A Brief Description of the Different Types of Psychotherapy and Counseling

1.Acceptance and Commitment psychotherapy counseling

2. Adlerian psychotherapy counseling

3. Behavioral Analysis psychotherapy counseling

3. Body Centered psychotherapy counseling

5. Cognitive Behavioral or CBT psychotherapy counseling

6. DBT or Dialectical Behavioral psychotherapy counseling

7. Emotion Focused psychotherapy counseling

8. Family Systems psychotherapy counseling

9. Gestalt psychotherapy counseling

10. Gottman Relationship psychotherapy counseling

11. Hakomi psychotherapy counseling

12. Humanistic psychotherapy counseling

13. Imago Relationship psychotherapy counseling

15. Interpersonal psychotherapy counseling

14. Jungian psychotherapy counseling

15. Logotherapy psychotherapy counseling

16. Mindfulness psychotherapy counseling

17. Narrative Based psychotherapy counseling

18. Neurolinguistic Programming or NLP psychotherapy counseling

19. Psychoanalysis psychotherapy counseling

20. Psychodynamic psychotherapy counseling

21. Satir psychotherapy counseling

22. Sensorimotor psychotherapy counseling

23. Solution Focused psychotherapy counseling

24. Transactional Analysis psychotherapy counseling

25. Transpersonal psychotherapy counseling

26. Integrative psychotherapy counseling

1. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) psychotherapy counseling

As a branch out of Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, differs from the traditional CBT approach of teaching people to better control their thoughts and feelings to focus on an individuals’ ability to directly control their own movement, speech and actions. ACT uses an educational approach to teach client’s to "just notice", accept, and embrace their life experiences. ACT introduces the client to strategies of ‘mindfulness’, ‘acceptance’, ‘commitment’ and ‘behavior change’ to enhance psychological flexibility. ACT helps the individual get in contact with a transcendent sense of self known as ‘self-as-context’ — the part of the mind that observes and experiences while remaining distinct from one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, and memories.

2. Adlerian Therapy psychotherapy counseling

Alfred Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement along with Freud and others. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory. His most famous concept is the inferiority complex that speaks to the problem of self-esteem and its negative compensations. His emphasis on power dynamics is rooted in the philosophy of Nietzsche. Adler argued for holism, viewing the individual holistically rather than reductively. Adler is considered, along with Freud and Jung, to be one of the three founding figures of depth psychology, which emphasizes the unconscious and psychodynamics. Adlerian Therapy is a growth model. It stresses a positive view of human nature and that we are in control of our own fate and not a victim to it. The goal of Adlerian Therapy is to challenge the clients' premises and to encourage goals that are socially useful and help them to feel equal. These goals maybe from any component of life including, parenting skills, marital skills, ending substance-abuse, and most anything else. The therapist may also assign homework, setup contracts between them and the client, and make suggestions on how the client can reach their goals.

4. Behavioural Analysis psychotherapy counseling

The term ‘behavior analysis’ coined by B. F. Skinner, focuses on the science of behavior as a subject in its own right while relegating the concept of mind to philosophy. Behavior therapists tend to accept the underlying assumptions of behavior analysis and through the use of Pavlovian procedures focus on problems involving covert behavior, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and unwanted thoughts and feelings. Applied behavior analysts tend to focus on overt (publicly observable) behavior. Applied

Behavioral Analysis (ABA) is the most widely used method to help autistic children and adults. It teaches them to be able to communicate through a system of rewards and consequences.

5. Body-Centered Therapy psychotherapy counseling

Body Centered Therapy Also known as mind-body or somatic therapy, combines the strengths of talk therapy with bodywork to help people become more aware of their bodily sensations as well as their emotions, images and behavior. Clients are guided to become more conscious of how they breathe, move, speak, and where they experience feelings in their bodies. This increased awareness about how the body holds physical stress and emotional injury informs and directs the therapy process, allowing clients to work through patterns of limitation that are not often resolved on the level of the mind alone. Body Centred therapists may draw upon a wide variety of techniques such as: breath work, touch, postural alignment, dance, tai chi, qi gong, yoga, imagery, massage, mindfulness, relaxation techniques and other exercises to increase body awareness.

6. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) psychotherapy counseling

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thoughts and perception in shaping feelings and behaviors. CBT uses a problem-solving approach that teaches people skills to change their thinking and manage their reactions to stressful people and situations. Developed out of Behavior Modification, Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, CBT is used to treat various kinds of neurosis and psychopathology, including mood and anxiety disorders. CBT is considered a cost-effective treatment for many disorders and psychological problems due to it’s short-term and time-limited approach that focuses on quantifiable results. CBT is highly instructive and makes use of assignments, homework and trying out new ways of behaving and reacting to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic” ways of thinking, and therefore to influence emotion and behaviour.

7. DBT or Dialectical Behavioral psychotherapy counseling

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a psychosocial treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan specifically to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder along with other diagnoses. In the 1990’s Linehan advocated that psychosocial treatment of those with Borderline Personality Disorder was as important in controlling the condition as treatment with pharmaceutical drugs. Due to invalidating environments during a person’s upbringing and due to biological factors as yet unknown, some people, react in erratic and unmanageable ways to emotional stimulation. The DBT therapist actively teaches patients how to manage emotional trauma rather than reducing it or taking them out of crises. The main treatment combines behaviorist theory along side training and practice in the Buddhist technique of mindfulness. DBT treatment will always include two components: weekly individual psychotherapy sessions with the aim to manage self-injurious and suicidal behaviours, discussion of current concerns and development of the client’s coping skills. And secondly, a weekly group session in mindfulness practice, emotion regulation skills, interpersonal effectiveness skills and distress tolerance skills. The purpose of the DBT is to help the client stabilize their own experience of the middle ground between rational and emotional mind states.

8. Emotion Focused Therapy psychotherapy counseling

EFT is a short-term approach to couples therapy formulated by Drs. Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg in the 1980’s. Relationship distress is a very common reason for seeking therapy and is strongly associated with depression, anxiety disorders and addictions as well as generally undermining family health. Emotionally Focused Therapy recognizes that relationship distress results from a perceived threat to basic adult needs for safety, security and closeness in intimate relationships. EFT offers an experiential and systemic approach to helping partners restructure the emotional responses that maintain their negative interaction patterns. Through a series of nine steps, the therapist leads the couple away from conflict toward forming new bonding interactions. EFT is used broadly with many different kinds of couples including partners suffering from depression, post traumatic stress and chronic illness.

9. Family Systems psychotherapy counseling

Family Systems therapy is a form of psychotherapy that considers a family as an organism or system with its own internal rules, patterns of functioning, and tendency to resist change. The treatment involves all the members of a nuclear or extended family and may be conducted by a pair or team of therapists of both genders for a short-term treatment. Family Systems therapy uses ‘systems theory’ to evaluate family members in terms of their position or role within the system as a whole. Rather than focusing on traits or symptoms in individuals, Family Systems emphasizes the importance of changing the way the system works. The theory developed when it was discovered that schizophrenic patients often improved when their whole family went into treatment together as opposed to focusing on the hospitalized member. The aim of Family Systems Therapy is for family members to understand and accept their individual responsibility in the emotional functioning of the family unit. By learning to recognize the emotional relationship patterns and how anxiety is handled in the family, individual family members can manage themselves in more functional ways.

10. Gestalt Therapy psychotherapy counseling

Developed by Fritz Perls’ and others in the 1940’s, the basic premise of Gestalt is that “life happens in the present – not in the past or the future – and that when we are dwelling on the past or fantasizing about the future we are not living fully”. Perls, originally a Freudian analyst, was influenced by the principles of Gestalt psychology and existential philosophy. The Gestalt process models the way in which what is directly experienced and felt is more reliable than explanations or interpretations based on pre-existing experiences or attitudes. It is a therapy that takes into account the whole individual and is concerned with both mind and body. The behaviours or symptoms that are deemed undesirable or unsatisfactory are essential elements in the therapy process. The role of the Gestalt therapist is to bring the more obvious discrepancies in the client’s presentation of themselves and their response to others to the client’s attention. Out of this material the therapist develops creative ways to challenge the client to accept the responsibility of taking care of themselves rather then excepting others to do so. As a process, Gestalt facilitates the client’s awareness of personal responsibility, how to avoid problems, to finish unfinished matters and experience life with moment-by-moment awareness.

11. Gottman Relationship psychotherapy counseling

Gottman Method Couples Therapy is a structured, goal-oriented, scientifically-based therapy. Intervention strategies are based upon empirical data from Dr. John Gottman’s three decades of research with 3,000 couples. From this research Gottman Relationship Therapy can pin point the factors that distinguish happy, stable couples from unstable couples and provides supportive methods to assist couples in creating the quality of relationship that they have been unable to attain through their own efforts.

12. The Hakomi Method psychotherapy counseling

Hakomi is a body-centered, somatic approach that combines the Eastern traditions of mindfulness and non-violence within a unique Western methodology. In a therapeutic context, the body's structures and habitual patterns serve as the doorway to unconscious ‘core material’, including the hidden beliefs, relationships, and self-images that shape how we see ourselves. Core material is composed of memories, images, beliefs, neural patterns, and deeply held emotional dispositions. This core material shapes the styles, habits, behaviors, perceptions, physical postures and attitudes that define us as individuals. The Hakomi Method accesses core material, allowing it to emerge safely into consciousness. Once conscious, it can be re-evaluated, and where appropriate, transformed. New awareness can be integrated, helping the individual to build a more satisfying and effective life.

13. Humanistic psychotherapy counseling

Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. The Humanistic Psychologists were concerned with advancing a more holistic vision of psychology and drew upon roots in existentialist philosophy to foreground the human context for the development of psychological theory. James Bugental (1964), summarized the humanistic approach in five points: 1. Human beings cannot be reduced to components; 2. Human beings have in them a uniquely human context; 3. Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people; 4. Human beings have choices and non desired responsibilities; 5. Human beings are intentional, they seek meaning, value and creativity. The major theorists considered to have prepared the ground for Humanistic Psychology are Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May and Wilhelm Reich. Other noteworthy in the movement include Roberto Assagioli, Gordon Allport, Medard Boss, Martin Buber, R. D. Laing, Fritz Perls, Anthony Sutich, Erich Fromm, Kurt Goldstein, Clark Moustakas, Lewis Mumford and James Bugental.

14. Imago Relationship psychotherapy counseling

Derived from the Latin word for image, Imago addresses romantic love and provides a framework for couples in therapy. Developed by Harville Hendrix, Ph.D., author of Getting The Love You Want: A Guide For Couples, The Imago Therapy Process teaches couples the stages of romantic love and the ensuing stages of power struggle within relationships to assist clients in developing conscious, intimate, and committed relationships. Imago theory posits that couples unconsciously choose partners who have both the positive and negative attributes of both of their parents. The core practice of Imago therapy is the "Couple's Dialogue," in which a couple engages in a structured conversation, with or without an Imago Therapist to re-align our conscious mind (which usually wants happiness and good feelings) with the agenda of the unconscious mind (which wants healing and growth) Other techniques include mirroring, validating and empathizing.

15. Interpersonal psychotherapy counseling

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited psychotherapy that was developed in the 1970s and 80s as an outpatient treatment for adults who were diagnosed with moderate or severe clinical depression. The IPT framework considers clinical depression as having three components: the development of symptoms, which arise from biological, genetic and/or psychodynamic processes; social interactions with other people, which are learned over the course of one's life; and personality, made up of the more enduring traits and behaviors that may predispose a person to depressive symptoms. IPT has been modified for use with adolescents and older adults, bipolar disorder, bulimia, post-partum depression and couples counselling. Interpersonal therapy descended from psychodynamic therapy and like psychoanalysis emphasizes the unconscious and childhood experiences. However, IPT is structured more like cognitive behavioral approaches both in that it is time-limited and also in its use of homework, structured interviews and assessment tools. IPT emphasizes the ways in which a person's current relationships and social context cause or maintain symptoms rather than exploring the deep-seated sources of the symptoms. Treatment with IPT is often combined with drug therapy, particularly when the client suffers from such mood disorders as depression, dysthymia, or bipolar disorder.

16. Jungian psychotherapy counseling

Jungian analysis is a method of psychotherapy developed by C.G. Jung, the eminent Swiss psychiatrist (1875-1961). The purpose of Jungian analysis is to transform the psyche, by establishing effective relations between the ego and the unconscious.The process can treat a broad range of emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, and it can also assist anyone who wishes to pursue psychological growth. Analysis requires both intensity and regularity and requires a serious commitment on the part of both analyst and client. In current practice it extends over a period of several years or longer. Dream interpretation is integral to Jungian analysis. According to Jung, the attitudes of the ego are partial and prejudicial and at times utterly defective. In dreams, the unconscious challenges the ego by presenting alternative perspectives to maladaptive or dysfunctional attitudes. Jung coined such terms as "archetype," "complex," "introvert" and "extravert," "shadow," "anima" and "animus," "collective unconscious," "synchronicity," and "individuation."

17. Logotherapy (Existential Analysis) psychotherapy counseling

Logotherapy sometimes referred to as Existential Analysis originated in the work of psychiatrists who were influenced by existential philosophers such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger. Existentialist philosophy examines the essential aloneness of human beings in the world. This aloneness leads to feelings of meaninglessness, which can be overcome by creating one's own values and meanings. Logotherapy emphasizes a person’s responsibility and freedom to choose while, acknowledging the limitations imposed by real life conditions. Looking deeply into the issues of our aloneness, meaninglessness, and mortality the client’s self-awareness is enhanced. By helping the client to discover why they are overburdened by the anxieties of aloneness and meaninglessness, the Logotherapist assists the client to find better ways to manage these anxieties, to make new and healthy choices, and to take responsibility for their freedom.

18. Mindfulness psychotherapy counseling

Mindfulness is a technique that can be applied with just about any therapeutic approach. For this reason Mindfulness is currently being referred to as the ‘third wave’ in psychology. Mindfulness is a term that comes from various contemplative traditions including Buddhism. Mindfulness is an awareness that intentionally observes the field of immediate experience. The early proponents of a mindfulness approach saw its main benefit as being for the therapist who would be more effective if they were to be mindful in their therapeutic work. More recent work has emphasized the benefit for the client in learning and practicing Mindfulness. In the therapeutic process, Mindfulness facilitates staying present with experiences a little longer. Looking at our experiences from the vantage point of mindful non-judgment enables us to stay present rather than attempting to fix or run away from whatever arises, especially where there is pain or difficulty. When we can stay present and allow experience to deepen without alteration, change naturally unfolds. This technique is especially helpful for stress reduction and work with physical and energetic symptoms.

19. Narrative Based   psychotherapy counseling

Drawing upon postmodern theory, Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s, largely by Michael White and David Epston. Two underlying principles that guide treatment in Narrative Therapy are: reality and identity are social constructions; the problems people experience are within the story, not the person. Acting as an investigator, the Narrative Therapist, uses deconstructive questioning to challenge the assumed realities within a client’s story and assist the client in the creation of a new story, which solves the problems inherent in the original story. Narrative Therapy uses the processes of externalization and objectification of the client’s problems to makes it easier to investigate and evaluate the problem's influences. In some instances outsider witnesses (friends of the client or previous client’s of the therapist) may be invited to participate in the treatment process. The Narrative Therapy process encourages the client to see how their problems are fed by societal constructs that are much larger than themselves as another means to creatively empower the client in the authorship of their lives.

20. Neurolinguistic Programming or NLP psychotherapy counseling

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and provides a brief solution focused alternative to psychotherapy. Developed in the early 1970s out of research conducted by John Grinder and Richard Bandler at the University of California, NLP is modeled on their research of highly effective people. In studies on how successful people communicated (verbal language, body language, eye movements) patterns of thinking that assisted in the subject's success were identified. The basic premise of NLP is that the words we use reflect an inner, subconscious perception of our problems. If these words and perceptions are inaccurate, they will create an underlying problem as long as we continue to use and to think them. The neuro-linguistic therapist analyzes the client’s use of language (and body movement) in describing their life and works to replace counterproductive reactions and negative thinking patterns with healthier practices. NLP models and tools have been used in business communication, management training, teaching and motivational seminars.

21. Psychoanalysis   psychotherapy counseling

The theory and practice of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy as developed by Sigmund Freud, is based on his vast theory and research on personality and psychic life dating back to the early 1900’s. Psychoanalysis is a process of uncovering and making explicit a patient’s emotional and psychological history with the aim of supporting people to become more fully who they are and overcome psychological distress as well as physical symptoms. Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic method, which investigates the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the patient's mind and using techniques such as dream interpretation and free association works to bring repressed fears and conflicts into conscious awareness. According to Freud, all behavior is motivated by the desire to feel pleasure and anxiety is a direct result of the repression of conflicts. The psychoanalytic therapist helps the client to ‘work through’ their conflicts and find ways to resolve them by interpreting the ‘resistance’ and ‘transference’ operating in the therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysis is an intensive and long-term therapy process and it differs from other psychotherapies on the basis, of the training of its therapists, the frequency of sessions, and the use of the couch.

22. Psychodynamic psychotherapy counseling

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of depth psychology that encourages the exploration of conscious and unconscious emotional issues, the primary focus of which is to alleviate psychic tension. Sigmund Freud used the term dynamic to conceptualize the human psyche. The concept and application of psychodynamics was further developed by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Melanie Klein. Psychodynamic therapy relies on the interpersonal relationship between client and therapist to reveal patterns in the patient's outlook and behaviors. This relationship is unique because the therapist maintains a uniform, neutral and accepting stance. Psychodynamic Therapists are trained to listen objectively and without criticism and this attitude is meant to promote the client’s ability to speak freely about their life experiences. This therapist analyses an individual's present responses to relationships, including the relationship with the therapist, and links this to the way they have come to see the world and themselves. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is used with individual, group and families as well as a way to understand and work with institutional and organizational contexts.

 

23. Satir psychotherapy counseling

Virginia Satir was an author and psychotherapist, known especially for her approach to family therapy. As a therapist she developed process-oriented systems such Family Therapy, Satir Systemic Brief Therapy and the Satir Growth Model. With an emphasis on personal growth, she believed that all behavior was learned and therefore could be unlearned making change possible. She believed that people's internal view of themselves, their sense of self-worth, was the underlying root of their problems. Satir noted that the presenting issue itself was seldom the real problem; rather, how people coped with the issue created the problem. In the 1950’s Satir began promoting the treatment of families rather than individuals in psychiatric institutions in Illinois, USA. She posited that, to heal the self, to heal the family, was ultimately to heal the world. A family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time for 5 or more sessions. Family therapy is relational and focuses more on what goes on between people than what goes on in their head. Patterns observed during a therapy session frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns and changes to one element have repercussions throughout the whole family system.

24. Sensorimotor psychotherapy counseling

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy is a body-centred psychotherapy that addresses habitual and automatic attitudes, both physical and psychological. A synthesis of Somatic Therapy and the Hakomi Method, founder Pat Ogden developed Sensorimotor Psychotherapy which places particular emphasis on the relationship between trauma and developmental issues. It is particularly helpful in working with the effects of trauma and abuse, emotional pain, and limiting belief systems. Clients are taught strategies to develop awareness about and track their bodily and emotional responses to triggering sensory cues they experience in day to day.

25. Solution Focused psychotherapy counseling

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) emphasizes the construction of solutions to problems, rather than an examination of their causes or how they are maintained. SFBT developed out of the work of the Brief Family Therapy, Family Center in Milwauke, USA and the husband wife team of Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in the 1980’s. As a brief alternative to psychotherapy, SFBT shifts the focus away from an analysis of the problems and symptoms experienced by the client to identify tools the client already makes use of to facilitate change and apply these toward small concrete goals. SFBT works on the assumption that client’s can solve their problems by doing more of what has been successful for them in the past and that solutions to larger problems can be unlocked by small changes. SFBT therapists make use of lines of questioning that highlights the client’s strengths, positive statements about the client's constructive behaviours, and suggest tasks or clues to guide the client toward accessible solutions.

26. Transactional Analysis psychotherapy counseling

Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication developed by Eric Berne, in the 1970’s. Focusing on external behavior, the process is both a brief form of psychotherapy as well as a system for more effective communication. Transactional Analysis recognizes three ego-states that govern the personality comprised of parent, adult, and child. Therapists examine the way these parts interact within ourselves and with others and teaches the client to more clearly understand what is going on and to make informed choices about the messages they send. The theory suggests that individuals’ dysfunctional patterns are created by the coalescence of patterns of communication, socially codified ‘games’ and ‘life-scripts’. By modeling direct and honest interaction with the client, Transactional Analysis encourages the client to abandon dysfunctional ‘life-scripts’, ‘games’ and self-defeating patterns.

27. Transpersonal psychotherapy counseling

Transpersonal Psychology attempts to unify modern psychology theory and it roots in psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychology with frameworks from different forms of mysticism. Transpersonal psychology draws it's methodology from the spiritual traditions of the world, including eastern philosophies such as Buddhism, the Yogic traditions of India, and Western Contemplative traditions and includes religious conversion, altered states of consciousness, trance and other spiritual practices within its definition of human ‘wholeness’. From the perspective of Transpersonal Psychotherapy, the therapist is recognized to be equal to the client and that on the level of pure consciousness, there is no separation between them. This view of shared consciousness within the

psychotherapeutic encounter, where one person has a direct impact on the other and vice versa, radically changes the role of the therapist as ‘projection screen’ that was delineated by Psychoanalysis. While it is still important at times for the therapist to be discriminating and analytical, the therapist strives to be ‘authentic’ and coaches the client to do the same.

 

28. Integrative psychotherapy counseling

Drawing upon the various schools of psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Client-centered, Behaviorist, Cognitive, Family Therapy, Gestalt therapy, body-psychotherapies, Object Relations Theories, Psychoanalytic Self psychology and Transactional Analysis, Integrative Psychotherapists blend different schools of therapy together while remaining grounded in the theoretical underpinnings of both the original theory as well as in the how and why of using it. The Integrative Psychotherapy approach delineates 4 different strategies of integration: common factors, technical eclecticism, theoretical integration and assimilative integration. Alongside these questions of theoretical integration, Integrative Psychotherapists work towards an integration of personality with their clients: taking disowned, unaware, or unresolved aspects of the self and making them part of a cohesive personality, reducing the use of defense mechanisms that inhibit spontaneity and limit flexibility in problem solving, health maintenance, and relating to people and the world. The overall aim of an Integrative Psychotherapy is to facilitate wholeness on many levels.

29. Reality Therapy

Based on his observations of patient's behaviour, William Glasser was a psychiatrist who developed Choice Theory and Reality Therapy. He saw the basis of good mental health in an individuals’ ability to take responsibility for themselves, establish meaningful relationships and fulfill their basic needs. Reality Therapy takes an educational approach in which clients are taught skills and knowledge that will enable them to take control of their lives. Reality Therapy places emphasis on the actions a person can realistically take rather than focusing on changing thoughts and feelings. The main principle of Reality therapy is to re-align the client’s actions with awareness of basic psychological needs. As outlined in the principles of Choice Theory, humans have five basic needs: love, freedom, power, fun and survival. The Reality Therapy methodology involves asking questions such as; What do you want? What are you doing to get what you want? Is it working? and draws upon this information to created workable plans that will assist the client in meeting their own needs.

30. Person-Centered Therapy

Founded by Carl Rogers in the 1930's, Person-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis to promote a close personal relationship between client and therapist in a supportive environment. Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Associated with the aims of the human potential movement, which defined human nature as inherently good, Person-centred therapy posits that human behavior is motivated by a drive to achieve one's fullest potential. Person-centered therapy focuses on human strengths rather than human deficiencies. In this process good mental health is reflected in the balance between the ideal self and real self. The Person-

centred therapist creates a space in which the client can discover a more whole understanding of who they are that includes these positive human qualities such as good self-esteem and promotes an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the moment they occur.

31. Rational-emotive and Cognitive-behavioral Therapy

Inspired by modern and ancient philosophical discourses, Albert Ellis, an American psychotherapist and psychologist, created Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy in the mid 1950’s. The REBT framework assumes that humans are born with the ability of rational thinking and constructive behaviour but fall victim to irrational thinking and self-defeating behaviour. REBT attributes a client’s problems to the irrational aspects of their belief system, which were formed in childhood. The REBT therapist engages the client in an educational process in which the will directly teach the client how to identify and replace irrational and self-defeating beliefs with more rational and self-helping ones. One of the main objectives in REBT is to show the client that how they perceive and interpret the events in their lives has a direct impact on how they will feel. The central aim of REBT is to increase the clients’ adaptability with the introduction of a more rational and constructive philosophy of themselves, others and the world.