THE EARLY REPUBLICTHE EARLY REPUBLIC

CONFEDERATION AND THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3

After the After the Revolution, many Revolution, many favored a favored a RepublicRepublic

Some supported a Some supported a strong federal strong federal government government (Federalists) (Federalists) while while others favored others favored states rights states rights (Anti-(Anti-Federalists)Federalists)

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

The Second The Second Continental Congress Continental Congress issued a set of laws issued a set of laws called the called the Articles of Articles of Confederation Confederation in 1781in 1781

Gave states one vote Gave states one vote each in Congress each in Congress regardless of regardless of population of statepopulation of state

Split power between Split power between National Government National Government and Stateand State

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

America’s America’s first first ConstitutionConstitution

Established National Established National governments ability to governments ability to wage war, sign wage war, sign treaties, coin money, treaties, coin money, run post officerun post office

Land Ordinance of Land Ordinance of 17851785 – made land – made land parcels small & parcels small & affordableaffordable

Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance of 1787of 1787 – set – set requirement for states requirement for states

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATIONOF CONFEDERATION

Congress could not Congress could not collect taxescollect taxes

Each state had one Each state had one vote regardless of vote regardless of populationpopulation

No executive branch No executive branch No national court No national court

systemsystem Nine of thirteen states Nine of thirteen states

needed to agree to needed to agree to pass any lawpass any law

Lacked national unity Lacked national unity Weak Central Gov’tWeak Central Gov’t

SHAY’S REBELLION SHAY’S REBELLION

An event that highlighted An event that highlighted the weakness of the the weakness of the Central (National) Central (National) government was government was Shay’s Shay’s RebellionRebellion

Farmers in western Farmers in western Massachusetts rose up in Massachusetts rose up in protest over increased protest over increased taxestaxes

Daniel Shay led 1,200 Daniel Shay led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal farmers toward the arsenal in Springfieldin Springfield

The event caused alarm The event caused alarm throughout the republicthroughout the republic 1787

CREATING A NEW CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

The delegates at the The delegates at the Constitutional Constitutional Convention realized Convention realized the need to the need to strengthen the central strengthen the central governmentgovernment

They soon decided to They soon decided to create an entirely new create an entirely new Constitution instead of Constitution instead of amending the Articlesamending the Articles

Compromise Compromise was the was the order of the dayorder of the day“Compromise”

VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANSPLANS

Virginia Plan:Virginia Plan: Bicameral Bicameral Legislation based Legislation based on state populationon state population

New Jersey Plan: New Jersey Plan: Unicameral Unicameral Legislation based Legislation based on one state = one on one state = one votevote

GREAT COMPROMISEGREAT COMPROMISE After a deadlocked After a deadlocked

that dragged on & on, that dragged on & on, Roger ShermanRoger Sherman finally finally suggested the Great suggested the Great Compromise which Compromise which satisfied both big & satisfied both big & small statessmall states

Bicameral CongressBicameral Congress with House of Reps with House of Reps based on population based on population (VA Plan) and Senate (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan)one vote (NJ Plan)

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISETHREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE

Next difficult issue: Next difficult issue: Slavery Slavery

Southern states Southern states wanted slaves wanted slaves included in the included in the population figures population figures used to determine used to determine RepresentativesRepresentatives

Northern states which Northern states which had few slaves, had few slaves, disagreeddisagreed

Compromise was to Compromise was to count each slave as count each slave as 3/5ths3/5ths of a person of a person

DIVISION OF POWERSDIVISION OF POWERS

Next issue: Should the Next issue: Should the National government or National government or the states hold power? the states hold power? Who shall be Who shall be sovereign?sovereign?

Delegates choose to split Delegates choose to split power power

FederalismFederalism system system developeddeveloped

Federal government had Federal government had delegated, or enumerated delegated, or enumerated powers (Coin, trade, war, powers (Coin, trade, war, etc.)etc.)

States had reserved States had reserved powers (education)powers (education)

SEPARATION OF POWERSSEPARATION OF POWERS

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTIONRATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION

The Constitutional The Constitutional Convention adjourned Convention adjourned in September of 1787in September of 1787

Nine of thirteen states Nine of thirteen states had to ratify the had to ratify the ConstitutionConstitution

Supporters of the Supporters of the Constitution were Constitution were Federalists. Those Federalists. Those opposed were Anti-opposed were Anti-FederalistFederalist

FEDERALIST FEDERALIST

Led by Led by Alexander Alexander Hamilton, James Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay,Madison and John Jay, Federalist believed Federalist believed that while the that while the Constitution was not Constitution was not perfect, it was far perfect, it was far superior to the Articles superior to the Articles of Confederationof Confederation

They favored a strong They favored a strong central governmentcentral government

James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

ANTI-FEDERALISTANTI-FEDERALIST The Anti-Federalist The Anti-Federalist

view was that the view was that the Constitution did not Constitution did not guarantee the rights guarantee the rights of the people of the of the people of the statesstates

Led by Led by Patrick Henry, Patrick Henry, George Mason, and George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee, Richard Henry Lee, the Anti-Federalists the Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights wanted a Bill of Rights to off-set the strong to off-set the strong central governmentcentral government

Lee penned his views in the widely read, Letters from the Federal Farmers

ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTSRIGHTS

To satisfy the States-To satisfy the States-Rights advocates, a Rights advocates, a Bill of Rights was Bill of Rights was added to the added to the Constitution to Constitution to guarantee individual guarantee individual rightsrights

The Bill of Rights was The Bill of Rights was ratified in December ratified in December of 1791- three years of 1791- three years after the Constitution after the Constitution was ratifiedwas ratified

First Ten Amendments

OLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTIONOLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTION

The U.S. Constitution The U.S. Constitution is the oldest written is the oldest written national constitution national constitution in the worldin the world

Elastic Clause Elastic Clause key to key to flexibilityflexibility

Also ability to change, Also ability to change, or “amend” the or “amend” the Constitution helps Constitution helps preserve itpreserve it

27 Amendments have 27 Amendments have been addedbeen added

LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION – LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION – SECTION 4SECTION 4

The The herohero of the of the Revolution was the Revolution was the unanimous choice for unanimous choice for the nation’s first the nation’s first presidentpresident

WashingtonWashington took office took office under the Constitution under the Constitution and with the Congressand with the Congress

He faced an enormous He faced an enormous task of creating a task of creating a newnew governmentgovernment

America’s First President

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 One of Washington’s One of Washington’s

first tasks was to first tasks was to create a judicial create a judicial systemsystem

Judiciary Act set up Judiciary Act set up our justice systemour justice system

The act called for a The act called for a Supreme Court, Supreme Court, federal courts, and federal courts, and district courtsdistrict courts

The system The system guaranteed that the guaranteed that the federal laws would federal laws would remain “supreme”remain “supreme”

WASHINGTON CREATES WASHINGTON CREATES DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS

Washington Washington created created 33 executive branches executive branches

StateState: Thomas : Thomas JeffersonJefferson

WarWar: Henry Knox: Henry Knox TreasuryTreasury: :

Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Hamilton Vs. JeffersonHamilton Vs. Jefferson

Hamilton was a Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, staunch Federalist, while Jefferson was while Jefferson was an Anti-Federalistan Anti-Federalist

Hamilton believed Hamilton believed in commerce & in commerce & industry, while industry, while Jefferson believed Jefferson believed in a society of in a society of farmer-citizensfarmer-citizens

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLANHAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN

Hamilton wanted a Hamilton wanted a National Bank National Bank fully fully funded by the funded by the Government Government

Opponents, like James Opponents, like James Madison, felt the Madison, felt the Constitution made no Constitution made no provisions for such a provisions for such a Federal bankFederal bank

Thus begins a long Thus begins a long battle between those battle between those who who interpret the interpret the Constitution loosely Constitution loosely vs. strictlyvs. strictly

TWO-PARTY SYSTEMTWO-PARTY SYSTEM

Differences within Differences within Washington’s cabinet Washington’s cabinet gave rise to a gave rise to a Two-Two-Party SystemParty System

Supporters Hamilton’s Supporters Hamilton’s strong government strong government view called view called themselves themselves FederalistsFederalists

Supporters of Supporters of Jefferson’s vision of a Jefferson’s vision of a strong state strong state government were government were called called Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

WHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION During Washington’s During Washington’s

22ndnd term in office term in office (1794), (1794), Whiskey Whiskey farmers,farmers, angered by angered by an excessive an excessive taxtax, , attacked tax collectorsattacked tax collectors

Washington Washington responded with great responded with great force (13,000 troops)force (13,000 troops)

Set precedent for Set precedent for armed force to armed force to support federal support federal authority authority

ELECTION OF 1796ELECTION OF 1796 Federalists nominated Federalists nominated

Vice President John Vice President John AdamsAdams

Democratic-Democratic-Republicans Republicans nominated Thomas nominated Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Adams wins and Adams wins and runner-up Jefferson runner-up Jefferson becomes vice-becomes vice-president (as law president (as law dictated)dictated)

Jefferson (left) and Adams

XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIR

Adams attempts to avoid Adams attempts to avoid war with France after war with France after France ships seize France ships seize American shipsAmerican ships

He sends official to meet He sends official to meet with France foreign with France foreign ministerminister

France sends three low France sends three low level officerslevel officers

Adams is insulted and Adams is insulted and refers to them as “X, Y, refers to them as “X, Y, and Z” and Z”

Next two years an Next two years an undeclared naval war undeclared naval war between France & U.S. was between France & U.S. was wagedwaged

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTSALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

To counter what he To counter what he considered a threat considered a threat against the government, against the government, Adams passed through Adams passed through Congress the Congress the Alien and Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Acts

Alien Act raised residence Alien Act raised residence requirements for requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed years and allowed President to deport anyonePresident to deport anyone

Sedition Act set fines & jail Sedition Act set fines & jail for anyone making false for anyone making false statements against the statements against the governmentgovernment

STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY ALIEN & SEDITION ACTSALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

In an event that would In an event that would foreshadow future foreshadow future conflicts, two Southern conflicts, two Southern States (Va, & Ky.) States (Va, & Ky.) asserted the principle asserted the principle of of nullificationnullification

Nullification meant Nullification meant that a state could that a state could nullify, or consider nullify, or consider void, any act of void, any act of Congress they Congress they deemed deemed unconstitutionalunconstitutional