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A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation

Who am I and what is MARINTEK? A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity

demands A study on today’s and future shore based digital radio

systems Conclusions

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Beate Kvamstad

Research Scientist at MARINTEK (Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute), e-Maritime department since February 2008

Master of Science degree from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in December 2000 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Thesis: Implementation of EGNOS Algorithms and Testing in the

North Sea

Kongsberg Seatex from 2001 to 2008

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MARINTEKNorwegian Marine Technology Research Institute

Main office in TrondheimOffices in Oslo and BergenSubsidiary in Houston; MARINTEK (USA), Inc.Subsidiary in Rio de Janeiro; MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.

Trondheim

Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim

OsloBergen

Rio de Janeiro

MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.

Houston

MARINTEK (USA), Inc.

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Market Profile

MARINTEK carries out contract R&D for marine related industries:

MARINTEK is heading for technologically challenging R&D projects:

MARINTEK undertakes multidisciplinary projects and co-operates with associated partners within the SINTEF Group.

• Offshore oil/gas industry• Ship building industry• Shipping• Marine equipment industry

- New advanced product concepts and prototypes- New advanced services

for the benefit of our customers, and the society through:

- Reduced risks for human lives, environment and capital assets.

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Ownership

MARINTEK has the following shareholders:

Total Share Capital: 11.6 MNOK

Det Norske Veritas …...………..….….:1.0 MNOK 9%

Found. of Shipbuilders’ Fund for Research and Education ..……….:0.5 MNOK 4%

Directorate of Shipping ………………:0.5 MNOK 4%

Fed. of Norwegian Coastal Shipping

:

0.1 MNOK 1%

SINTEF ……………..………………..….:

6.5 MNOK 56%

Norwegian Shipowners’ Association:3.0 MNOK 26%

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A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands

Motivation: To find appropriate and good solutions for e-Navigation data

carriers is not trivial. Someone needed to start the discussions and investigations concerning this issue.

Objectives: To analyse the emerging communication requirements and how

these can be translated to higher digital communication bandwidth demands.

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Study methodology

1. Group today's existing maritime services classes of communication services

2. Analyse each class to determine current bandwidth requirements

3. Perform a literature study to identify and quantify (with respect to possible bandwidth demands) possible future services

4. Complement the results from the literature study with other likely services based on the authors’ knowledge of maritime operations

5. Put the new identified services into the same classes as today’s services and determine new communication requirements

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Results 1: Today’s services

1. Emergency managementCommunication related to accidents at sea, either for assistance to other ships or to get aid to oneself

2. Position & safety reportingAIS and LRIT ship position reports, GMDSS emergency alarms as well as ship security alarm systems. AMVER reports can also be included here.

3. Additional navigational informationInformation to the ship about local navigational issues. Can include differential GPS correction, NAVTEX and some AIS messages.

4. Mandatory ship reportingReporting to VTS and other ship reporting areas as well as mandatory reporting to port state authorities in conjunction with port calls.

5. Operational communicationDaily noon reports, machinery reports, arrival and departure reports exchanged with owner and owner’s office.

6. Cargo & passenger communicationIn passenger ships, one will see that the passengers in many cases pay for advanced communication facilities through their private use. This may also be the case for certain cargos, where cargo owner will pay for cargo supervision.

7. Crew infotainmentCrew’s private communication

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Result 2: Possible future e-Navigation services

1. Emergency managementCommunication to other ships, communication to SAR, communication to owner’s office.

2. Additional navigational informationVTS coordination, Maritime Information Objects (MIO), PPU-VTS images, real-time met-ocean data, tug/mooring coordination, load/discharge coordination, port ENC updates.

3. Mandatory ship reportingShip reporting, coast state notification, port arrival notification.

4. Operational communicationVoyage orders and reports, commercial port services, navigational data update (ENC), operational reports, operating manuals, documents, external maintenance and service, weather forecast, telemedicine.

What about the remaining groups?Position & safety reporting

Cargo & passenger reportingCrew infotainment

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Result 3: Bandwidth requirements

Integrity

Cap

acity

req

uire

men

ts (

bps)

Special purpose applications

10 kbps

1 Mbps

100 Mbps

Low Medium High

Emergency messaging

(SAR)

Reporting(Operational and

navigational)

Technical maintenance

Reporting(Mandatory)

Infotainment (crew & passenger

communication)

Video monitoringTraining &

qualification

e-Navigation

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Emergency management

Position and safety reporting

Additional navigational information

Mandatory shipreporting

Operational communication

Crew infotainment

Cargo andpassengers

Dedicated narrow band

AIS based

General digital radio

Nautical

Crew

Other

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Shore versus satellite based systems

Inmarsat Fleet Broadband, Iridium OpenPort, Iridium NEXT (estimated available in 2016) Maritime community depends on SatCom outside reach of shore based

systems Expensive infrastructure development, expensive to operate and

expensive to use Coast state control over transmitting equipment Mandatory services under IMO regulation (SOLAS) has traditionally been

free for users (the ships) GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE), WiFi/WLAN,

WiMAX, CDMA 450, Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…), AIS Infrastructure costs will be significantly less than for satellite systems Availability for general digital ship/shore communication Heterogeneous approach to e-Navigation (if standardised)

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Shore Based Digital Radio

Extending coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies, e.g.: Cellular:

GSM/GPRS/EDGE 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE)

Wireless broadband (WBB): WiFi/WLAN WiMAX CDMA 450 (ref. Ice)

Wireless narrowband (WNB): Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…) AIS

Reclaimed VHF/UHF TV-bands (?)

e-Navigation:

Extended coverage and range and a

bandwidth capacity of at least 200 kbps

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Wireless Narrowband (WNB)Standard

Maximumthroughput[1]

Range Notes

Downlink Uplink

Digital VHF(D-VHF)VHF Data 21 kbps/

133 kbps21 kbps/133 kbps

130 km

As the 1st generation of digital VHF systems Telenor Maritime Radio (TMR) has devised a technology called “VHF Data”, exhibiting the following throughput characteristics:• Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel)[2]

• Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz)[2]

The 2nd generation under planning will allegedly provide a spectral efficiency of 3 (bit/s)/Hz, an is thus expected to increase the capacity by a factor of 3 – 10, depending on the modulation and access methods applied.

AIS2 x

9.6 kbps2 x

9.6 kbps

75 km(land-based)

ITU has assigned two VHF frequencies worldwide for AIS purposes on a primary, non-exclusive basis, each providing 9.6 kbps data rate. With the present land-based AIS system the range is limited to around 40 nm ( 75 km), and several projects regarding Space-based AIS have thus been established lately to extend that range – a.o. in Norway.

LRIT ~ 36 b/s ~ 36 b/sSatellite-

based

Data derived through LRIT will be available only to those entitled to receive such information, and safeguards concerning the confidentiality of those data have been built into the regulatory provisions. The LRIT communication message will allegedly comprise a payload of 64 bits from the vessel’s terminal and 200 bits (133 characters) to it, transmitted at a user data (burst) rate of ~ 36 b/s every 6 hours at security level 1, and up to every 15 minutes at security level 2 or 3.

[1] Throughput is the data rate of the standard - the theoretical maximum throughput available to a single connection under ideal conditions [2] Note: Low spectral efficiency: 0.84 (bit/s)/Hz for Narrowband and 0.6 (bit/s)/Hz for Broadband

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Dedicated narrow band systems: Digital VHF

Low spectral efficiency ! Narrowband radio: 0.84 bps/Hz Broadband radio: 0.59 bps/Hz (?)

Range: 70 nm ( 130 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate:

Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel) Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225

kHz)

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Norwegian Coastal VHF

VHF Data(Yellow coverage)

Analog VHF(Magenta coverage)

Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation

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Dedicated narrow band systems: AIS

Too low capacity today for congested areas !Dedicated to AIS messages

Range: 40 nm ( 75 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate: (uplink/downlink)

AIS data is carried by two globally dedicated VHF frequencies (161.975 and 162.025 MHz), with channel spacing of 25 kHz or 12kHz, and 9.6 kbps transmission rate on each frequency

Not really relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation

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General digital radio: WiMAX

Standard

Maximumthroughput[1] Range Notes

Downlink Uplink

WiFi/WLANIEEE802.11aIEEE802.11bIEEE802.11gIEEE802.11n

54 Mbps11 Mbps54 Mbps

200 Mbps

54 Mbps11 Mbps54 Mbps

200 Mbps

~30 m~30 m~50 m

Typical download [2]: - 2 Mbps- 10 Mbps- 40 Mbps

WiMAX(IEEE802.16

e)70 Mbps 70 Mbps

~ 7.5 km

Quoted speeds only achievable at short ranges, more practically: 10 Mbps at 10 km [2].Sub-GHz WiMAX is expected to increase range by a factor of 5-10 ; 50 km has already been demonstrated

CDMA 450(NMT-Ice.net)

3.1 Mbps 1.8 Mbps~ 60 km

Typical [2] :-Downlink: 300 kbps – 2 Mbps -Uplink: 200 – 500 kbps

Low range

Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation

Not very relevant fore-Navigation services

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Conclusions

A shore based digital communication network will be a good alternative for e-Navigation

e-Navigation can probably be satisfied by a total bandwidth of about 200 kbps per radio cell

The most interesting solution probably is Digital VHF, WiMAX or a WiMAX type of communication solutions in the UHF or VHF bands.

The MarCom and MarSafe projects are currently identifying methods for extending the coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies

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References

Rødseth, Ø.J., Kvamstad, B., Digital Communication Bandwidth Requirements for Future e-Navigation Services, to be published

Bekkadal, F., D4.1 – Maritime Communication Technology, MarCom project internal report

www.marcom.no www.sintef.no/Projectweb/MARSAFE

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Thank you for your attention!

Beate Kvamstadbeate.kvamstad@marintek.sintef.no

+47 92 22 22 40