A Brothers’ War: The Upper South

By Josée Campbell and Kaitlin Gibbs

I. Fort Sumter attack A. Lincoln called 75,000 state militia to put

down an insurrection for 90 days II. War fever III. Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and

Arkansas A. Tied to lower Southern culture and ideology B. Joined the Confederacy

The Conflict Takes Shape

I. Harpers Ferry A. U.S. army garrison of 47 men set fire to arsenal and armory B. Virginians tried to salvage much of the rifle-making

machinery from destruction II. Gosport Navy Yard

A. Virginia militia entrained for Norfolk to seize Gosport Navy Yard

B. Due to confusion of orders, the commander decided to destroy it

III. Secession sentiment was strong in Maryland A. Baltimore mob attacked several companies of the 6th

Massachusetts Regiment

The First Clashes

I. Maryland A. Remained a divided state B. 35,000 white men (and 9000 blacks) fought in the

Union army and navy C. 20,000 went South to fight for the Confederacy

II. Delaware A. Slavery virtually ceased to exist there B. 10,000 white men and 1,000 blacks fought for Union

army and navy C. No more than 1,000 men fought for the Confederacy

The Eastern Border States: Maryland and Delaware

I. Kentucky A. “A brothers’ war” B. Tried to remain neutral C. “State Guards” versus “Home Guards” D. Confederacy troops marched into Kentucky first

1. Kentucky Unionists considered them “invaders” E. Officially remained in the Union

1. However, held a secession convention and “joined” the Confederacy II. Missouri

A. Claiborne Jackson (governor) placed Missouri into Confederacy before Unionist elements could even organize

B. Hessian mobs 1. 33 people died (2 were soldiers)

The Western Border States: Kentucky and Missouri

C. Lyon declares war upon former Governor Sterling Price (Unionist from Missouri)

D. Lyon’s surprise attack on Confederate camp at Wilson’s Creek 1. General Franz Sigel - 1,200 men attack Confederates from the rear 2. Lyon – 4,200 men attack from the front

E. Lyon was shot and his men ran out of ammunition, they retreated F. Confederates won G. Fremont (Commander of the Union’s Western Department) issued an

order that would put the whole state under martial law H. Lincoln tells Fremont to modify his proclamation I. Civil War

1. 80,000 white Missourians (and 8,000 blacks) served in Union armies 2. 30,000 joined Confederates 3. 3,000 fought as Southern guerrillas

(Cont.) The Western Border States: Kentucky and Missouri

I. Importance A. Baltimore, Ohio Railroad, and Ohio River ran through it for 200

miles II. Confederates struck first by cutting the railroad west of

Harpers Ferry in 1861 II. Who was in charge?

A. General George B. McClellan - in charge of 20,000 troops to drive out the Confederates

B. General Robert Garnett – in charge of Confederate troops III. General William S. Rosecrans worked with McClellan

A. Battle Plan – have Rosecrans troop circle behind, while McClellan’s troops fought in front

West Virginia

IV. Robert E. Lee managed the troops after Garnett died A. Generals John Floyd and Henry Wise took charge of

some troops but fought constantly B. Jefferson Davis fixed this by sending Wise to Richmond

V. The Union won WV and the railroad VI. VA seceded from Union and many delegates wanted

to secede from VA A. 1861 – people met to create their own state (Kanawha

later became WV) B. 1863 – WV officially became a state with slavery

abolished

(Cont.) West Virginia

I. Lincoln wanted to restore East TN to Union through a Unionist uprising A. Invasion through Cumberland Gap from KT under General

George H. Thomas B. General Don Carols Buell canceled Thomas’s invasion C. Roads were bad, mountains rugged, and winter coming

(failed) II. Administration pressured Buell into the continuation of the

invasion led by Thomas into winter III. General George Crittenden and General Felix Zollicoffer

surprised Thomas at Logan’s Cross Roads A. However, Thomas won

East Tennessee

IV. Confederate States A. Tennessee remained Confederate B. Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas

became Confederate V. Union

A. The 5 border states (including West Virginia) were Union

B. Produced more food, animals, metals, and other items

(Cont.) East Tennessee