A closer look at privacy
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Transcript of A closer look at privacy
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A closer look at privacy
How Brandeis’s theorieshave affected media law
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Four types of privacy law
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Four types of privacy law
• Commercial appropriation of name or likeness
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Four types of privacy law
• Commercial appropriation of name or likeness
• Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts
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Four types of privacy law
• Commercial appropriation of name or likeness
• Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts
• False light
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Four types of privacy law
• Commercial appropriation of name or likeness
• Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts
• False light• Intrusion upon physical seclusion
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Appropriation
• Dustin Hoffman case shows there can be a fine line between commercial and editorial use
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Appropriation
• Dustin Hoffman case shows there can be a fine line between commercial and editorial use
• A magazine cover may not be protected if it doesn’t pertain to contents
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Not protected
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Protected
“Bush, Cheney, and Rumsfeld”
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Protected
• But is Warhol’s art truly transformative?
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Disclosure of private facts
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Disclosure of private facts
• Embarrassing private facts
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Disclosure of private facts
• Embarrassing private facts• Not newsworthy
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Disclosure of private facts
• Embarrassing private facts• Not newsworthy• Highly offensive
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Disclosure of private facts
• Embarrassing private facts• Not newsworthy• Highly offensive• To a reasonable person
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False light
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False light
• “Libel Jr.”
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False light
• “Libel Jr.”• Individual represented in a false and
highly offensive manner before the public
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False light
• “Libel Jr.”• Individual represented in a false and
highly offensive manner before the public
• Unlike libel, false-light claims seek compensation for personal anguish and embarrassment
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Intrusion
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Intrusion
• Intentional invasion
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Intrusion
• Intentional invasion• Of a person’s physical seclusion or
private affairs
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Intrusion
• Intentional invasion• Of a person’s physical seclusion or
private affairs• In a manner that would be highly
offensive
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Intrusion
• Intentional invasion• Of a person’s physical seclusion or
private affairs• In a manner that would be highly
offensive• To a reasonable person
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Newsgatheringand publication
• Intrusion pertains solely to newsgathering
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Newsgatheringand publication
• Intrusion pertains solely to newsgathering
• Similar to trespassing — Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.
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Newsgatheringand publication
• Intrusion pertains solely to newsgathering
• Similar to trespassing — Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.
• Material improperly gathered may often be published or broadcast — Shulman v. Group W
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Other privacy torts
• Fraud– Food Lion v. ABC
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Other privacy torts
• Fraud– Food Lion v. ABC
• Emotional distress– Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
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Other privacy torts
• Fraud– Food Lion v. ABC
• Emotional distress– Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
• Outrage– Armstrong v. H&C Communications
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Other privacy torts
• Fraud– Food Lion v. ABC
• Emotional distress– Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
• Outrage– Armstrong v. H&C Communications
• Wiretapping– One-party states and two-party states
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Hoffman v. Capital Cities/ABC
• Los Angeles Magazine “crossed the line” between editorial and commercial use
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Hoffman v. Capital Cities/ABC
• Los Angeles Magazine “crossed the line” between editorial and commercial use
• A reasonable decision? Or is the judge playing editor?
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McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers
• Soccer player photographed with genitals exposed
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McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers
• Soccer player photographed with genitals exposed
• Judge Benavides: “[A] factually accurate public disclosure is not tortious when connected with a newsworthy event”
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McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers
• Soccer player photographed with genitals exposed
• Judge Benavides: “[A] factually accurate public disclosure is not tortious when connected with a newsworthy event”
• Parallels to Dustin Hoffman case?
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The Florida Star v. B.J.F.
• Highlights difference between ethics and the law– The Florida Star’s own ethics policy was
violated by publishing name– Victim suffered serious harm from
Star’s actions
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The Florida Star v. B.J.F.
• Highlights difference between ethics and the law
• Media cannot be punished for naming rape victims and juveniles– Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)– Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District
Court (1977)– Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing (1979)
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The Florida Star v. B.J.F.
• Highlights difference between ethics and the law
• Media cannot be punished for naming rape victims and juvenile
• Marshall’s three grounds– Information was lawfully obtained– Information was publicly available– “Timidity and self-censorship” could
result
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Diaz v. Oakland Tribune
• Was Toni Ann Diaz’s transgender status newsworthy or not? Three-part test– Social value of facts published– Depth of intrusion into private affairs– Extent to which person voluntarily
courted notoriety
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Diaz v. Oakland Tribune
• Was Toni Ann Diaz’s transgender status newsworthy or not?
• Judge Barry-Deal says Diaz’s status was not newsworthy, citing “attempt at humor”
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Diaz v. Oakland Tribune
• Was Toni Ann Diaz’s transgender status newsworthy or not?
• Judge Barry-Deal says Diaz’s status was not newsworthy, citing “attempt at humor”
• Entirely true story about the president of a college’s student body
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Diaz v. Oakland Tribune
• Was Toni Ann Diaz’s transgender status newsworthy or not?
• Judge Barry-Deal says Diaz’s status was not newsworthy, citing “attempt at humor”
• Entirely true story about the president of a college’s student body
• Is Judge Barry-Deal playing editor?
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Shulman v. Group W Productions
• Shulman sues on two grounds– Disclosure of private facts– Intrusion
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Shulman v. Group W Productions
• Shulman sues on two grounds• Judge Werdegar throws out private-
facts claim on grounds that judges can’t act as “superior editors”
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Shulman v. Group W Productions
• Shulman sues on two grounds• Judge Werdegar throws out private-
facts claim on grounds that judges can’t act as “superior editors”
• Allows intrusion claim to move forward
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No special protectionfor newsgathering
• Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.– Intrusion into a private place– In a manner that is highly offensive to a
reasonable person
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No special protectionfor newsgathering
• Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.• Branzburg v. Hayes and Cohen v.
Cowles Media– Judge Werdegar: “[T]he press in its
newsgathering activities enjoys no immunity or exemption from generally applicable laws”
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No special protectionfor newsgathering
• Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.• Branzburg v. Hayes and Cohen v.
Cowles Media• Judge Werdegar: Group W’s story is
constitutionally protected, but not its reporting techniques
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No special protectionfor newsgathering
• Miller v. National Broadcasting Co.• Branzburg v. Hayes and Cohen v.
Cowles Media• Judge Werdegar: Group W’s report is
constitutionally protected, but not its reporting techniques
• Should such reporting be protected?
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Hustler Magazine v. Falwell• Libel claim
rejected, Supreme Court considers claim of emotional distress
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Hustler Magazine v. Falwell• Libel claim
rejected, Supreme Court considers claim of emotional distress
• Justice Rehnquist cautions against trying to play editor
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Hustler Magazine v. Falwell• Libel claim
rejected, Supreme Court considers claim of emotional distress
• Justice Rehnquist cautions against trying to play editor
• Recourse?
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Armstrong v. H&C Communications
• A literally outrageous case
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Armstrong v. H&C Communications
• A literally outrageous case• Florida law against “outrage”
punished a true report about a newsworthy story
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Armstrong v. H&C Communications
• A literally outrageous case• Florida law against “outrage”
punished a true report about a newsworthy story
• What do you think?