A Century of Turmoil

ch. 14.4

A Church Divided

• Pope Boniface VIII tried to assert his authority over kings like previous popes had done.

• King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French Bishops.

• Pope Boniface VIII issued a ‘papal bull’– A papal bull is an official document issued by

the pope.

Papal Bull

• “We declare, state, and define that subjection to the Roman Pontiff is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature”

Pope Boniface VIII

Pope a prisoner

• Philip IV refused to follow the new law. • The Pope made preparations to

excommunicate Philip IV. • Before the Pope could act on the

excommunication, Philip and a few other nobles went to Italy and broke into where the Pope was staying.

• Philip and his nobles held the pope prisoner from Sept. 7-Sept. 9.

Pope rescued

• Pope Boniface was rescued, but he died one month later.

• Never again would popes be able to control kings.

Philip IV

The Great Schism

• Philip IV persuaded the College of Cardinals to appoint a French archbishop as the new pope.

• They selected Clement V as the new Pope.

• Clement V moved from Rome to the city of Avignon, France.

• Popes would live in France for the next 67 years.

Pope Clement V

Church weakens

• The move to France greatly weakened the Church.

• Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome.

• The College of Cardinals met in Rome to choose a successor. – A mob rioted outside the doors…”A Roman, a

Roman, we want a Roman for a pope, or at least an Italian!”

Pope Urban VI

• Pope Urban VI was chosen as the new pope.

• He was arrogant and many cardinals did not like him.

Clement VII

• A group of French cardinals elected another pope a few months later. – Robert of Geneva– Spoke French– Took the name,

Clement VII

Two popes

• Now there were two popes.

• Each pope declared the other pope to be a fraud and tried to excommunicate each other.

• The French pope lived in Avignon, and the Italian pope lived in Rome.

• This split in the church is known as the ‘Great Schism’.

Council of Constance

• In 1414, there were a total of three Popes: The French Pope, The Roman Pope, and another Pope chosen by an earlier council in Pisa.

• The Council of Constance had its major task of ending the schism by choosing a new pope.

Martin V

• With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, all three popes were forced to resign.

• In 1417, the council chose a new pope, Martin V.

• This Great Schism ended.

John Wycliffe

• Challenged the church authority

• He preached that Jesus Christ – not the pope- was at the head of the church.

• The Bible alone – not the pope- was the final authority for a Christian life.

Jan Hus• Influenced by Wycliffe. • As a professor, he taught

that the authority of the Bible was higher than the authority of the pope.

• He was excommunicated in 1414.

• He was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake in 1415.

The Bubonic Plague Strikes

• One third of Europe’s population died from the deadly disease known as the Bubonic Plague.

Origins

• The plague began in Asia.

• Traveled along the trade routes until in 1347, it reached a ship that arrived in Sicily.

• The disease swept through Italy.

• From there, it followed trade routes to France, Germany, England, and other parts of Europe.

Black Rats

• Black rats carried fleas from one area to another.

• Fleas were infested with the disease.

• Remember, people didn’t bathe and were generally unclean.

• Almost everyone had fleas and lice.

Dirty Streets

• In addition, Medieval people threw their garbage and sewer into the streets.

• These unsanitary conditions became breeding grounds for more rats.

• The fleas carried by rats leapt from person to person, thus spreading the bubonic plague with incredible speed.

Fleas

Black Death

• The disease became known as the Black Death.– Purplish or blackish spots all over the skin

Terror

“This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse,…fathers and mothers refused to nurse and assist their own children.”

Jewish Persecution

• The epidemic was blamed on the Jews.

• They were accused of bringing the disease by poisoning the wells.

• All over Europe, Jews were driven from their homes, or sometimes massacred.

• It took about 4 years for the plague to reach every country in Europe.

• 3/4 of those who caught the disease died.

• The plague killed 25 million Europeans 4 million in Asia and 35 million in North Africa.

Some Anti-Plague Remedies

• Breaking up the air with loud noises to dissolve the “static plague vapors.” Bells were rung continually, and cannons and muskets were shut off.

• Standing in front of a latrine and inhaling the stench

• Washing the body with goat urine. “A wash with urine does more than any other preventive, more particularly when in addition the urine is drunk.”

• Placing a piece of warm bread on dying person’s mouth in order to absorb the lethal vapors.

• Placing a dried toad over a plague boil. They should be laid on the boil, then the toad will swell and draw the poison out of the plague through the skin itself, and when it is full it should be thrown away and a new one applied.”

•Wearing packets of arsenic in a locket, or writing the word “arsenicum” on a piece of parchment and hanging that around the neck.

•Opening the boils and burning them with a hot iron.

•Applying the intestines of a young pigeon or a newborn puppy to the forehead.

Effects

• The plague returned every few years, although it never struck as severely as in the first outbreak.

• However, the population was reduced in each attack.

Economic Effects

• Town populations fell

• Trade declined

• Prices increased

• Workers were scarce

• Farmland was abandoned

• Serfs left their manors in search of better wages.

Manorial System Crumbles

• Peasants wanted higher wages, but nobles refused to give them more money.

• This caused many peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium.

Faith Weakens

• Many people lost faith in the Church.

• People’s prayers failed to stop the Bubonic Plague from devastating families.

• Clergy deserted their congregations or charged high fees to perform services for the dying.

Attitudes

“Happy is he who has no children.”

“Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die.”

Ring Around the Rosey

• Ring around the rosey,A pocketful of posies.ashes, ashes.We all fall down.

• Many people connect this nursery rhyme to the Black Death even though there’s no real evidence to support it. l

According to Wikipedia…

• A rosy rash was a symptom of the plague, posies or herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease, and 'all fall down' was exactly what happened. The line Ashes, Ashes in alternative versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or blackening of their skin.

Posies

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs

• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/13/rZy6XilXDZQ Black Death

Society collapses

• Middle Ages’ society was quickly collapsing.

• The century of war between England and France was the society’s final death struggle.

100 Years’ War

• When the last Capetian king died without a successor, England’s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne. – He was the grandson of Philip IV (of France)– The war continued on and off from 1337-1453– It became known as Hundred Year’s War.– The French eventually won the war.

3 English Victories

• England won three important battles in France. – Crecy– Poitiers– Agincourt

Battle of Crecy

• French out numbered the English army 3 to 1. • French knights- protected by heavy armor-

believed they were invincible and attacked.• The English longbow-men left fly thousands of

arrows at the French. They sent volley after volley of deadly arrows.

• The knights retreated in panic. Foot soldiers were left to die. 1/3 of the French army was slaughtered.

The Longbow

• The ‘short bow’ was drawn to the chest.

• The ‘long bow’ was taller and drawn to the ear.

• The arrows could hit a target of over 300 yards.

• They were fatal within 100 yards.

• This is what won the battle of Crecy for the English.

Battle of Poitiers

• The English repeated their victory ten years later.

• The knights charged on foot, and the English longbow-men shot arrows at them.

• The French knights were helpless.

• The French king John and his son Philip were captured and held for ransom.

Battle of Agincourt

• Again the English were outnumbered.– 6,000 troops against 20-30 Thousand French troops.

• Led by King Henry V, the English archers won another victory over the heavily armored French knights.

• The English longbow spelled doom for chivalric warfare.

• The mounted, heavily armored knight was soon to become extinct.

A Treaty

• 5 years later the French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would become the next king of France after the death of French king Charles VI.

• The French lost hope.

King Henry V Charles VI “Charles the Mad”

Joan of Arc

• In 1429, a peasant girl, named Joan of Arc, felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors.

• She believed heavenly voices spoke to her.

• They told her to drive the English out of France and give the French crown to France’s true king, Charles VI’s son.

Orleans

• On May 27, 1429, Joan leads the French into battle against an English fort that blocked the roads to Orleans.

• The English had been attacking the city for over six months.

• The English forts had to be attacked to stop them.

• The French finally retreated in despair.

• But Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort.

• The entire French army followed.

• Joan of Arc guided the French to victory.

• Charles VII was crowned king on July 17, 1429.

• In 1430, Joan was captured in battle.

• The English turned her over to the church authorities.

• Although the French king, Charles VII owed his crown to Joan, he did nothing to rescue her.

• King Charles VII• Known as the

“Charles the Victorious”

Death

• Joan of Arc was condemned as a witch and a heretic because of her claim to hear voices.

• Joan was tied to a stake and burned to death on May 30, 1431.

http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/42/wQydMhY9OpI Joan of Arc

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5EIsrZuczk

Movies

• 25 years after her execution, Pope Calixtus III declared her innocent and a martyr.

• She is now considered a national heroine of France and a Catholic Saint.

• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/42/wQydMhY9OpI Joan of Arc

The Hundred Years’ War ends

• The war finally ended in 1453.

• The English only held the French port of Calais.

• It took a long time for France to recover.

Impact of Hundred Years’ War

• It brought ‘nationalism’ to both countries.

• No longer did people think of king as a feudal lord, but also as a national leader fighting for the country.

The War of the Roses

• After the Hundred Year’s War, England suffered a period of turmoil known as the War of the Roses.

• 2 noble houses fought for the throne.

Parliament strengthens

• Edward III’s constant need for money led him to call Parliament 27 times to ask for new taxes.

• Gradually, parliament’s “power of the purse” became firmly established.

Edward III

• The end of the Hundred Years’ War is considered the end of the Middle Ages.

• The twin pillars of the medieval world were– Intense religious devotion– Code of chivalry

• Both of these crumbled after the war.

• The Age of Faith also died out. • The causes were

– The Great Schism– The display of great wealth by the Church– The discrediting of the church during the

Bubonic Plague.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=38mEN34lbTw&feature=endscreen