PowerPoint Presentation

A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomyPart One: The Major CordSpine and Spinal Cord AnatomyLucas Brammar

A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomySeries One: Getting to GripsThe Major CordDevelopment of the Spine and Spinal CordThe vertebral column Spinal CordThe MeningesUnlocking the Cranial VaultBones and joints of the skullReturn of the meninges Gross structure of the brain and the skull vaultsGross structure of the brain stemVasculatureMajor arterial supply to the brain and brain stemVenous drainage of the brain sinuses Nerve SpottingIntroduction to the Cranial Nerves Introduction to Cranial Nerve ExaminationsBrachial plexus to be covered in musculoskeletal tutorials

A Brief Introduction to NeuroanatomyMotor OnMotor regions of the brainThe Basal Ganglia (nuclei)Cerebellum

Somatosensory SystemsSensory regions of the brainSensory pathwaysThe great pain problemReflexesMajor spinal cord reflexesUpper and Lower Motor Neurone defecitsMotor PathwaysMotor neuronesCorticospinal Tract Brain stem motor tracts

Special SensesVision and the visual cortexVestibulocochlear systems Audition and Olfaction and the olfactory cortexSeries TWO: PATHS TO SUCCESS

Part One: The Major CordBrief introduction to the development of the spine and spinal cord

Vertebrae and the vertebral column

Spinal cord and meninges Outline

Development of the Spinal CordThree key embryonic layers:Ectoderm (neural tissue and skin)Mesoderm (connective tissues)Endoderm (most viscera)

Images: wikimedia commons

The SpineSpine is constructed of vertebrae

AnteriorPosteriorVertebral bodyTransverse processSpinous process

PedicleSpinal canal

Image: http://www.theluklinskispineclinic.com

The Spine7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 fused Sacral (sacrum)

Coccyx

Image: wikimedia commons

Cervical Vertebrae Transverse foraminaeBifid spinous processes*Small vertebral body

Image: wikimedia commons

Atlas and AxisC1 = Atlas C2 = Axis

The atlas holds up theWorldNo vertebral bodyOdontoid pegThe atlanto-axial joint

The C-Spine

Image: Jeremy Jones, radiopaedia.org

Thoracic Vertebrae Sloping spinous processFacets on transverse processesheart shaped vertebral foramen

Image: spineuniverse.com

Lumbar Vertebrae Very large vertebral bodySmall transverse and spinous process kidney-shaped vertebral foramen

Image: spineuniverse.com

Sacrum and Coccyx

Image: tutorvista.com

Fitting it togetherIntervertebral discs (secondary cartilagenous)

Images: active motion physiotherapy, Basic science of disc degeneration (Adams M)

Intervertebral disc prolapse

Image: Dr Muhammad Essam, radiopaedia.org

Fitting it togetherApophyseal joints (gliding synovial joints)

Inferior articularprocessSuperior articular processImage: http://www.theluklinskispineclinic.com

Conditions affecting the spineSponylosis Spinal stenosisSponylolisthesisDisc diseaseBack painOsteoperosisTraumatic injuryMany more

The Spinal CordCauda EquinaHead Foramen magnumL1 / L2 (^ T12 in children)

Image: wikimedia commons

Spinal Cord: SummaryBegins at foramen magnum, terminates between L1-L2 (as high as T12 in children)

Terminates as the conus medullaris tapering to the thin filum terminale.

Fans out into peripheral nerves the cauda equina

Image: wikimedia commons

Spinal Cord in Cross Section

Image: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/spinalcord5.gifSpinal nerve

Spinal Nerves31 pairs of spinal nerves:

8 cervical12 thoracic5 Lumbar 5 Sacral1 coccyggeal

Image: wikimedia commons

MeningesThe meninges are tissue coverings surrounding the spinal cord and the brain

Epidural spaceDura mater (hard mother) = fibrous tissueArachnoid mater = fine tissue layerPia mater = vascular, adherent to tissueImage: wikimedia commons

Epidural

Injection of Local anaesthetic into epidural space

Dangerous: dont hit the subarachnoid space!Image: wikimedia commons