A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of...
Transcript of A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of...
![Page 1: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A bird's-eye view on
contaminant leaching research at ECN
J.J. Dijkstra (ECN)
A. van Zomeren (ECN)
September 2014
ECN-L--14-048
![Page 2: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
www.ecn.nl
A bird’s-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN
Joris Dijkstra, Andre van Zomeren E&EE – Environmental Assessment
Rapperswil 10-11 September 2014
![Page 3: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
• About ECN • What is contaminant leaching? • Our approach and activities: highlights and examples
Important processes, findings Laboratory test development and standardization Model development to predict leaching in practice Applications of our research: tools and know-how for the industry and government
• Who are our clients • What makes the ECN approach unique compared to other institutes?
![Page 4: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ECN R&D fields
Policy Studies
Energy Engineering
Environment Energy Efficiency
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Biomass
Process & Energy Industry
~600 employees
![Page 5: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Position
fundamental research
industrial development
• independent • connecting partners
Industrial partners Universities
applied research
![Page 6: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Work field: contaminant emissions to soil and groundwater
Similar questions for different scenarios
SOURCE TERM
TRANSPORT
IMPACT
Road base
L/S
[con
c]
Point of compliance
SOURCE TERM
TRANSPORT
IMPACT
SOURCE TERM
TRANSPORT
IMPACTIMPACT
Road baseRoad baseRoad base
L/S
[con
c]
L/S
[con
c]
Point of compliancePoint of compliance
![Page 7: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Examples of domain and regulations around leaching
• NL: Soil Quality Decree (“construction products” including recycled materials), dredged sediments (under development)
• EU: Landfill Directive (waste that cannot be re-used) • EU: Construction Products Directive / Regulation: (under development) • United States, wastes: leaching limit values • Many more examples
![Page 8: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“Horizontal” development leaching tests • Testing can be seen as the first step in “source term” characterization • >1000 different products and scenarios, > 1000 tests? Inefficient! • Construction products, soil, waste: similar leaching mechanisms • Use that knowledge, group by mechanisms • Horizontal: -> “level playing field”, consistent regulation, cost-efficient
brick
Roof tiles
Waste materials in construction, e.g., bottom ash
Contaminated soil, sludge
![Page 9: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
brick
Roof tiles
Waste materials in construction, e.g., bottom ash
Contaminated soil, sludge
Importance of release mechanisms
Time
[conc] ?
diffusion
percolation
![Page 10: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Release by percolation (granular) Water passes through material Equilibrium High concentration
Mass Transfer Release (monoliths) Water is around material Diffusion from material surface Lower concentration
![Page 11: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“Tank test” CEN/TS-2, TS15863 and EPA 1315
1 Sample
n analytical samples
A1
L1
A2 An
L2 Ln
Δt1 Δtn
or Monolith
Compacted Granular
n Leaching Intervals
Δt2
Diffusion
Release fresh product during “intended use” Regulated test method in NL (NEN7375) Standardized in TC351 (“TS2”), TC 292, US-EPA
![Page 12: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
pH dependency of release
2 4 6 8 10 12pH
Soluble salts (Cl, Br)
2 4 6 8 10 12
pH2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Anions (SO42-
AsO43-, MoO4
2-, CrO4
2-)
Cations (Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+)
Log release (mg/kg)
• Release is a function of physical and chemical processes. • pH is one of the dominant chemical influencing factors
• pH varies in different environments; • pH of products changes during “intended use” of products (ageing); • pH will be different during recycling and end-of-life
![Page 13: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
pH dependence test
ISO TS 21268-4, CEN TS14497, CEN TS14497, US-EPA 1313
![Page 14: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ECN philosophy on contaminated materials
• Not the total content is relevant but potential and actual leaching!
• Leaching depends strongly on pH
• Predictions based on generic processes: chemical speciation (rather than empirical / ad hoc approaches)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH
Con
tam
inan
t con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
)
Total concentration
Potentially leachable (“availability”)
Actual leaching
Me 2+
-(OH) x Me
Enhanced leaching by DOC
Me -DOC
![Page 15: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ECN philosophy on contaminated materials
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH
Con
tam
inan
t con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/kg
)
Total concentration
New Concrete (pH 13)
“Aged” concrete (pH 8)
Fresh waste incineration ash (pH 12)
Landfill pH 4-6
Natural soils (pH 5-7)
![Page 16: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(1) Development and standardization of leaching tests
• Development of generic appliccable leaching tests
• Standardization of these tests
• Development of automated systems for the market and licensing (together with Rohasys)
![Page 17: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Standardized leaching tests with ECN involvement
Test/Matrix
Soil, sediments, compost and sludge Waste Mining waste Construction products
pH dependence test ISO/TS21268-4 CEN/TS14429 CEN/TS14429 CEN/TS14429CEN/TS14497 CEN/TS14497
EPA 1313 * EPA 1313 EPA 1313 EPA 1313Percolation test ISO/TS21268-3 CEN/TS14405 CEN/TS14405 CEN/TC351/TS-3
EPA 1314 * EPA 1314 EPA 1314 EPA 1314Monolith test CEN/TS15683 CEN/TC351/TS-2
EPA 1315 * EPA 1315 EPA 1315 EPA 1315Compacted granular test NEN7347 CEN/TC351/TS-2
EPA 1315 EPA 1315 EPA 1315 EPA 1315Redox capacity NEN 7348 NEN 7348Acid rock drainage PrEN15875
Reactive surfacesISO/CD12782 parts 1-5
* EPA drafts in preparation for inclusion in SW846
![Page 18: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
(3) Model development
Experiment
database withstability constants
Geochemical speciationmodelling
computerprogram
assumptions
Cu2+??
?
CuOH+
Cu+
Cu2+
H+ (pH)Cu2+
Experiment
database withstability constants
Geochemical speciationmodelling
computerprogram
assumptions
Cu2+??
?
CuOH+
Cu+
Cu2+
H+ (pH)Cu2+
Modified after M. Gfeller & R. Schulin, ETH, Zürich
1
(ORCHESTRA)2
• Leaching (source term) and
reactive transport in soil/groundwater are governed by the same processes
• based on fundamental thermodynamic parameters
• Sorption models with generic parameters 3,4
• Implementation in Orchestra2
• no fitting!
1 NIST/MINTEQ 4.0; 2 Meeussen (2003); 3 Milne et al. (2003); 4 Dzombak & Morel (1990)
![Page 19: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dijkstra et al., Environmental Science and Technology (2004), 38, 4390-4395; & (2009), 43, 6196-6201
Cd
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
conc
entr
atio
n (m
ol/L
)
Pb
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
data soil Idata soil IVdata soil VIImodel soil Imodel soil IVmodel soil VIItotal soil Itotal soil IVtotal soil VII
Zn
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Cu
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Ni
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
conc
entr
atio
n (m
ol/L
) Ni(OH)2(s)
Pb(OH)2(s)
Zn(OH)2(s)
![Page 20: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Guideline for modelling of leaching processes → New Work Item ISO/NP 19648 accepted
Experiment
database withstability constants
Geochemical speciationmodelling
computerprogram
assumptions
Cu2+??
?
CuOH+
Cu+
Cu2+
H+ (pH)Cu2+
Experiment
database withstability constants
Geochemical speciationmodelling
computerprogram
assumptions
Cu2+??
?
CuOH+
Cu+
Cu2+
H+ (pH)Cu2+
Modified after M. Gfeller & R. Schulin, ETH, Zürich
(ORCHESTRA)
“Available” concentrations: → Leaching at low pH (≈0.4) (ISO TS 21268-4)
Dissolved organic matter: → Humic and fulvic acids*
ISO DIS 12782-5
Reactive surfaces in the solid phase: → SOM (humic/fulvic acids)*
ISO DIS 12782-4
→ Fe/Al (hydr)oxide minerals
ISO DIS 12782-1 (Feam) ISO DIS 12782-2 (Fecryst) ISO DIS 12782-3 (Alam)
(3) Model parameterization
![Page 21: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(3) Model development
Accessible model tools and applications
LeachXS: database expert system (ECN, Vanderbilt University, DHI) • LeachXS Lite (free license, developed mainly for US-EPA) • LeachXS Pro (License fee)
• Databases with > 10000 results of leaching tests, > 1000 materials • Tools for interpretation, regulations, statistics, plotting, reporting • Tools for modelling
![Page 22: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(4) Applications (recent and ongoing)
• Development criteria for sustainable landfills, dredged sediments • Quality improvement steel slag • Quality improvement bottom ash • Dossiers on environmental quality of construction products • Measurement and modelling for several clients, quality improvement, ... • ....
![Page 23: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
(4) Applications (recent and ongoing)
• ECN calculated emission criteria for construction products in Soil Quality Decree; together with RIVM (national public health institute)
• First time a fundamental model approach was followed; • Approach is now being used for criteria for sustainable landfills, dredged
sediments, ...
![Page 24: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Citation analysis (peer-reviewed) ECN leaching research*
*Search terms: leaching – waste – ash – slag (ISI Web of Science)
Results found: 3,816 Sum of the Times Cited: 33,688 Average Citations per Item: 8.83
Results found: 32 Sum of the Times Cited: 1,107 Average Citations per Item: 34.6
No.1 most cited institutes
2 papers in top-10 most cited
12 papers in top-100
All peer-reviewed papers
All peer-reviewed papers
![Page 25: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Thank you for your attention!
![Page 26: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example: enhanced metal leaching in natural and waste materials
….MSWI bottom ash : copper leaching often > limit value (no recycling possible)
Waste incineration & use of ashes in construction is beneficial use
![Page 27: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What causes enhanced metal leaching?
• Several ECN publications in high impact journals (van Zomeren, Comans et al.)
• Patent on quality improvement
using a technique based on this process
• Development and standardization of methods: ISO DIS 12782-4/5
fulvic acids (16.9%)
humic acids (0.3%)
hydrophilic acids (82.7%)
![Page 28: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Types of models Simple empirical (fitting): “Kd” • Advantage: simple • Disadvantange: too simple, large uncertainty, no generic validity
Scientific (based on insights in processes, no fitting): • Processes on molecular scale are more general valid. Makes assessments for
specific soils possible. • Since years ECN has been co-developing these models and testing against
measurements
![Page 29: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Empirical: lineair partitioning (Kd)
Cd 1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 pH
conc
entr
atio
n (m
ol/L
)
Kd Kd = [Me]soil/[Me]solution Aanname Kd = constant! [Me]solution = [Me]soil/Kd
![Page 30: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Main sorption processes in soils
![Page 31: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(2) Identification of fundamental leaching processes: chemical form (“speciation”)
CuOH+
Cu2+Cu2+ Cu
Cu+
–
pH
temperature ionic strengthcomposition
(“available” fractions) time
solid particles(reactive mineral andorganic surfaces)
organische ligands(humic- and fulvic acids)
transport in soiland groundwateruptake by plants and(micro)organisms
CuOH+
Cu2+Cu2+ Cu
Cu+
–
pH
temperature ionic strengthcomposition
(“available” fractions) time
solid particles(reactive mineral andorganic surfaces)
organische ligands(humic- and fulvic acids)
transport in soiland groundwateruptake by plants and(micro)organisms
![Page 32: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
0,0E+00
1,0E-02
2,0E-02
3,0E-02
4,0E-02
5,0E-02
6,0E-02
0 200 400 600 800 1000Tijd (Jaar)
Time (years)
Aver
age
GW
con
c. (m
g/l)
Risk limit value
Stationary (Fig. 1A), lower sat.
Dynamic (Fig. 1B)
Preferential flow 20% mobile (Fig. 2A)
Preferential flow mixed layer (Fig. 3)
Copper
Model sensitivity – hydrology
Bronte
0 m
-1.0 m
-2.0 m
Gemengde bovenlaag en onderla
Bronterm
0 m
-1.0 m
-2.0 m
Gemiddeldeconcentratiegrondwater
Gemiddeldeconcentratiebodem
Stationaire waterstroming
Bronter
0 m
-1.0 m
-2.0 m
Niet-stationaire waterstroming
Bronterm
0 m
-1.0 m
-2.0 m
Gemiddeldeconcentratiegrondwater
Gemiddeldeconcentratiebodem
Nietbeschikbaar
Preferente stroming
Non-available
Source term Source term
Source term Source term
1B. Non-stationary water flow 1A.Stationary water flow
2A. Preferential flow (20%) 3. Preferential flow (mixed layer)
Average Conc. soil
Average Conc. GW
Average Conc. soil
Average Conc. GW
Original
Mixed layer
![Page 33: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Different transport velocity in the soil
“Old” experiment at school: The ink of a marker consists of a cocktail of color agents. Some are bound more strongly to the coffe- paper (the “soil”) than others. This becomes visible when water flows through the paper due to capillary forces.
![Page 34: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Time
![Page 35: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Dijkstra et al., Environmental Science and Technology 43, 6196–6201 (2009)
![Page 36: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
IAGC Hitchon award 2009 for best scientific paper in Applied Geochemistry 2006-2009
on the pH-dependence test Dijkstra, J.J., Van der Sloot, H.A., Comans, R.N.J. (2006), Applied Geochemistry, 21, 335-351
![Page 37: A bird's-eye view on contaminant leaching research at ECN · (1) Development and standardization of leaching tests • Development of generic appliccable leaching tests • Standardization](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f73b2255598614d0e1e2730/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ECN-L--14-048 Fout! Geen tekst met de opgegeven stijl in het document. 3
ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 LG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 4949
F +31 88 515 8338
info@ ecn.nl
www.ecn.nl