A brief summary of Civilization for the 3rd

. class

Course description: the course focuses on:

Historical, social and cultural development from the 81th

century to the first half of the 81th century.

Developments in political, scientific, philosophical, literary

and artistic fields are concluded.

The most important references of English civilization:

8. G. M. Trevelyan: English social history.

2. Will Durant: The story of civilization.

3. Log on the website + text book.

Civil (v.)

Civilization (n.) = civilian (n.)

Civilized (adj.) = civil (adj.)

Civilly (adj.)

Civilization: means customs, traditions, lifestyle and adherence to

regulation and moral values.

Civilization consists of four elements:

8. Economic resources.

2. Political system.

3. Moral traditions.

4. Science and the arts.

Civilization helps us to under the English literature in general (The

emergence of the novel, poetry, prose, etc.....)

A brief history of England in the 81th

century:

During the 81th

century Britain, Europe and America were scenes

of enormous changes:

8. French Revolution.

2. American Revolution.

3. Industrial revolution.

4. Religious / Reformation Revolution.

8. The French revolution:

It took place in France from 8811 to 8811.

It was against injustice, inequality & oppression.

It called for mottos (EFL):

(Equality Fraternity Liberty)

There were famous thinkers who motivated the French Rev.:

(Voltaire - Rousseau – Montesquieu)

The French revolution inspired many people around the

world from the 81th

century. On wards we will notice the effect of

the three slogans in many of the works written afterwards.

It also affected many liberation movements all around the world

like the American Revolution.

2. The American revolution (8775-8713):

The American Revolution was the political upheaval during

the last half of the 81th century. in which thirteen colonies in north

America joined together to break free from the British empire,

combining to become the united states of America ( The U.S.A).

It called for freedom, independence, human rights of equality &

brotherhood. It was inspired by the revolution in France.

Quoted from the American Declaration of independence:

"We hold these truth to be self-evident that all men are created

equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain

unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the

pursuit of happiness".

The system of government:

English parliament and monarchs turned to political

maneuvering rather than civil war to resolve their conflicts.

There was an ongoing conflict between the two major parties in

England: The Whigs and The Tories.

There are also some wars between France & England, Some of

which were expressed in Dickens's "A tale of two cities." (London

- Paris).

The system of government was characterized by division and

political problems. It was monarchy still but people began to feel

more freedom, more changes, so they were able to criticize though

in an indirect way.

England before the 81th

century:

-People`s life were rural, very simple not developed/primitive.

-No machine, factories, schools, communication, production,

education, just the church and the farm.

-Nothing came, nothing went, nothing happened, stagnant.

-No changes at all on any level of education, health (superstation).

Alexander pop's idea about the time before the 81th

century:

Pop says:

"Happy the man whose wish and care, "A simple man

a few paternal a cross abound, content to wants only a

breathe his native air in his own ground." piece of land to

feel happy".

3. The religious scene:

-The dark ages in Europe in general saw the death of the reason

and the spread of darkness & superstition.

-At that time, there was no creativity as people were told

everything they needed to know by the church.

-The church did not want people to think, simply because it needed

them to remain devoted to it.

-It made it easy for everyone to get rid of their sins by buying the

indulgences and having their sins forgiven.

-People closed their minds and hearts and trusted so much in the

authority of the church.

-It interfered even in the way that they looked at life itself.

EX. The church told them:

-The earth is the center of the universe, the sun revolves around the

earth, and the church is the center of earth (universe). They never

questioned its truthfulness.

-They believed everything the church advised.

But modern ages gave scientists the chance to study this fact and to

prove that the earth revolves around the sun.

-This mean that the church is not the center of the universe.

-That is to say, not everything the church said was true.

Stop & Think!

-People were encouraged to relay more on themselves for

forgiveness.

-The path to real repentance was not the church but a direct

relationship with the creator.

-Every individual person felt important.

-In all fields of life, the individuals felt important.

-They needed to achieve themselves by reading, travelling,

exploring and having lots of adventures.

England became the empire in the 81th

century:

-Because of science, industrial revolution, England became a huge

super power.

-England occupied many countries all over the world.

-England became the empire over which the sun never sets.

-British people felt very important and very powerful.

-English people lost all trust in religion and began to seek

fulfillment of their desires and needs, so Materialism &

Individualism were spread in everywhere.

Materialism (what is seen, not what is spiritual or ambiguous)

was spread. Also Individualism was spread.

Individualism: means every man/woman felt the desire to travel

everywhere and explore new lands. They need more money, more

knowledge, and more pleasure. Every individual wanted to achieve

himself and lost interest in every other individual.

4. The industrial revolution:

-It was the major technological, socioeconomic and cultural

change in the 81th

century. King George 3 gave a great interest in

agricultural improvement (the Agrarian Revolution).

The positive effects of the industrial revolution:

-It changed society from stagnation to turmoil /change.

-Transportation, communication, travelling, resources, of

knowledge, Innovation, Technology made them all easier.

-Life became easier and more comfortable. (better life).

The negative effects of the industrial revolution:

-The problem of pollution.

-The rate of children deaths are increased.

-The work of women & children.

-The weakness of the family structure (broken homes).

-Lack of interest towards education.

-The spread of diseases, deaths & poverty.

-Clash between science and religion. (Secularism).

Some social effects of the Industrial Revolution:

-New opportunities were found.

-The structure of society is changed to the better. (Low. middle

high).

-The first law for child labor was announced.

-The children were not allowed to work at night time under 1.

-Both children & women were forbidden to work at mining.

-The number of children should be decreased in the field of labour.

-Organization of labour were established to guarantee the wrights

of the workers.

-Both the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution

made England (Great Britain) (The United Kingdom) (U. K).

(1)

Third Year English Civilization Revision

Mark the following statements (√) or (x). Correct the false A.

:ones ۱. The conflict between Spain and France did not have any impact on

England and Scotland. ۲. Alliances in Europe were made for economic interests. ۳. Royal marriages are used by the European to reinforce their potential

alliances. ٤. In ۱٥۱۳, the European rivals failed to entice England and Scotland

into their conflict. ٥. The Holy League was formed against England. ٦. King Henry VIII was the father-in-law of Ferdinand II. ۷. Catherine of Aragon was a French Princess. ۸. The Armada was defeated by the British fleet at Gravelines on

August ۷ P

thP..

۹. "Flowers of the Forest" were elegies in memorial of the Scottish casualties in Flodden.

۱۰. "Defender of Faith" a title given to Charles V. ۱۱. Textiles were the dominant industry of the industrial revolution in

England. ۱۲. The industrial revolution meant a transition from hand production

methods to machines production. ۱۳. The industrial revolution started in England in the late ۱۹P

thP century.

۱٤. The industrial revolution in England resulted in the triumph of feudalism over capitalism.

۱٥. The industrial revolution developed large sale capitalism. ۱٦. The introduction of power-driven machinery increased the need for

man's labor. ۱۷. The industrial revolution led to the rise of the bourgeoisie and the

proletariat. ۱۸. The geographical location was advantageous to England ۱۹. The English colonies played an unimportant role in the development

of the British economy. ۲۰. England maintained a strong naval force during the reign of Queen

Elizabeth I. ۲۱. The laissez fair policy led to the under development of the British

economy. ۲۲. Cotton industries were greatly developed during the industrial

revolution. ۲۳. The cotton Gin, invented by Whitney in ۱۷۹۳, helped remove seeds

from cotton. ۲٤. Hard-surface roads were built in the ۱۷ P

thP and ۱۸P

thP centuries to ease

the movement. ۲٥. George Stevenson invented the airplane. ۲٦. The invention of machines created an unemployment problem in

England.

۲۷. The defeat of the Armada resolved the conflict between England and Spain.

۲۸. The industrial revolution led to destroying the age-long-tradition of strip farming.

۲۹. The Chartism Movement in England was a protest against the advantages of capitalism.

۳۰. King George I was born in England. ۳۱. The Act of settlement ۱۷۰۱ allowed Catholic from inheriting the

British throne. ۳۲. George I ascended the throne after the death of Queen Anne of

Great Britain ۳۳. George I was the first monarch of the house of Hanover. ۳٤. The Jacobites attempted to dispose George I being a protestant but

they failed. ۳٥. George II was the first British monarch born inside Great Britain. ۳٦. George II had more control over domestic affairs. ۳۷. The relationship between King George I and his eldest son Frederic

was good. ۳۸. Frederic supported parliamentary opposition against his father. ۳۹.

B. :UComplete the following sentencesU

۱. A wife in any great dynastic marriage is expected to provide two assets: a. ……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………... … ۲. Catherine of Aragon was divorced because she failed to

…………………………..……………. ۳. The pop granted the title of the "defender of faith" to Charles VI in

recognition of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…..………….. ٤. To force the pop grant him an annulment, Henry VI took measures to

...................... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………… ٥. Thomas More refused to give an oath because he

………………………………... ٦. For the Act of Supremacy to be effective

…………………………………………… ۷. The Act of Supremacy helped King Henry VIII to assume

………………………… ۸. Despite the Act of Supremacy, there was no element of religious reform

in all this because ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

۹. As a result of Cromwell's reports ……………………………………………………..…………………

۱۰. In all, King Henry VIII married six wives. They were:….. …………………….…………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..

۱۱. The dea

C. :UWrite short NotesU ۱. The Holy League and Flodden In ۱٥۱۳ the European rivals could entice both England and Scotland into their conflict. The pop,

the emperor and the king of Spain formed a Holy League against France. To support his father-in-law King of Spain, Henry VIII led an army in ۱٥۱۳ across the Channel to France. At the same time, the king of France allied with Scotland whose king James IV invaded northern England. The English and the Scottish armies met at Flodden, a battle in which the Scottish casualties

amounted to ۱۰۰۰۰ men.

۲. The "Flowers of the Forest" The "Flowers of the Forest" are some ballades written in lamenting the Scottish casualties at

Flodden.

۳. Thomas More Thomas more was an important figure in the British society at the time of King Henry VIII. He held a position of a particular significance at that time. He was a scholar of distinction, a friend of Erasmus, author of Utopia, and a close friend of the King as well as his chancellor for three years. When he refused to swear an oath of acceptance of the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned and accused of treason and hanged. On the scaffold, he declared that he died "the

King's good servant, but God's first."

٤. England's first Catholic Martyrs: Those were the people who refused to swear the oath of acceptance of the Act of Supremacy. They included people such as More, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester and a group of Carthusian monks. They were all beheaded for declaring that accepting the Act is a denial to the pope's

authority.

٥. Catherine Parr: Catherine Parr was the third Catherine in King Henry's life and his sixth wife. He married her in ۱٥٤۳, already twice widowed and aged about ۳۱. She was an intelligent and cultivated woman. She won the King's trust and admiration. She succeeded in uniting his three children from

separate mothers and all lived together for the first time in the royal household. She outlived عاشت .the Kingبعده

٦. Thomas Cromwell:

Thomas Cromwell was the principle secretary of King Henry VIII. Henry commissioned him to make a detailed survey all the Church Wealth and to list evidence of laxity and corruption in monasteries. Based on Cromwell's reports great charges were made and valuable funds flew

onto the Royal treasury (exchequer).

۷. The act of Supremacy ۱٥۳٤-۱٥۳٥: The Act of Supremacy was the most important act the parliament issued ۱٥٤۳ and by which King

Henry VIII became the head of the Church of England in defiance to the pope's authority in Rome. In fact the Act was the result of the pressure practiced by many anti-clerical مضاد لسلطة الكنيسة

members of the parliament in support of King Henry's cause of Catherine's divorce. This act enabled King Henry to make many radical جذريchanges in the ecclesiastical establishments of

England and by which King could have stronger control over religious affairs شئونin England and Wales.

۸. D. :UAnswer the following questionsU

۱. What were the possibilities that England could help both rivals Spain and France?

England can help Spain by invading الغزوacross the Channel when France was engaged مشغولelsewhere. England can help France by denying منعSpanish ships an easy passage through the

Channel to Netherlands. Scotland can help any enemy of England by marching into the northern English counties .مقاطعات

۱. How were royal marriages used by France and Spain to reinforce

potential allies?

In fact, royal marriages were exploited استغلتby the rivals to form and reinforce يدعمpotential allies حلفاء محتملينwith each other against other rivals. It was marriage of interests. Henry VIII was

married to the Spanish Catherine of Aragon. He arranged a match زواجfor his two years old daughter Mary with the French King Louis XII for his infant طفلson when she was ۲ years old, but

she was not married until she was thirty eight as the queen of England and her bridegroom عريسwas Spanish.

۲. What reasons did King Henry VI have for marrying young Anne Boleyn?

a. King Henry VIII felt that there are practical benefits from adopting anti-papal policy such as the seizure االستيالءof the church property.

b. He has fallen in love with the young Anne Boleyn. c. That marriage was necessary for the provision of a male heir. d. This new marriage represented a pleasure and duty for him. e. To start the English Reform.

۳. How was Henry VIII able to force the pop to grant him an annulment?

He could easily persuade Anti-clerical members of the parliament to pass a series of measures which restricted papal authority in England and prevented church funds from flowing to Rome.

٤. Why did King Henry VIII decide to divorce Catherine of Argon?

He decided to do so for four reasons: a. She failed to bear him a male heir. b. He was deeply in love with Anne Boleyn and it was said that they were secretly married. c. He no longer needed the support of her powerful dynasty d. His plan to get his daughter married to Catherine's nephew Charles VI crumbled.

٥. What was the strategy of King Henry VIII to oblige Pope Clement II grant

him an annulment? Did that succeed? He persuaded anti-clerical members of the parliament to pass a series of measures to restrict papal authority in England and to prevent the flow of the church funds from flowing to Rome.

Such measures didn't succeed.

٦. How and when did the pope play into Henry's hands? The pope fell into Henry's hands when he accepted Henry's proposal to name Thomas Cranmer for the seat of the archbishop of Canterbury which fell vacant in ۱٥۳۲. Cranmer was a personal friend of King Henry VIII and a supporter of his case. In May ۱٥۳۳, Archbishop Cranmer granted King Henry an annulment and declared that Henry's marriage to Catherine to be null and void. That was a heavy blow to the pope. Furthermore, the parliament passed the Act of Supremacy

by which King Henry VIII became the head of the Church of England.

۷. What measures إجراءاتdid King Henry take after establishing himself as the head of the Church of England?

a. He commissioned أغطى صالحيةhis principle secretary, Thomas Cromwell, to make s detailed survey of all ecclesiastical كنسيproperty in England and Wales (Church Wealth.(

b. Cromwell's agents were sent out to list evidence of laxity and corruption in all ecclesiastical establishments (monasteries)

c. Appropriating االستيالءthe properties listed in the first survey based the grounds of abuse discovered in the second.

d. Priories أألديرةand other smaller establishments are closed and appropriated. e. Abbeys with their land were sold to private citizens. f. Valuable funds flew into the royal exchanger.

۸. Write an organized essay on the relation between the Act of Supremacy

and Thomas More. More was one of the brave men who refused to swear on the Act of Supremacy or support the doctrine that King Henry is the head of the Church of England as he saw that the oath implies a denial to the pope's supremacy. As a result of such refusal on the part of the More, who was then chancellor of the king, he was imprisoned; tried, imprisoned again and finally he was hanged to death. He was a man of principle, who said ,"I would die as the King's good servant but God's

first."

۹. Discuss the impact of the conflict between Spain and France on England?

Despite the fact that England was a peripheral player in the conflict between Spain and France in the ۱٦th century, England was enticed to ally with Spain once and with France another through what was known then as the royal marriages. Royal marriages were used by Spain and France to enforce potential allies into their conflict. King Henry VIII was married of the Spanish Catherine of Aragon in ۱٥۱٤. Meantime he arranged a match for his sister Mary with the French King Louis II. In this way the European rivals succeed in enticing England into their conflict. Ferdinand II, king of Spain, persuaded his son-in-law King Henry VIII to support him against France. In June, King Henry led an army across the channel to the north of France, Scotland who was an enemy of England and an ally of France invaded northern England. Consequently, a great army was sent to Scotland where the Scots lost over ۱۰۰۰۰ men in the battle of Flodden. In this way

England was involved in the conflict with all its consequences.

۱۰. What do you know about the royal divorce and reform? Because Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII, failed to bring him a male heir to

his throne , العرشand that her family had become no help to him as he became stronger besides that his plan to get his daughter Mary married from Catherine's nephew Charles V crumbled تحطمت

when Charles V married a Portuguese Princess and he allied with them, for all these reasons King Henry VIII decided to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon but he failed because pope Clement II refused to grant him an annulment. Although the King tried to force the pope by restricting his authority in England and by preventing the Church's money from flowing into Rome these attempts failed. As a consequence, King Henry turned to what seemed to be a religious

reform in order to achieve his objectives and divorce Catherine of Aragon. a. He persuaded anti-clerical members of the parliament to issue a number of measures to

restrict the pope's authority. b. He prevented the church's money from flowing into Rome. c. He persuaded the parliament to issue the "Act of Supremacy" by which he became the

Head of the Church of England. d. He appropriated most of the clerical establishments, i.e. became under the control of the

state. e. He sold all great abbeys land to private citizens. f. Valuable funds flow into the royal treasury. g. In ۱٥۳۳, he was able to divorce Catherine of Argon through Thomas Cranmer, the newly

appointed archbishop of the Church of England.

۱۲. What were the changes brought upon England by the industrial revolution?

The changes brought upon England by the industrial revolution were: a. Change from hand work to machine work. b. A change from home (domestic) production to factory production. c. Extensive application of water and steam power. d. Revolutionary changes in transportation and communication. e. Disappearance of traditional agriculture. f. Transition from a rural handicrafts economy to urban machine based economy.

g. The appearance of new social classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat.

۱۳. Why did the industrial revolution start in England? These are the major factors that helped the start of the industrial revolution in England:

a. Influence of the agrarian revolution. Which marked the striking increase in agriculture production

b. Expanding trade and markets both at home and abroad. c. The role of the British colonies in as big markets for the British products. d. The abundance of cheap raw material from the British colonies. e. The favorable geographical location of Britain as surrounded by water facilitated shipping

into and out of Britain. f. The supreme naval power especially after the defeat of the Armada.

g. The favorable socio-political conditions prevailing in England that supported Laissez-fair policy.

h. The encouragement of the government to domestic trade. ۱٤. Name some of the inventions that were made during the industrial

revolution. a. John Kay's flying shuttle b. James Hargreaves's spinning jenny c. Samuel Compton's spinning mule d. Cartwright's power loom

e. Whitney's Cotton gin f. James Watt's steam engine

۱٥. What were the impacts of the industrial revolution in England? a. Development of new means of transportation and communication as represented in new

hard-surfaced roads, railways and canals all over the country as well as the development in telegraph and postal services.

b. The raise of new social classes: the bourgeoisie and proletariat bourgeoisie and proletariat c. Urbanization of the rural areas which altered the village agricultural life and witnessed the

emergence of city life in England as well as the appearance of large cities. d. The decline of small-scale industries and the pre-dominance of capitalists who

monopolized the entire industries of England. e. The problem of unemployment as a result of the invention of machines f. The influence of the capitalists began to increase in administrations as well as in the

parliament. In other words, the rich began to interfere in the political affairs of the country using their money power.

۱٦. What were the features of the industrial society in England? a. Large scale factories instead of small or home factories (factory system) b. Machine production instead of hand made products c. The division of labor d. Large scale production e. The dominance of capitalism over feudalism

۱۷. Under which conditions did workers undergo during the first phase of the industrial revolution?

Inside factories: workers were made from ۱۲ to ۱٦ hours a day in unfavorable conditions such as pollution, low wages, under-nourishment, lacking the ordinary comforts of life, lacking sleep,

Outside factories: workers were quite miserable suffering the seven deadly evils of factory system: unsanitary factories, urban slums, long hours of work, low wages, exploitation of women

and children, un propertied working class and unemployment.

۱۸. What led to the appearance of Chartist Movement in England? The chartist movement appeared in England as a result of the disadvantages of the industrial

revolution from which the working class suffered greatly. The movement was seen as a protest against poverty and physical sufferings of the deprived working class.

۱۹. How long did King George I Last?

George I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in ۱٦٦۰ and died in ۱۷۲۷. He lived for ٦۷ years and ruled for ۱۳ years from ۱۷۱٤.

۲۰. How was the reign of King George I?

King George I was a weak monarch. During his reign the power of the monarchy diminished and Britain bean a transition to modern system of cabinet government led by a prime minister.

Towards the end of his reign, the actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole, recognized as Britain's first real minister. King George I died on a trip to his native country Hanover, where he

was buried there.

۲۱. Write short notes about King George II. - King George II was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain. - He was brought up in northern Germany for ۱۱ years. - His grandmother was Sophia of Hanover.

- In the first years of his father's reign (George I) he was associated with opposition politicians.

- His brother Frederick died unexpectedly before his father and so George II succeeded his father.

- He was not interested in the internal affairs of the country but he was influential in foreign policy and military affairs.

- King George II died suddenly and was succeeded by his grandson George III

۲۲. Write short notes on King George III. - He was born on ٤ June in London ۱۷۳۸. - He was the eldest son of Frederic, Prince of Wales. - He ruled longer than any other British monarch before him (٦۰ years)

- His reign was marked by a series of military conflicts everywhere. - In his early reign England defeated France in the Seven Years' War and become the

dominant European power. - During his reign, many of Britain's American colonies were lost in the American National

wars. - During his reign, the British defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in ۱۸۱٥. - In the later part of his life, George III suffered from recurrent and eventually mental illness.

- Prince Regent succeeded his father George III as George IV. ۲۳. What were the problems that Queen Elisabeth faced and had to

resolve? - The massive return of the Protestant claiming their rights. - Peace had to be made with France and Scotland by accepting the terms of the loss of

Calais - Achieving religious peace between the Protestant and the Catholic - The ۱٥۹٥ Act of Supremacy which assured her Presidency as the head of the Church of

England.

۲٤. How did Milton describe the reign of Queen Elizabeth? In fact, literature developed greatly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth . Milton described

England during this period as "a noble nation, rousing herself, like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks."

۲٥. What were the characteristics of the Elizabethan age?

a. Religious tolerance which was largely due to he queen's influence. b. Social contentment owing to the development of economic conditions. c. Enthusiasm which led to as Bacon said, "The mind must reach further than the eye." d. Intellectual liberty as represented by the growth of Drama e. A growing feeling of patriotism all over the country because the queen devoted herself to

England

۲٥.