasmas shows
customary set of images as mentioned in Npst book.
5. FTIR Analysis shows Frequency points like 3421.28, 1436.53 ect contents like
Alcohols and phenols, amines,ect. Wave length like 2.93µ, 6.09µect and
bonding arrangements like Single, Double and Tripple.
6. Particle size estimation of all 3 samles of Vanga Bhasma is differs. Samanya
Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 1864d.nm, Intencity% 100.0, and Width
254.0 d.nm.
Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 823.5d.nm, Intencity%
94.6, and Width 146.7 d.nm.
Samanya and Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 1039d.nm,
Intencity% 100.0, Width 155.0 d.nm.
7. Microscopic Metallography shows the grain size of Samanya Sodhita Vanga
samples, there is changes in values of all five Medias (Taila, Takra, Gomutra,
Kanji, Kulatta Kwatha) .
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
104 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The inclusion of Vanga under Puti lohas group because of exhibiting typical mild
foul smell while melting. Due to low melting point and formation of black scum
on the surface while melting.
The Shodhana Samkara of Vanga in Medias like Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala,
Kulattha Kwath & Choornodaka, leads Vanga in spiky pieces form, loses lusture,
along with amorphous powder.
To convert Vanga from metallic form to powder state Jarana process plays key
role and within five to six hours metallic Vanga turns to powder form.
Using the sea salt for Jarana it helps the Vanga convert into complete powder form
and weight gain will be less.
After 8th Puta Vanga shows Varitartva Rekhapoonatva and even Nischandratva to
call it sumritas form.
During Marana, Bhavana with Kumari Swarasa helps to convert the Vanga
powder into fine Powder and convert it into to white colour Bhasma.
Conclusion on Analytical study: According to all Analytical study Vanga is having
more amount of Tin and it obeys all features of Vanga.
Total Ash value of Samanya Sodhana is 99.56% and Dull White fine powder.
In Visesha Sodhana is 99.73% and Dull White Amorphous powder and in
Samanya-Visesha Sodhana is 99.79% and Dull White Amorphous powder.
XRD shows the more present of SnO2 in all 3 Vanga Bhasmas.
XRF analysis spectacles Tin in Samanya Sodhana element form Sn
concentration percentage is 97.73% and Oxide form SnO2 is 97.11%. In
Visesha Sodhana element form is Sn 96.72% and Oxide form is SnO2 is
95.85%. & In Samanya-Visesha Sodhana element form 98.11% and Oxide
form 97.47%
FTIR analysis Finger Printing part shows peak value of Sn percentage in all
prepared Vanga Bhasmas.
NPST analysis shows prepared Vanga Bhasma having more percentage of Tin
and it shows Native form of Tin patern on paper.
Microscopic Metallography shows grain size of Samanya Sodhita Vanga (5
Samples).
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
105 CONCLUSION
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
The Rationality behind Shodhana procedures can be studied chemically i.e.
how the Shodhana Dravya going to detoxify the Raw Material.
Study can be expanded to evaluate the removal of other Malas by the use of
Different Shodhana Medias.
Other methods of Vishesha Shodhana procedures can be adopted and
compared physicochemically.
The analytical estimations can be done at various stages in the preparation of
drug.
Ayurvedic Metallurgical part can be made strong by expanding the study with
reference to Malavicchedana property of Shodhana.
Use of Modern techniques to know that, what is the actual chemical reaction
taking place within the Sharava samputa and temperature reading with optical
Pyrometer during the process can be studied.
In the routine practice tila taila is considered for all Dhatu shodhana. As per
the theory of quenching, both fatty oil and mineral oil used. Wherein mineral
oils are superior than fatty oils hence respective Dhatu shodhana using suitable
different oils can be taken up
Study can be carried out by comparing Physico chemical analysis of
Samanya, Vishesha and Samanya Vishesha shodhita Vanga bhasma and its
therapeutic value
LIMITATIONS
1. Physico- chemical analysis is limited to XRD, XRF, FTIR..
2. The study is restricted to evaluate the MALAVICCHEDANA property of
Shodhana.
3. Modern chemistry is limited to explained the Gunavardana property of Vanga.
4. Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation are taken from
outside laboratories.
5. It was a time bound research work.
6. The work is not monitory sponsored
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
106 SUMMARY
SUMMARY
To Summaries the above study “Pharmaceutico analytical study of Vanga
Bhasma prepared by 3 purify methods the plot is as follows. In the introduction part
the need of this study & significance along with objectives & hypothesis of the study
finds mention along with study design.
Objectives:
1. To carry out Samanya shodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana and
Marana procedure
2. To carry out Visesha Sodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana and Marana
procedure
3. To carry out Samanya-Visesha shodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana
and Marana procedure
Literary review:
References regarding the tin metal are available since vedas and as the
development of Rasashastra took place its importance regarding therapeutic aspects
against various ailments became inevitable part of the Science. Amongst its mentioned
types ‘Khuraka’ variety is the best one & shows low melting point (2320C). After
proper Shodhana, to convert metal into Bhasma form it has to undergo process called
Jarana i.e. open pan frying method by high temperature alkaline interaction of Vanga
under pressure. This Jarita Vanga has to be subjected for puta to obtain bhasma form.
This Vanga shows disease alleviating property like pramehaghna, Vata vyadhihara,
diseases related to reproductive system etc.,
The other drugs included are Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwata,
Curnodaka, Saindhava lavana and Kumari Swarasa also along with drugs concepts
like Shodhana, Marana, Jarana & also finds mention in drug review.
Pharmaceutical study:
Vanga with samanya shodhana losses its lusture, gets converted to pieces &
powder form after melting & dipping in various medias like taila, takra, gomutra,
aranala & kulattha kwath for 7 times each, with max loss of 15 gms seen in kulattha
kwath and in Curnodaka alone vanga loses is 30 gms.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY
METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
107 SUMMARY
In Jarana procedure Samudra Lavana was used & within 5 to 6 hrs. Tin totally
got converted to powder form with weight gain ie. Totally 25 gms.
While giving puta for 8 times the slight colour changed seen in Kumari Swrasa
Bhavita Jarita Vanga i.e. from white to yellowish white & 30,40, 40 gms weight loss
in respected 3 bhasma procedures. Bhasma shown Varitaratva & Rekhapoornatva.
Bhasma was odour less & very fine powder form showing all signs of Sumurta
bhasma
Analytical study: X-RD, XRF, FTIR was carried out for 3 Bhasmas at SASTRA
University Chennai. The reports showed crystal structure, Colour tin percentage other
physico chemicalpropertiesof Bhasma, etc.
The Namboories phased spot test for prepared Vanga bhasma finds series of
colour changes in the spot on chemical reacting paper perfectly tallying the standard
pattern of Vanga Bhasma. This indicates the hight standards of Bhasma.
Microscopic Metallography of Samanya Sodhita Vanga samples test
conducted in JSW steel industry HSM lab # 2, samles shows significance changes in
grain size of each sodhita samples.
“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”
108 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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139. www.google.com.
JSW Steel Limited -HSM LAB # 2
Tin samples Date: 17.04.2014
Taila media (A) Takra media (B)
SID:B ASTM
NO.
Mean Intercept
(mm)
Std.Dev
(mm)
Frame-1 3.75 0.10151 0.08078
Gomutra (C) Kanji (D)
SID:D ASTM
NO.
Mean Intercept
(mm)
Std.Dev
(mm)
Frame–1 4.25 0.08085 0.03712
Kulattha Kwatha (E)
SID:E ASTM
NO.
Mean Intercept
(mm)
Std.Dev
(mm)
Frame–1 4.38 0.07564 0.03255
All frames are in Mag. 100 X
SID:A ASTM
NO.
Mean Intercept
(mm)
Std.Dev
(mm)
Frame-1 3.00 0.12793 0.04001
SID:C ASTM
NO.
Mean Intercept
(mm)
Std.Dev
(mm)
Frame–1 4.00 0.10164 0.04425
Inte
nsity
(%)
Malvern Instruments Ltd
www.malvern.com
Zetasizer Ver. 6.20
Serial Number : MAL1054413
File name: 03_2014
Record Number: 72
13 Mar 2014 9:54:25 AM
Size Distribution Report by Intensity v2.1
Sample Details
Sample Name:
SOP Name:
General Notes:
473 - 4008 size 1
Nanoparticles.sop
File Name:
Record Number:
03_2014.dts
72
Dispersant Name: W ater
Dispersant RI: 1.330
Material RI: 1.59 Viscosity (cP): 0.8872
Material Absorbtion: 0.01 Measurement Date and Time: Tuesday, March 11, 2014 7:06:15 PM
System
Temperature (°C):
25.0
Duration Used (s): 70
Count Rate (kcps): 214.7 Measurement Position (mm): 4.65
Cell Description: Disposable sizing cuvette Attenuator: 6
Results
Size (d.nm): % Intensity Width (d.nm):
Z-Average (d.nm): 3164 Peak 1: 1864 100.0 254.0
PdI: 0.443 Peak 2: 0.000 0.0 0.000
Intercept: 0.857 Peak 3: 0.000 0.0 0.000
Result quality : Refer to quality report
Size Distribution by Intensity
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Size (d.nm)
Record 72: 473 - 4008 size 1
Inte
nsit
y (
%)
Size Distribution Report by Intensity v2.1
Sample Details
Sample Name:
SOP Name:
General Notes:
473 - 4009 size 1
Nanoparticles.sop
File Name:
Record Number:
Material RI:
Material Absorbtion:
03_2014.dts
69
1.59
0.01
Dispersant Name:
Dispersant RI:
Viscosity (cP):
Measurement Date and Time:
W ater
1.330
0.8872
Tuesday, March 11, 2014 6:53:35 PM
System
Temperature (°C):
Count Rate (kcps):
Cell Description:
25.0
281.6
Disposable sizing cuvette
Duration Used (s):
Measurement Position (mm):
Attenuator:
70
4.65
7
Results
Z-Average (d.nm):
PdI:
Intercept:
Result quality :
1521
0.792
0.860
Refer to quality report
Peak 1:
Peak 2:
Peak 3:
Size (d.nm):
823.5
165.8
0.000
% Intensity
94.6
5.4
0.0
Width (d.nm):
146.7
17.81
0.000
Size Distribution by Intensity
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Size (d.nm)
Malvern Instruments Ltd
www.malvern.com
Zetasizer Ver. 6.20
Serial Number : MAL1054413
File name: 03_2014
Record Number: 69
13 Mar 2014 9:53:55 AM
Record 69: 473 - 4009 size 1
Inte
nsit
y (
%)
Size Distribution Report by Intensity v2.1
Sample Details
Sample Name:
SOP Name:
General Notes:
473 - 4010 size 1
Nanoparticles.sop
File Name:
Record Number:
03_2014.dts
65
Dispersant Name: W ater
Dispersant RI: 1.330
Material RI: 1.59 Viscosity (cP): 0.8872
Material Absorbtion: 0.01 Measurement Date and Time: Tuesday, March 11, 2014 6:33:54 PM
System
Temperature (°C):
25.0
Duration Used (s): 60
Count Rate (kcps): 244.8 Measurement Position (mm): 1.25
Cell Description: Disposable sizing cuvette Attenuator: 5
Results
Size (d.nm): % Intensity Width (d.nm):
Z-Average (d.nm): 1816 Peak 1: 1039 100.0 155.0
PdI: 0.507 Peak 2: 0.000 0.0 0.000
Intercept: 0.860 Peak 3: 0.000 0.0 0.000
Result quality : Refer to quality report
Size Distribution by Intensity
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Size (d.nm)
Malvern Instruments Ltd
www.malvern.com
Zetasizer Ver. 6.20
Serial Number : MAL1054413
File name: 03_2014
Record Number: 65
13 Mar 2014 9:53:27 AM
Record 65: 473 - 4010 size 1