A brief archaeology of Archaeology. “Moments in the prehistory of archaeology” Thutmose IV,...
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Transcript of A brief archaeology of Archaeology. “Moments in the prehistory of archaeology” Thutmose IV,...
A brief archaeology of Archaeology
“Moments in the prehistory of archaeology”
Thutmose IV, Pharaoh of Egypt,15th century BC, excavates the Sphinx.
Nabonidus (last King of Babylon) excavates at Babylon in 6th century BC [declares there were earlier civilizations “before us”]
1492, “New World” discovery demands new explanations in biblical interpretation in Europe
Ruins of Pompeii discovered 1594 Antiquarianism develops with basic attempts at
classification of relics by collectors
Interest in antiquities expands following invasion of Egypt by Napoleon
Rosetta stone uncovered, 1799. (British possession in 1801).
Hieroglyphics deciphered by linguist/mathematician Jen Jacques Champollion
1860s Schliemann excavates at Troy and Mycenae
1880s: Discoveries of early hominid skeletons spurs the science of paleo-anthropology
1900-1920 Arthur Evans excavates at Knossos on Crete, reveals the Minoans.
1920s Leonard Woolly excavates at Ur (spurs Sumerimania)
Howard Carter unearths the tomb of Tutankhamen (spurs Egyptomania)
2a
Terms and jargon
Archaeological culture Phase Period Tradition Culture area Horizon Artifacts, ecofacts, features Sites Regional sampling Area sampling Chronologies: relative and
absolute Stratigraphy Experimental archaeology
Olmec jaguar-human infant hybrid of carved jadite.
Artifacts
Any object made or modified by humans
Includes, but is not limited to, pottery; tools of stone, metal, wood; glass; jewelry, ritual objects; weapons of any type, textiles and clothing; storage containers, cooking implements; writing; In essence, all forms of portable material culture.
May also include debitage: refuse from tool manufacturing and many forms of garbage.
Features
Any non-portable element of material culture on a site. Includes any and all architecture, roads, footpaths, wells, hearths (fire pits) post holes, trash dumps, modified natural landscape, mines, canals, and earthworks. May also include fixed art (cave paintings and petroglyphs. Also includes foundations and platforms.
Cognitive-landscape attributes are considered features by many archaeologists, such as sacred landscapes or places “of power” and lines of sight.
Ecofacts
Any natural aspect of site remains that indicates human activities. Examples include charcoal, seeds, gourds, pollen, food remains, antler, animal skins, bones with evidence of butchering, ore, slag, cultivated plants, and much more, including coprolites. These are clues to foodways, agricultural and food procurement practices (subsistence patterns) and social interaction.
Coprolite (fossil feces)
“little gifts from the past”
Material culture
Tangible products of human behavior and interaction. A chair or a knife is material culture; a belief, a ceremony, a preferred food is not.
Ceremonies, and other abstract expressions of behavior and cognition (culture) may have tangible material accoutrement, which offer archaeologists with clues to cultural practices. We may not observe a social process or cultural practice, but we can interpret or infer it from material culture evidence.
Next: Origins of Humanity
The Neanderthal question.
Culture systems and processes
Invention Diffusion Migration
Unilinear cultural evolution
Multilinear cultural evolution
Bands Tribes and clans Chiefdoms Proto-states States
Exchange systems
A sampling of theoretical approaches to archaeological study
Optimal foraging theory Cultural ecology Diffusionism Evolutionary ecology Culture history “new archaeology” Environmental
archaeology Cultural processualism Post-processualism