A CAREER IN SURVEYING & A CAREER IN SURVEYING & MAPPING: FACTOR IN CONFLICT MAPPING: FACTOR IN CONFLICT

RESOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT.RESOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT.

BY BY

SURV. (CHIEF) INNOCENT EGBUHSURV. (CHIEF) INNOCENT EGBUH, , MNISMNIS

PRESENTATED AT THE WOMEN-IN-PRESENTATED AT THE WOMEN-IN-SURVEYING 2SURVEYING 2NDND REGIONAL SEMINAR AT REGIONAL SEMINAR AT

HOTEL PRESIDENTIAL, PORT HOTEL PRESIDENTIAL, PORT HARCOURT, 28HARCOURT, 28THTH MARCH, 2006. MARCH, 2006.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Like people, occupations have traits or Like people, occupations have traits or characteristics. characteristics.

These characteristics give important clues about These characteristics give important clues about the nature of the work and work environment ;the nature of the work and work environment ;

Give you an opportunity to match your own Give you an opportunity to match your own personal interests to a specific occupation personal interests to a specific occupation

When you choose a job in an occupation that When you choose a job in an occupation that matches your own interests you have taken an matches your own interests you have taken an important step in planning a successful and important step in planning a successful and rewarding career.rewarding career.

THE PROFESSION THE PROFESSION

Excellent careers await young people in the Excellent careers await young people in the broad range of surveying and mapping sciences. broad range of surveying and mapping sciences.

Surveying and mapping technologies have Surveying and mapping technologies have undergone dramatic transformations during the undergone dramatic transformations during the past few decades. Surveying, once viewed as past few decades. Surveying, once viewed as the work of technicians, is now considered a the work of technicians, is now considered a profession of high-tech multidisciplines having profession of high-tech multidisciplines having focus and application in land-related issues. focus and application in land-related issues. Each of these disciplines employs state-of-the-Each of these disciplines employs state-of-the-art equipment and resources at the forefront of art equipment and resources at the forefront of emerging technologies. emerging technologies.

THE PROFESSIONTHE PROFESSION

GeodesyGeodesy

Photogrammetry Photogrammetry

Land Surveying Land Surveying

Remote Sensing Remote Sensing

Spatial Information Databases Spatial Information Databases

Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems

CartographyCartography

THE PROFESSIONTHE PROFESSION

Surveyors come from many diverse back Surveyors come from many diverse back grounds. Some may have considered careers grounds. Some may have considered careers in:in:– Geography Geography – Forestry Forestry – Geology Geology – Computer Science Computer Science – Engineering Engineering

EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE AND LICENSUREEDUCATION, EXPERIENCE AND LICENSURE Licensure as a Professional Surveyor is Licensure as a Professional Surveyor is required in Nigeria. To obtain licensure, you required in Nigeria. To obtain licensure, you require a degree in Surveying and Mapping or require a degree in Surveying and Mapping or related sciences along with four years of related sciences along with four years of experience working under the supervision of a experience working under the supervision of a licensed professional surveyor.licensed professional surveyor.In addition to education and experience, an In addition to education and experience, an examination is required for licensure. Surveyors examination is required for licensure. Surveyors Council of Nigeria conducts the examination.Council of Nigeria conducts the examination.Another requirement is that you belong to a Another requirement is that you belong to a professional association such as the Nigerian professional association such as the Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (NIS).Institution of Surveyors (NIS).

Employment Employment Employment in surveying and mapping covers many areas Employment in surveying and mapping covers many areas

including: including: Land SurveyingLand Surveying which is traditional boundary surveys relating which is traditional boundary surveys relating to land ownership issues and measurements of the earth’s to land ownership issues and measurements of the earth’s surface.surface.Geodesy Geodesy which includes mathematics, physics and astronomy.which includes mathematics, physics and astronomy.Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, which utilizes aircraft, which utilizes aircraft, satellites, film and digital camera equipment.satellites, film and digital camera equipment.Global Positioning System Global Positioning System which involves satellites and 3D which involves satellites and 3D positioning with earth-based equipment for surveying, mapping positioning with earth-based equipment for surveying, mapping and navigation.and navigation.Cartography Cartography which includes creating road maps, topo maps, which includes creating road maps, topo maps, and navigation charts.and navigation charts.Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems which is an information which is an information framework that is spatial and geographically related.framework that is spatial and geographically related.HydrographyHydrography which involves surveying water bodies, and other which involves surveying water bodies, and other water-related measurements.water-related measurements.

SALARIES & BENEFITSSALARIES & BENEFITSSalaries, benefits and Salaries, benefits and compensation vary with the locale, compensation vary with the locale, the employee’s primary the employee’s primary assignment, the size of the firm assignment, the size of the firm and the availability of personnel. and the availability of personnel. Most surveying and mapping Most surveying and mapping personnel, however, enjoy median personnel, however, enjoy median to higher salaries for areas in to higher salaries for areas in which they are employed. which they are employed.

Career OpportunitiesCareer Opportunities Whether the surveyor chooses to Whether the surveyor chooses to specialize in one or more of the specialize in one or more of the disciplines, he or she will find a disciplines, he or she will find a career in surveying both exciting career in surveying both exciting and challenging. It gives the and challenging. It gives the outdoor enthusiast the chance to outdoor enthusiast the chance to work in the open and quite often work in the open and quite often provides the opportunity to travel. provides the opportunity to travel. Career opportunities are:Career opportunities are:

Career satisfaction is Career satisfaction is phenomenal. Most professionals phenomenal. Most professionals asked described it as ‘There asked described it as ‘There being no other profession quite being no other profession quite like it and would not want to do like it and would not want to do anything else.” A career in anything else.” A career in surveying and mapping offers surveying and mapping offers engaging and diverse areas of engaging and diverse areas of work, with highly professional work, with highly professional skills, advanced technologies and skills, advanced technologies and top flight career satisfaction. top flight career satisfaction.

Professional Surveyor Photogrammetrist GIS Manager Business Owner Surveying & Engineering Firm Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Works Construction Business Energy and Utility Companies City, County, or State Surveyor Bureau of Lands & Housing Forest Service Ministry of Agriculture Geological Survey National Geodetic Survey

THE SURVEYOR IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT THE SURVEYOR IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT & RESOLUTION& RESOLUTION

Dispute resolution is unique within Surveying & Dispute resolution is unique within Surveying & Mapping, because dispute avoidance, management Mapping, because dispute avoidance, management and resolution are areas of professional practice in and resolution are areas of professional practice in which surveyors of all disciplines are at one time or which surveyors of all disciplines are at one time or another, involved. The dispute resolution process another, involved. The dispute resolution process requires proficient communication and negotiation requires proficient communication and negotiation skills to achieve a settlement, whether through skills to achieve a settlement, whether through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures, i.e. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures, i.e. arbitration, independent expert determination, arbitration, independent expert determination, adjudication and mediation; or litigation. adjudication and mediation; or litigation.

Dispute Resolution Techniques 1Dispute Resolution Techniques 1

NegotiationNegotiation– Proactive dialogue between the parties.– Proactive dialogue between the parties.MediationMediation – A private, quick, cheap process where a third – A private, quick, cheap process where a third party facilitates dialogue between the parties in order that party facilitates dialogue between the parties in order that the parties can reach their own decision that is initially non-the parties can reach their own decision that is initially non-binding. The parties can however, agree to be bound by binding. The parties can however, agree to be bound by their final decision.their final decision.ConciliationConciliation – similar to mediation, but that the conciliator – similar to mediation, but that the conciliator can suggest a solution.can suggest a solution.Early Neutral EvaluationEarly Neutral Evaluation – a private and non-binding – a private and non-binding technique whereby a third party, usually legally qualified, technique whereby a third party, usually legally qualified, provides an opinion of the likely outcome of the dispute.provides an opinion of the likely outcome of the dispute.Independent Expert DeterminationIndependent Expert Determination – a private process – a private process where an independent expert with inquisitorial powers where an independent expert with inquisitorial powers provides a binding decision.provides a binding decision.

Dispute Resolution Techniques 2Dispute Resolution Techniques 2

AdjudicationAdjudication - an expert rules on a technical - an expert rules on a technical issue within a certain number of days. The issue within a certain number of days. The decision is binding in the interim, until a further decision is binding in the interim, until a further process is initiated. process is initiated. ArbitrationArbitration – a judicial, private, binding process – a judicial, private, binding process where the appointed third party provides a where the appointed third party provides a decision based on the evaluation of each sides decision based on the evaluation of each sides representations.representations.LitigationLitigation – a formal, public process where – a formal, public process where disputes are taken through the civil courts disputes are taken through the civil courts providing binding judgments on the parties, providing binding judgments on the parties, subject to rights of appeal.subject to rights of appeal.

THE SURVEYOR’S ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 1THE SURVEYOR’S ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 1

ENTRY LEVELENTRY LEVELDescription:Description: Performs Performs surveying work surveying work consisting of consisting of topographic, topographic, boundary, boundary, cadastral, cadastral, photogrammetry, photogrammetry, construction construction layout, design, layout, design, and quantities and quantities surveys. Degree surveys. Degree in land surveying in land surveying or professional or professional land surveyor land surveyor license or license or equivalent equivalent qualifying qualifying experience with experience with land surveyor-in-land surveyor-in-training training Certificate is Certificate is required.required.

I. TechnicalA. Mathematics/coordinate geometry B. Surveying principles/ethics/standards C. Computer skills/mapping/field equipment/programmable calculators D. GPS technology/principles E. Boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures F. Basic legal surveying terminology G. Basic knowledge of Scope of Work/Services H. Contract Admin/AE/COTR

II. Inter/Intra-Personal SkillsA. Building Partnerships B. Conflict Resolution C. Customer Service D. Effective Facilitation E. Presentation Skills F. Goal Setting

III. SafetyA. Care and use of cutting tools B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles C. Basic first aid and CPR D. Weather conditions and wildlife

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities ENTRY LEVELENTRY LEVEL Basic knowledge of surveying principles, practices and techniques for land surveying, Basic knowledge of surveying principles, practices and techniques for land surveying, geodetic surveying, and engineering surveyinggeodetic surveying, and engineering surveyingAbility to apply analytical thinking and make sound decisionsAbility to apply analytical thinking and make sound decisionsBasic knowledge of field and office procedures, work practices, techniques, and Basic knowledge of field and office procedures, work practices, techniques, and processes for conducting various surveysprocesses for conducting various surveysBasic knowledge of land ownership lawsBasic knowledge of land ownership lawsBasic knowledge and ability to research records and other data sources to prepare Basic knowledge and ability to research records and other data sources to prepare reportsreportsBasic knowledge of surveying mathematical formulae covering both plane and Basic knowledge of surveying mathematical formulae covering both plane and spherical geometry, state plane coordinate systems, and its application in performing spherical geometry, state plane coordinate systems, and its application in performing surveying computations such as the reduction of stellar observations, curve surveying computations such as the reduction of stellar observations, curve solutions, line intersects, coordinate inverses, field angle and bearing traverses, solutions, line intersects, coordinate inverses, field angle and bearing traverses, quantity surveys, and area solutionsquantity surveys, and area solutionsBasic knowledge of the principles, practices, and techniques of photogrammetryBasic knowledge of the principles, practices, and techniques of photogrammetryBasic skill to operate computers, data collectors, and software, especially surveying Basic skill to operate computers, data collectors, and software, especially surveying and civil engineering software. Basic skill to program and operate programmable and civil engineering software. Basic skill to program and operate programmable calculatorscalculatorsBasic skill to operate surveying instruments, such as total stations, theodolites, Basic skill to operate surveying instruments, such as total stations, theodolites, electronic measuring equipment, etc. Basic working knowledge of GPS technologyelectronic measuring equipment, etc. Basic working knowledge of GPS technologyCommunication skills (verbal and writing) to make personal contacts and Communication skills (verbal and writing) to make personal contacts and communicate effectively to include simple technical reports/scope of work/services communicate effectively to include simple technical reports/scope of work/services and legal descriptionsand legal descriptions

ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 2ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 2

DEVELOPMENTAL DEVELOPMENTAL LEVELLEVELDescription:Description: Performs surveying Performs surveying work consisting of work consisting of topographic, topographic, boundary, cadastral, boundary, cadastral, photogrammetry, photogrammetry, GPS, construction GPS, construction layout, design, and layout, design, and quantities surveys. quantities surveys. Degree in land Degree in land surveying with land surveying with land surveyor-in-training surveyor-in-training certificate or certificate or professional land professional land surveyor license or surveyor license or equivalent qualifying equivalent qualifying experience with a experience with a land surveyor-in-land surveyor-in-training certificate is training certificate is required.required.

I. TechnicalA. Mathematics/state plane coordinate systems/coordinate geometry B. Surveying principles/ethics/standards, and procedures of rules of evidence C. Computer mapping operation/processes; field equipment; programmable calculators D. GPS technology/principles E. Boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures F. Legal surveying terminology G.Contract Admin/AE/COTR

II. Inter/Intra-Personal SkillsA. Building Partnerships B. Conflict Resolution C. Customer Service D. Effective Facilitation E. Presentation Skills F. Goal Setting

III. SafetyA. Care and use of cutting tools B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles C. Basic first aid and CPR D. Weather conditions and wildlife E. Environment (Urban and Rural)

Knowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesKnowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesDEVELOPMENT LEVELDEVELOPMENT LEVEL

Same as entry level but at higher level of expertise Same as entry level but at higher level of expertise and complexity plus:and complexity plus:Ability to estimate the type/amount of surveying Ability to estimate the type/amount of surveying services required and monitor/evaluate technical services required and monitor/evaluate technical qualityqualityAbility to evaluate risks and alternatives to make Ability to evaluate risks and alternatives to make sound decisionssound decisionsAbility to field-manage survey crew(s) on one or Ability to field-manage survey crew(s) on one or several projects and train personnel on survey several projects and train personnel on survey equipment/computers/softwareequipment/computers/softwareAbility to provide more complex Ability to provide more complex briefings/presentations to a variety of audiencesbriefings/presentations to a variety of audiences

ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 3ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 3

FULL FULL PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE LEVELLEVELDescription:Description: Performs Performs professional and professional and technical technical surveying work surveying work consisting of consisting of topographic, topographic, boundary, boundary, cadastral, cadastral, photogrammetry, photogrammetry, GPS, GPS, construction construction layout, design, layout, design, and quantities and quantities surveys.surveys.

I. TechnicalA. Advanced mathematics including plane and spherical geometry B. Advanced surveying principles/ethics/standards, and procedures of rules of evidence C. Extensive computer skills (computer mapping operation/processes; hand-held programmable calculators) D. GPS technology and principles E. Extensive knowledge of boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures F. Research techniques (office and field) G. Contract Admin/AE/COTR

II. Inter/Intra-Personal SkillsA. Building Partnerships B. Conflict Resolution C. Customer Service D. Effective Facilitation E. Presentation Skills F. Goal Setting G. Time Management

III. SafetyA. Care and use of cutting tools B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles C. Basic first aid and CPR D. Weather conditions and wildlife E. Environment (Urban and Rural)IV. ManagementA. Cost control B. Goal and priority setting C. Planning/scheduling/monitoring work

Knowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesKnowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesFULL PERFORMANCE LEVELFULL PERFORMANCE LEVEL

Same as developmental level but at higher level of Same as developmental level but at higher level of expertise and complexity, plus:expertise and complexity, plus:Extensive knowledge of land ownership laws, including Extensive knowledge of land ownership laws, including LGA, State, and Federal lawsLGA, State, and Federal laws Ability to serve as A/E Manager and Contracting Officer's Ability to serve as A/E Manager and Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR)Technical Representative (COTR)Expert, state-of-the-art computer skillsExpert, state-of-the-art computer skillsExpert state-of-the-art knowledge of surveying instruments Expert state-of-the-art knowledge of surveying instruments and skills in operating same. Expert knowledge of GPS and skills in operating same. Expert knowledge of GPS equipment/technologyequipment/technologyAbility to represent NIS before other Ability to represent NIS before other agencies/commissions; is recognized as an agency's agencies/commissions; is recognized as an agency's expert/leader in discipline and/or multi-faceted programsexpert/leader in discipline and/or multi-faceted programs

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

As a surveyor, you have vast opportunities. You can map As a surveyor, you have vast opportunities. You can map the world’s terrain. Explore new oil sources. Investigate the world’s terrain. Explore new oil sources. Investigate crime scenes. Take charge as a CEO. Appear in court as an crime scenes. Take charge as a CEO. Appear in court as an expert witness. Run a business. Excel with computers and expert witness. Run a business. Excel with computers and other high-tech equipment. other high-tech equipment. Professional surveyors measure and analyze angles and Professional surveyors measure and analyze angles and distances between property corner markers and to physical distances between property corner markers and to physical features on a piece of land. The land could be under water, features on a piece of land. The land could be under water, on a mountain, or in a city. It could be at your home or in the on a mountain, or in a city. It could be at your home or in the middle of an industrial complex.middle of an industrial complex.Surveyors can choose from a number of paths in this Surveyors can choose from a number of paths in this exciting field, specifically construction, boundary, exciting field, specifically construction, boundary, hydrographic, geodesy, photogrammetry, GIS, and forensic hydrographic, geodesy, photogrammetry, GIS, and forensic surveying. surveying.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Surveyors validate and process data that other Surveyors validate and process data that other professionals—engineers, lawyers, architects—professionals—engineers, lawyers, architects—rely on. Analysis is important in order to verify rely on. Analysis is important in order to verify the data before creating the map. It used to take the data before creating the map. It used to take days, weeks, and even months to create a single days, weeks, and even months to create a single map. map. Surveyors can choose from many Surveyors can choose from many specialtiesspecialties and get involved at many stages of a project. and get involved at many stages of a project. They are the first on the job.They are the first on the job. Sometimes they get Sometimes they get involved while the project is being completed. involved while the project is being completed. When the job is done, they make sure that all When the job is done, they make sure that all the measurements are in line with original plans.the measurements are in line with original plans.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Surveyors undergo rigorous, thorough, technical, and Surveyors undergo rigorous, thorough, technical, and specialized training to be able to:specialized training to be able to: Work in a team with othersWork in a team with others Solve mathematical problems quickly and accurately Solve mathematical problems quickly and accurately Follow established rules and specifications to meet set limits, Follow established rules and specifications to meet set limits, tolerances or standards tolerances or standards Use logical, step-by-step procedures Use logical, step-by-step procedures Compare and recognize differences in lines or figures Keep Compare and recognize differences in lines or figures Keep records neatly and accuratelyrecords neatly and accuratelySupervise the work of othersSupervise the work of othersManage and resolve conflictsManage and resolve conflictsBuild partnerships.Build partnerships.

THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH