A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____...
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![Page 1: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _________________________________________ when viewed under a microscope
• Function: generally _• Generated in red bone marrow – – –
Granulocytes
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• Neutrophils• Appearance: – Very fine _– Multi-lobed nucleus• Aka: PML: Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
• Function– First WBCs to arrive at the infection site– – Phagocytize bacteria and fungus
Granulocytes
![Page 3: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Kill bacteria by process called _
– Oxygen is metabolized to form _________________________________________________ by the neutrophil
– Able to ________________________________ offending bacteria
Neutrophils
![Page 4: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Eosinophils• Eosin: • Phil: loving
• Appearance:
–
–
Granulocytes
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• Function:– Lysosome-like: filled with _
–
– • tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, hookworms
Eosinophils
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• Basophils• Baso: basic• Phils: loving
• • Appearance:– Bi-lobed nucleus– Fewer, but larger granules… _
• Function– – Promotes inflammation: histamines
Granulocytes
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• ________________________develop in the bone marrow
• Appearance:– __________________________
. (2-3 times larger than RBC)
– Nuclei is large and _
Agranulocytes
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• Monocytes• Function:– Become
________________________________________ as they leave the blood stream
– Highly mobile, _
– Phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cellular debris
Agranulocytes
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• Lymphocytes ___________________________as well as lymph tissues
• Appearance– About the same
_____________________________– Mostly nucleus. Thin crescent of
cytoplasm
Agranulocytes
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• Function: – _____________________________: cell
mediated responses against _
– ______________________________: change into plasma cells which release antibodies
Lymphocytes
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• Distribution:
• Neutrophils 54-62%• Eosinophils 1-3 %• Basophils 1%• Monocytes 3-9%• Lymphocytes 25-33%
White Blood Cells
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• ___________________________________: production of white blood cells– Stimulated by chemical messengers– Two types of glycoproteins
•
• Colony Stimulating Factors
Leukopoeisis
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• Hemocytoblast – • Will give rise to basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and
monocytes
– • Will give rise to _
Leukopoiesis
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• Myeloid cells ______________________________________ promyelocytes – _________________________________
myelocytye– _________________________________
myelocyte– _________________________________
myelocyte
Leukopoiesis: granulocytes
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• Hemocytoblast myeloid stem cell myeloblast– Up to this point, no changes from the granular
leukocytes
– ___________________________________________ monocyte
Leukopoiesis: monocyte
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• Hemocytoblast
• __________________________________
• Lymphoblast
• __________________________________
• Lymphocyte
Leukopoiesis: Lymphocyte
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• Percentages of the WBCs are of clinical value
• Increased leukocytes (overall)– • May indicate infection, exercise, strong emotions or
loss of body fluids
White Blood Cell Counts
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• Decreased Leukocytes– • Penia: _
• Flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS, polio
• ___________________________________________, lead, arsenic or mercury poisoning
White Blood Cell counts
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• Group of cancerous conditions _
– Increased _– Impairs bone marrow function
• Severe _
– Named according to the _• Myelocytic: myeloblast descendants: granulocytes and
monocytes
• Lymphocytic: lymphocytes
Leukemia
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• – _______________________________________
advancing– Seen in _– Seen more in children
• – _______________________________________
advancing– Seen in later cells stages _– Seen more in elderly
Leukemias
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• fragments
• Hemocytoblast
• ________________________________________
• _________________________________________
• megakaryocyte
Platelets
![Page 22: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Heme: blood stasis: stopping• Process is fast, localized and controlled
• Hemostasis causes – – –
Hemostasis
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• Damage to blood vessel stimulates ________________________________________ results in less blood loss
• Allows for formation of _
– Platelets release _______________________________ which further constricts the smooth muscle in the vessel wall.
Vascular Spasm
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• Platelets adhere to _– Particularly the
__________________________________ in the connective tissue
• Platelets + collagen – change in shape– Becomes _
• • Effective for ______________________________
but not large ones
Platelet Plug Formation
![Page 25: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• A set of reactions in which blood is transformed _
• Coagulation follows _
Blood Coagulation
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• Blood coagulation is dependent on balance
• The ____________ ______________________of pro-coagulants and anti-coagulants– Inability to synthesize procoagulants by the
______________________________________ results in severe bleeding disorders
Blood coagulation
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• The ______________________________ of the plasma protein _
• Fibrin is composed of insoluble threads
Major event of coagulation
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• Triggered when contacts
–
– Any _______________________________ outside the blood vessels
Extrinsic Clotting Factors
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• Damaged tissues release thromboplastin also called Factor III
•
• Depends also on _
Extrinsic Clotting
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• End result: Fibrinogen pieces _
• Before: soluble• After:
Fibrin sticks to exposed surfaces, ____________________________________________, and prevents blood loss
Extrinsic Clotting
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• Initiated by Factor VII aka Hageman Factor
• Due to _________________________________ in the _
– Foreign substances in the blood
– Blood stored in _
Intrinsic Clotting
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![Page 33: A collection of white blood cells whose cytoplasm has a _____________________________________ ____ when viewed under a microscope Function: generally _.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6c5503460f94a4b968/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Fibrin prevents blood loss by forming clots
•
• Plasminogen converted to Plasmin
• Plasmin _
Clots
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• Thrombus: _
– DVT– Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Embolus: – if a thrombus fragments or breaks loose and
travels through the blood stream, it becomes an embolus
Clots
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• Embolism: the traveling embolus becomes lodged at a _
– Pulmonary embolism: blood clot gets lodged in lung vessels
Clots
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• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): –
• Residual blood cannot clot•
• Most common as:– A complication of pregnancy– A result of
___________________________________________ or incompatible blood transfusions
Hemostasis Disorders
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• Thrombocytopenia – condition where the number of _
– Patients show petechiae due to _
– Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
– Platelet counts less than 50,000/mm3 is diagnostic for this condition
– Treated with _
Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
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• Hemophilias – hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of
clotting factors
– Symptoms include _
Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
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Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders
• Hemophilia A – _____________________________________________
___ due to a deficiency of factor VIII
• Hemophilia B – due to a deficiency of _
• Hemophilia C – _____________________________________________
_, due to a deficiency of factor XI
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• Whole blood transfusions– Used _– Rapid and voluminous blood loss
• Infusions– – _________________________________________
____ are transferred
Transfusions
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• Agglutination is caused by the interaction of ___________________________________________ and the _
Antigens and Antibodies
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• Type A Blood: Has _________________________________ on surface– Has
______________________________________ in blood plasma, Anti-B
– Will agglutinate when exposed to Anti-A
ABO
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• Type B Blood: Has __________________________ on surface
– Has Antibody A in blood plasma: Anti-A
– Will _
ABO
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• Type AB Blood: Has _– Has _
– Will agglutinate when exposed to either
–
ABO Blood groups
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• Type O Blood: Has neither antigen on the surface– Has both _–
ABO Blood Groups
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• Named after _– Antigen originally found in the monkey, later
found in humans as Antigen D• If any of the rhesus antigens are present_
– Antigen D
Rh Factor
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• If an Rh – person is exposed to Rh antigens, _
• No complications following first exposure
Rh –
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• If Rh- person again exposed to Rh antigens, _
• Erythroblastosis fetalis: hemolytic disease of newborn. Mother’s antibodies can cross placental barrier and _
Rh-