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Version 1 (9 December 2013)

A Bibliography of Dalit related Studies in Nepal

Obindra Bahadur Chand

Introduction While Dalit issues began to be publicly discussed with the end of Rana rule in Nepa in 1951, it was only after the reinstatement of multiparty democracy in 1990 that the related debate and discussions really took off. The same can be said about academic explorations and research on Dalits and their issues. This bibliography provides information on (mostly) such explorations and research on various aspects of the Dalit issues and movements in Nepal. Such writings published in the form of journal articles, chapters in edited volumes, books, etc. written by both Nepali and foreign scholars have been included in this bibliography. Similarly documents/reports published by various organizations working on Dalit issues have been included. The corpus of news reports/articles and op-ed pieces published in the newspapers and magazines of Nepal as well as unpublished reports is very large. These have not been included in this bibliography. The entries in this bibliography were obtained through research in various libraries located in Kathmandu (in particular the Central Library of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur and Martin Chautari Library, Thapathali), and through online research via Google Scholar, JSTOR and Project MUSE. I would appreciate receiving information on items missing in this bibliography or suggestions regarding any corrections that are needed in the entries given below. My contact email is ashwinchand103@yahoo.com. kl/ro g]kfnL ;dfhdf blnt d'2fdfly ax; @))& ;fnb]lv g} z'? eP klg @)$^ ;fnkl5 ax;–5nkmn yk cl3 a9]sf] xf] . blnt÷blnt d'2faf/]sf k|fl1s cWoog cg';Gwfgaf/] klg ;f]xL s'/f eGg ;lsG5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{;"rLn] g]kfndf blntsf ljljw kIfaf/] g]kfnL / ljb]zL cWo]tfn] u/]sf k|fl1s sd{af/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . of] ;"rLdf g]kfnL blntaf/]sf hg{n n]v, k':ts, / cg';Gwfg÷zf]wkq cflbnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, blntaf/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿n] k|sflzt u/]sf k|fl1s ;fdu|LnfO{ klg o;df ;d]l6Psf]] 5 . b}lgs jf ;fKtflxs cvaf/ / Dofu]lhgdf blntaf/] k|sflzt ;fdu|L / ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgsf] ;+Vof cem 7"nf] 5, h;nfO{ of] ;Gb{e;"rLdf ;d]l6Psf] 5}g .

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List of Abbreviations -;+lIfKt ¿k_ ARTEP Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion CAED Center for Agro-Ecology and Development CETS Center for Economic and Technical Studies DFID Department for International Development Ed. Editor FEDO Feminist Dalit Organization IIDS Institute for Integrated Development Studies INSEC Informal Sector Service Center LANCAU Lawyers National Campaign for the Elimination of Caste Discrimination MA Masters in Arts NCCS Center for Contemporary Studies n.d. No Date NGO Non Govermantal Organization Pp Pages SIRF Social Inclusion Research Fund SLP Sustainble Livelihood Program TU Tribhuvan University UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization VDC Village Development Committee v.s. Vikram Sambat k[= k[i7 ;+= ;Dkfbs lq=lj= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

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Acharya, Mani Ram. 2004. Participation of the Poor and Dalits in the Community Forestry: A Study of Nisankhe Gairapakha Community Forestry Okhaldhunga District. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, Tribhuvan University (TU).

Acharya, Prakash. 1999. Study on Ethno-Biology of Sarkis: A Case Study of Chapakot VDC of Syangja. MA Thesis, Department of Zoology, TU.

Acharya, Ram Krishna. 2002. Survival Options of Occupational Caste Group in Nepal: A Study on the Gaine Community of Bijuwa Village of Baglung District. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Acharya, Yogendra. 2065 v.s. Demography and State of Access to Various Services of Tarai Madhesi Dalit: A Case Study of Karuta VDC of Rupendehi District. MA Thesis, Department of Geography, TU.

Action-Aid Nepal. 1998. A Strategy for the Upliftment and Empowerment of Dalits. Kathmandu: Action-Aid Nepal.

Action-Aid Nepal/Care Nepal/Save the Children. 2002. National Dalit Strategy Report. Kathmandu: Action Aid/Care Nepal/ Save the Children Nepal.

Adhikari, Damaru Prasad. 1999. A Study of Poverty among the Satar of Topgachhi VDC of Jhapa District. MA Thesis, Department of Economics, TU.

Adhikari, Dharani Dhar. 2002. Poverty in Chamar Community: A Case Study of Lahan Municipality, Siraha District Nepal. MA Thesis, Department of Economics, TU.

Adhikari, Nabaraj. 2010. Socio-economic Condition of Sarki: A Case Study of Sarki Community, Prabatipur VDC Chitwan. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Adhikari, Thaneshwar. 2005. Modernization Process on Socio-economic Changes in Dalit Community: A Case Study of Manpur VDC of Dang Nepal. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Amatya, Rajani. 1997. Changing Socio-economic Profile of Untouchables (the Podes) of Sawal Bahal at Teku: A Socio-anthropological Study in Social Development in Kathmandu valley. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Aryal, Yam Prasad. 2005. Caste System: A Major Social Problem in Mulk Raj Ananda’s Untouchables. MA Thesis, Department of English, TU.

Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion (ARTEP). 1974. Challenges for Nepal: Growth with Employment. Bangkok: International Labor Organization.

Awasthi, Lalita. 2003. Maternal and Child Health Care Practice of Sarki Family of Baneshwor, Kathmandu. MA Thesis, Department of Education, TU.

Bagchand, R.B. 2003. Dalit Sanga Sambandhit Kanuni Hatekitab. Kathmandu: Academy for Laws and Human Resources Development Study (ALHUREDS), Nepal.

Balami, Poorna Bahadur. 2009. Socio-economic Condition of Dalit: A Case Study of Kurmis in Shesh Narayan VDC-3. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Baniya, Jeevan. 2007. Empowering Dalits in Nepal: Lessons from South Korean NGOs’ Strategies. NGO Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, Ajou University.

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Baral, T.K. 2006. Socio-economic Status of Badi Community: A Sociological Study of Nepalganj Municipality, Word no. 8, Gaganganj, Banke District. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Basnet, Madan Bahadur. 2001. Cobblers in Transition: Changing Survival Strategies of Cobblers from Kutunje Village, Bhaktapur Nepal. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Basnet, Renu. 2001. Fertility Behavior of Dalit Women in Dharmasthali VDC of Kathmandu. MA Thesis, Department of Education, TU.

Bennett, Lynn. 1976. Sex and Motherhood among Brahmins and Chhetris of East Central Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 3: 1-51.

Bennett, Lynn. 1983. Dangerous Wives and Sacred Sisters: Society and Symbolic Role of High-Caste Women in Nepal. New York: Comlumbia University Press.

Bennett, Lynn. 2006. The Caste Penalty: The Cost of Being Dalit in Nepal. Dalit Solidarity 5(2):7.

Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad. 2003. Fertility Behavior of Sakri Community: A Case Study of Mahendranagar Municipality, Kanchanpur. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Bhatta, Dasharath Dutta. 2001. Socio-economic Impact on Reproductive Health in Dalit Community of Lali VDC of Darchula. MA Thesis, Department of Health Education, TU.

Bhattachan, Krishna B. 2002. Social and Economic Conditions of Dalit Women in Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Lalitpur: Feminist Dalit Organization (FEDO).

Bhattachan, Krishna B. 2003. Expected Model and Process of Inclusive Democracy in Nepal. Paper presented at the conference 'The Agenda of Transformation: Inclusion in Nepali Democracy,' organized by Social Science Baha, Kathmandu 24-26 April.

Bhattachan, Krishna B., Kamala Hemchuri, Yogendra Gurung and Chakraman Bishwokarma. 2002. Existing Practices of Caste-Based Untouchability in Nepal and Strategy for a Campaign for its Elimination. Kathmandu: Action-aid Nepal.

Bhattachan, Krishna B., Tej B. Sunar and Yaso Kanti Bhattachan (Gauchan). 2009. Caste Based Discrimination in Nepal. Working Paper Series 3. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies.

Bhattarai, Parshuram. 2009. The Nature and the Causes of Rural Poverty: A Case Study of Dalit Community of Khotang. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Bhattarai, Sujata. 2008. Socio-economic Status of Dalit Community: A Case Study of Sarki. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Bhusal, Bhishma Kumar. 2002. Dalits: Fertility Behavior and Socio-economic Impact: A Case Study of Jukena VDC, Arghakhanchi District Nepal. MA Thesis, Department of Economics, TU.

Bhusal, Dharma Raj. 2004. Socio-economic Status and Family Planning Practices of Sarki in Sandikharka VDC, Arghakhanchi District. MA Thesis, Department of Education, TU.

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Bidari, Gita. 2002. Maternity Care Practice: Comparative Study among Dalit and Non-Dalit Women Aged 15-49 years. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Bishankhe, Anita. 2007. Violence against Dalit Women: A Case Study of Lalitpur District. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Bishwokarma, Arjun. 2008. Impact of Modernization on Socio-economic Changes of Dalit Community: A Case Study of Kabre VDC, Dolakha. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Bishwokarma, Baburam. 2004. Dalits and the Conflict. In People in the 'People's War', pp. 1-10. Lalitpur: Himal Books.

Bishwokarma, Bijay Kumar. 2012. The Trend of Writing Surname by Dalit Youths and its Impact on Dalit Identity and Movement: A Sociological Study. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Bishwokarma, Bimal, and Yagya Man Shakya. 2006. Caste-Based Prejudice and Descrimination in Nepal: A survey report. Kathmandu: Dalit NGO Federation and Legal Aid and Advocacy Division (LAAD).

Bishwokarma, D.B. Sagar, Ambika Gajmer, Om Gurung and Gauri Pradhan. 2004. Role of International Development: Assistance for Dalit, Women, Children, Disabled, Indigenous and Ethnic Communities. In International Development Assistance and Civil Society Concerns in Nepal, pp. 86-105. Kathmandu: NGO Federation of Nepal.

Bishwokarma, Dandi Ram. 2002. Participation of Disadvantaged People (Dalit) in Watershed Management: A Case Study of Bagmati Integrated Watershed Management Project, Makawanpur District, Nepal. MA Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.

Bishwokarma, Hira. 2004. The Scenario of International Development Aid in Nepalese Dalit Movement. A paper presented at a seminar on 'National Seminar on Raising Dalit Participation in Governance' organised by Centre for Economic and Technical Studies (CETS), Lalitpur, 3-4 May.

Bishwokarma, Hira. 2005. Dalits of Nepal: Their Movement Now and Then. In Dalits of Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Prabodh M. Devekota, ed., pp. 19-43. Lalitpur: FEDO.

Bishwokarma, Mom. 2012. Federalism in Nepal: Identity Politics and Pragmatics with Dalit Community. Participation: A Nepalese Journal of Participatory Development 13: 80-86.

Bishwokarma, Padmalal. 2004. The Situation Analysis for Dalit Women of Nepal. Lalitpur: Center for Economic and Technical Studies.

Bishwokarma, Padmalal. 2003. Dalit as Victim of Caste System and Untouchability in Nepal. In Nepal Tomorrow: Voices and Visions. D.B. Gurung, ed., pp. 316-325. Kathmandu: Koselee Prakashan.

Bishwokarma, Ramu, Valerie H. Hunt, and Anna M. Zajicek. 2010. Educating Dalit Women: Beyond a One-dimensional Policy Formulation. Himalaya 27(1): 27-39.

Bishwokarma, Siddhartha. 2010. Study on Food Security and Dalit’s Access to Food in Karnali District of Far western Development Region. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

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Bishwokarma, Tirtha Bahadur. 2002. Sanitation Condition and its Effects on Health in Dalit Community of Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal. MA Thesis, Department of Education, TU.

BK, Amar Bahadur. 2007. The Process of Sanskritization: An Anthropological Study Based on Dalit Village of Lamachour Kaski. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology Prithivi Narayan Campus, Pokhara.

BK, Amar Bahadur. 2008. Sanskritization and Caste Opposition: Shift from Ritual to Politico-economic Power. Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3: 1-10.

BK, Amar Bahadur. 2012. Sanskritization and Caste Opposition: A Case of Dalits in Pokhara. Research Brief, SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

BK, Man Bahadur. 2004. The Representation of Deprived People in (State) Governance in Nepal. Submitted to the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherland.

BK, Man Bahadur. 2005. Dalit in State Governance. Kathmandu: Jana Utthan Pratisthan (JUP). BK, Man Bahadur. 2006. Social Inclusion: A Conceptual Framework. Dalit Solidarity 4(1):4-6. BK, Man Bahadur. 2008. Social Inclusion and Dalits in Governance. In Social Sciences in

Multicultural World. Kailash Nath Pyakural, Bipin Acharaya, Bhanu Timiseena, Gyanu Chhetri and Mina D. Uprety, eds., pp. 118-129. Kathmandu: SASON.

BK, Man Bahadur. 2009. Inclusion of Dalits in Micro Finance Cooperatives in Nepal. Research Brief, SNV, Lalitpur.

BK, Rup Kumar. 2007. Adaptation of Dalit Skills and Technology: Case Studies from Chitwan and Tanahun Districts of Nepal. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Blaikie, Piers, John Comeron and David Seddon. 1980. Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bouillier, Veronique. 1977. Economic Relationship between Occupational Castes and High Caste in Central Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 4: 99-110.

Budhathoki, Punam. 2004. Socio-economic Condition of the Dalits. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Cameron, Mary M. 1995a. Biodiversity Conservation and Economic Development in Nepal’s Khaptad National Park Region: Untouchables as Enterpreneurs and Conservation Stewards. Himalayan Research Bulletin 15(2): 56-63.

Cameron, Mary M. 1995b. Transformations of Gender and Caste Divisions of Labor in Rural Nepal: Land, Hierarchy and the Case of Untouchable Women. Journal of Anthropological Research 51(3): 215-246.

Cameron, Mary M. 1996. Biodiversity and Medicinal Plants in Nepal: Involving Untouchables in Conservation and Development. Human Organization 55(1): 84-93.

Cameron, Mary M. 1997. Applied Research in Anthropology: Biodiversity and Untouchables in Nepal. In Society, Culture and the Environment. Paul Starr, ed., pp. 93-98. New York: American Heritage Custom Publishing.

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Cameron, Mary M. 1997. The Riti-bhagya System on Western Nepal: Farmers and Artisans, Caste and Gender. In People of the Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface. James F. Fisher, ed., pp. 53-66. The Hague: Mouton.

Cameron, Mary M. 1998. On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illonois Press.

Cameron, Mary M. 2002. Rural Dalit Women and Work: The Impact of Social and Economic Change. Issues and Challenges. Lalitpur: FEDO.

Cameron, Mary M. 2007. Considering Dalits and Political Identity in Imagining a New Nepal. Himalaya 27(1):13-26.

Cameron, Mary M. 2010. Many Dalits: Debating Identity in a New Nepal. In Dalits of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship and Justice. Arjun Guneratne, ed., pp. 7-43 Kathmandu: Himal Books.

Caplan, Particia A. 1972. Priest and Cobblers: A Study of Social Change in a Hindu Village in Western Nepal. Delhi: Chandler Publishing House.

Care-Nepal. 2001. Care-Nepal Diversity Strategy: Towards Gender and Caste Equity. Kathmandu: Care Nepal.

Care-Nepal. 2000. CARE-Nepal Diversity Audit: Gender and Caste Equity and its Progress in Care-Nepal. Kathmandu: Care Nepal.

Center for Constitutional Dialogue (CCD). 2010. Dalits and Federalism: A Study of the Position of Dalits in the Proposed Federal Structure. Kathmandu: CCD.

Center for Human Right and Justice. 2005. The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: Caste Discrimination and the Conflict in Nepal. Center for Human Right and Global Justice: New York University of Law.

Chapagain, Ambika. 1987. An Ethnographic Study of the Pode of Kirtipur Bahirigaun. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Chapagain, Bamkala. 2009. Soci-economic Status: Occupational Changes of Sarkis. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthrology, Prithivi Narayan Campus, Pokhara.

Chhetri, Deb Bahadur. 2010. Changing Occupational Pattern among the Bishwokarmas: A Case Study of Hemja VDC. Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 4: 49-60.

Chhetri, Gyanu. 1992. Badi: Prostitution as a Social Norm among an Untouchable Caste of West Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 19(1): 51-71.

Chhetri, Gyanu. 1999. A Sociological Analysis of Dalit Occupational Caste Groups in the Hills of Nepal. In Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal: Culture, Societies and Development. Ram B. Chhetri and Om Gurung, eds., pp. 56-68. Kathmandu: SASON.

Chhetri, Sarita Naupane. 1988. Comparative Study of Socio-economic Status of Musahar and Other Ethnic/Caste Groups of Jhapa Baijanthapur. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Community Development Organization (CDO). 2005. A Study on Empwerment Strategy of Madhesi Dalits in Tarai. A study report prepared by the CDO.

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Cox, Oliver C. 1948. Caste, Class and Race: Study in Social Dynamics. New York: Country Life Press.

Cox, Thomas. 1994. The Current Socioeconomic Status of Untouchables in Nepal. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 4: 90-119.

Cox, Thomas. 2000. The Intended and Unintended Consequences of AIDS Prevention among Badi in Tulsipur. Himalayan Research Bulletin 20(31-2): 23-30.

Cox, Thomas. 2006. The Badi of West Nepal: Prostitution as a Social Norm among an Untouchable Caste. 2nd edition. Hong Kong: Orchid Press.

Dahal, Dilli Ram. 1994. Poverty and Plenty: A Case Study of Byansh People of Darchula District. In Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples, Problems and Processes. Michael Allen, ed., pp. 36-48. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point.

Dahal, Dilli Ram. 1995. Ethnic Cauldron, Demography and Minority Politics: The Case of Nepal. In State Leadership and Politics in Nepal. Dhruba Kumar ed., pp. 148-170. Kathmandu: CNAS.

Dahal, Dilli Ram. 2005. Social Composition of Population: Caste/Ethnicity, Language and Religion in Nepal. In Perspectives on Society and Culture. Dilli Ram Dahal and Saradchandra Simkhada, eds., pp. 87-135. Kathmandu: Nepal.

Dahal, Dilli Ram. 2009. Social Exclusion and Group Mobilization: A Case Study of Yadavs and Tarai Dalits in Dhanusa District. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 36: 131-174.

Dahal, Dilli Ram, Yogendra Gurung, Bidhan Acharya, Kamala Hemchuri and Dharma Swarnakar. 2002. Situational Analysis of Dalits in Nepal. National Strategy Report Part I. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission.

Dahal, Laxmi Prasad. 2001. Fertility Behavior of Dalit Community in Nepal: A Case Study of Madi, Rambeni VDC. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Darnal, Ram Sharan. 2002. Dalit, Music and Society. In Dalits of Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Prabodh M. Devkota, ed., pp. 139-145. Lalipur: FEDO.

Dawadi, Prabin Kumar. 2009. Socio-economic Status of Sarki: A Case Study of Sarki Community in Lamatar VDC Ward No. 1. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Devkota, Prabodh M. 2002. Legacy of Power, Politics of Image and the Formation of Dalits. In Dalits of Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Prabodh M. Devkota, ed., pp. 43-51. Lalipur: FEDO.

Devkota, Prabodh M., ed. 2002. Dalit of Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

Dhakal, Guru Prasad. 2001. A Study on the Health and Personal Hygiene of Kami Community’s Married Women in Panchamool VDC, Syangja. MA Thesis, Department of Education, TU.

Dhakal, Ram Prasad. 2006. Dalits are Confined in Deprivation Trap. Dalit Solidarity 5: 8-9. Dhungel, Dwarika Nath and Aditya Man Shrestha. 2006. Overview of Monarchy, National

Security, Ethnicity, Dalits and Gender issues. In Conflict Resolution and Sustainable Peace. Dwarika Nath Dhungel and Aditya Man Shrestha, eds., pp. 1-7. Kathmandu: IIDS.

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Dumont, Louis. 1980. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Enabling State Program (ESP). 2005. National Dialogue on Affirmative Action and the Electoral System in Nepal: Experience from South Asia. Kathmandu: ESP/DFID.

Enslin, Elizabeth. 1990. The Dynamics of Gender, Class and Caste in a Women’s Movement in Rural Nepal. PhD Diss., Stanford University.

Fernandes, Walter, ed. 1996. The Emerging Dalit Identity: The Reassertion of the Subalterns. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute.

Folmar, Steven. 2007. Identity Politics among Dalits in Nepal. Himalaya 27(1): 41-53. G.C., Sher Bahadur. 2003. Utilization of Safe Motherhood Practice in Nepal: A Case Study of

Dalit Community in Okhara VDC of Pyuthan. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Gahatraj, Sabitra. 2009. Socio-economic Status in Dalit Community. MA Thesis, Department of Rural Development, TU.

Gaige, Frederick. 1975. Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Gaire, Kashi Ram. 2006. A Research Report on Hidden Issue of Inclusion within Dalit Community. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Gandharba, Raj Kumar. 2008. Inclusion of Gandharbas in State Governance. A rearearch report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Gautam, Giri Raj. 1990. Socio-economic Condition of Satar Community in Bayarbana Village Development Committee of Morang. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Gautam, Manoj Kumar. 2002. Anthropological Ethnographic Study of Satar People: A Case Study of Saranmati Village Development Committee, Jhapa District. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Gautam, Saraswaati. 2066v.s. Fertility Behavior of Dalit Community. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Geiser, Alexandra. 2005. Social Exclusion and Conflict Transformation in Nepal: Women, Dalit and Ethnic Groups. Working Paper 5. Bern: Swisspeace.

Gellner, David N. 1995. Low Castes in Lalitpur. In Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley. David N. Gellner and Declan Quigley, eds., pp. 264-297. Oxford: Clarendon.

Gellner, David N. and Declan Quigley. eds. 1995. Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley. Oxford: Clarendon.

Gellner, David N., Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka and John Whelptoon. eds. 1997. Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal. Amsterdom: Hardwood Academic Publishers.

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Ghale, Sanu. 2000. Socio-economic Condition of the Pode Women: A Case Study from Tilgangatole of Kathmandu Metropolis Ward No. 8. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, TU.

Ghimire, Bharat Mani. 2002. Demographic and Socio-economic Factors Affecting Fertility: A Case Study of Kami Community in Chhatragaja in Arghakhanchi District. MA Thesis, Department of Population studies, TU.

Ghimire, Reena. 2008. Domestic Violence against Dalit Women in Mohottari District. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Giri, Bharati, ‘Silwal’. 2004. Intersectionalties and Gender Equality: A Sociological Study on Oppression of Dalit Women in Dhanusha District. MA Thesis, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus.

Giri, Madhu. 2012. Politico Economic History of Marginalization and Change among the Musahars of East-Central Tarai Nepal. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 39: 69-94.

Giri, Madhu. 2012. Political Economic Dimensions of Marginalization and Arts of Resistance among the Musahars of East-central Tarai. A research report submitted to SIRF, SNV, Lalitpur.

Government of Nepal, Government of Finland and Rural Village Water Resource Management Project (RVWRMP). 2008. Gender and Social Discrimination Study: A Compressive Assessment on Gender and Caste based Discrimination in the Hill Districts of Mid and Far Western Development Regions. Kathmandu: Samuhik Abhivayan.

Guneratne, Arjun, ed. 2010. Dalit of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship and Justice. Kathmandu: Himal Books.

Gurung, Harka. 2003. Janajati and Dalit: The Subjugated in Governance. In Readings on Government and Development. Mukti Rijal, ed., pp. 1-13. Kathmandu: Institute of Governance and Development (IGD).

Gurung, Harka. 2005. The Dalit Context. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 9: 1-21.

Gurung, Jit B. 2002. Empirical Glimpses of the Situation of the Dalits of Nepal. In Dalits of Nepal: Issues and Challenges. Prabodh M. Devkota, ed., pp. 53-64. Lalipur: FEDO.

Gyawali, Bed Raj. 1992. Demographic and Socio-economic Impact on Fertility of Sarki Community: A Case Study of Thanapati Village in Gulmi District. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU.

Hitchcock, John T. 1978. An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System. In Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface. James F. Fisher, ed., pp. 111-120. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.

Hofer, Andras. 1979. The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of Muluki Ain of 1854. Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner. 

Human Rights Watch. 2004. Discrimination against Dalits in Nepal. Available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/02/09/discrimination-against-dalits-nepal.

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Indian Institute of Dalit Studies. 2008. Caste Based Discrimination in South Asia: A Study on Nepal. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies.

Information Services Sector Center (INSEC). 1994. Highlights of the Year: Untouchables in Nepal. Human Rights Year Book 1993. Kathmandu: INSEC.

INSEC. 2005. Nepal Human Rights Book. Kathmandu: INSEC. International Labor Organization (ILO). 2005. Dalits and Labor in Nepal: Discrimination and

Forced Labor. Series 5. Kathmandu: International Labor Organization. Jabegu, Bala Bir. 2007. Knowledge and Attitude towards Dalit Community: A Case Study of

Yanganam VDC 1. MA Thesis, Department of Population Studies, TU. Jana Utthan Pratisthan (JUP). 2001. Dalit in Nepal and Alternative Report for WCAR.

Kathmandu: JUP. JUP. 2007. Dalit Bibliography. Kathmandu: JUP. Jha, Haribamsha. 1998. Tarai Dalits: A Case Study of Selected VDCs of Saptari District of

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SofDk;, lq=lj= . cof{n, sdn . @)%* . k]zfut ¿kdf klg ckdflgt 5g\ blntx¿ . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf,

vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= #&–#* . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; . cfx'lt . ;g\ @))$ . lxGb' ;dfhdf blnt hftLo d'lQmsf] k|Zg . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg . d]/L 8];]g / k|To"if

jGt, ;+=, k[= $&%–%@! . nlntk'/ M lxdfn a'S; . cfx'lt . @)^# . lxGb' ;fdGtjfb / /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt k|Zg . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy

sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= ##–^( . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn . cfx'lt . @)^& . g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf / ju{ ;ª\3if{ . nlntk'/ M ;dtf kmfpG8];g . ls;fg, od axfb'/ . @)%^ . g]kfndf blnt hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ng M pb\ej, jt{dfg / eljio . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq,

/fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= . ls;fg, ofdaxfb'/ . @)^# . ;+ljwfg;ef / blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfn . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy

sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #@&–##^ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

sF'j/, 6]sgf/fo0f . @)^# . g]kfndf hftLo lje]b, sfg'gL l:ylt / dfgjclwsf/ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @^@–@&% . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

21  

s]=;L= ;'/]Gb| . @)^# . g]kfnL ;dfhdf blnt . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @))–@)^ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

sf]O/fnf, ljBfgfy . @)^# . ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / blnt . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #^*–#&^ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

sf]O/fnf, ljBfgfy, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+= . @)^# . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

v8\sf, cGh' . @)^# . blnt;Fu ghf]l8Psf] ljsf; . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !%(–!^$ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

v/]n, z+s/ . @)%* . 5'jf5"t / hftLo e]befjaf6 kLl8t 5g\ t/fO{sf blnt ;d'bfo . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[=#(–$) . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

u'?ª, u0f]zdfg . @)^# . blnt pTyfg M cfhsf] r'gf}tL . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @)&–@)* . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

Hff]zL, d]3/fh . @)^) . 8f]6L lhNnfsf blnt s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lzIffdf ;xeflutf M Ps cWoog . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, ;dfhzf:q÷dfgjzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= .

emf, xl/j+z . @)^# . blnt ;d'bfosf] cfly{s ljsf; . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @&^–@*$ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

9'Ëfgf, ljgf]b . @)^) . blnt hftLsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yf M nlntk'/sf ;fsL{ hfltx¿sf] ;dfhzf:qLo cWoog . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, ;dfhzf:q÷dfgjzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= .

tfdfª, ;Ltf/fd . @)^# . blnt cfGbf]ng, nf]stGq / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @(#–@(* . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

tfd|fsf/, 6]s . @)^# . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|lqmofdf bflnt ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= ((–!)* . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

bfxfn, l8NnL/fd . @))$ . lxGb' /fi6«jfb / 5'jf5't M g]kfnL ;dfhdf blntx¿sf] cj:yf . ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf cfwf/x¿ . df]xg d}gfnL, ;+=, k[= !!(–!@# .

k/fh'nL, z]v/ / ef:s/ uf}td . @)%* . kqsfl/tfdf blntsf] Go"g ;xeflutf . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= @!(–@@! . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

k/fh'nL, z]v/ / ef:s/ uf}td . @)%* . lk|G6 ldl8ofdf blnt / hghflt ;xeflutf M /fli6«o ;j]{If0f . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt tyf hghflt . k|To"if jGt / z]v/ k/fh'nL ;+=, k[= @!–%^ . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

kl/jf/, dbg . @)^# . s] blntx¿n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn kfpnfg ca < /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= (–!$ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

kf;jfg, /fdk[t . @)^# . d';x/ hfltsf] ljut / jt{dfg . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #$@–#$% . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

kf]v/]n, hubLzrGb| . @)^# . g]kfndf blntsf] l:ylt ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL /0fgLlts s'/fx¿ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !)(–!!! . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

kf}8]n, 7fs'/ axfb'/ . @)^) . blnt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yfdf 5'jf5'tn] kf/]sf k|efjx¿ M kj{t afem'ª uflj;sf blnt hfltsf] cWoog . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, ;dfzf:q tyf dfgjzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= .

k|wfg, uf}/L . @)^# . blnt d'lQmsf] ;Gb{edf clwsf/d'vL ;+3;+:yfx¿ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !(%–!(( . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

a:g]t, k"0f{ . @)%* . juL{o / hftLo pTkL8gdf rdf/ . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= $!–$^ . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

22  

e§, k|df]b . @)%* . g]kfnL 5fkfdf blntsf ;dfrf/M ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= @@@–@@% . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

e§, k|df]b . @)%* . 5fkfdf blntsf ;dfrf/ M ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt tyf hghflt . k|To"if jGt / z]v/ k/fh'nL, ;+=, k[= %&–^* . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

e§rg, s[i0faxfb'/ . @)%* . blnt dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= !&&–!(! . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

dl/s, ;'lgtf . @)^# . 8f]d ;d'bfo M Ps kl/ro . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @#!–@#^ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

/Dt]n, k/z'/fd . @)^# . ;+ljwfg;ef / blnt . /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #^$–#$( . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

ndh]n, /ljdfg . @)^# . 5'jf5't k|yfsf] cGTosf] nflu xfd|f] bfloTj . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @((–#)@ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

nfld5fg], cg'kf . @)^( . g]kfnL blnt ;flxTosf] ;j]{If0f . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, g]kfnL s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= . jGt, k|To"if . @)%* . g]kfnL ldl8ofsf] jt{dfg l:ylt . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt tyf hghflt . k|To"if jGt / z]v/ k/fh'nL ;+=,

k[= !!–!% . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; . lj=s]= b]pNofn\, u0f]z . @)%* . ;'b"/ klZrdsf blnt hfltx¿sf] l:ylt . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy

sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= $&–%! . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; . ljZjsdf{, rqmdfg . @)%* . /]l8of]df blnt . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt tyf hghflt . k|To"if jGt / z]v/ k/fh'nL ;+=, k[= ^(–

() . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; . ljZjsdf{, h]=jL= . @)&) . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt M ;xeflutf / ljifoj:t' . sf7df8f}+ M dfl6{g rf}tf/L . ljZjsdf{, tLy{ . @)^# . blnt ;d'bfosf] lzIffdf kx'Fr . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg

v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @#&–@$& . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn . ljZjsdf{, kbdnfn, od axfb'/ ls;fg, /ljdfg ndh]n / u0f]z ljs] . @)^# . g]kfnL blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf; .

sf7df8f}+ M hgpTyfg k|lti7fg . ljZjsdf{, a;Gt s'df/ . @)%% . g]kfnsf] blntzf:q . ;Kt/L M ;/:jtL ;fd'bflos ljsf; d~r . ljZjsdf{, dfgaxfb'/ . @)^# . g]kfnsf] blnt d'lQm cfGbf]ngnfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy

sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @%$–@^! . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

ljZjsdf{, n'dfl;+x . @)^# . blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;sf/fTds sfo{ / o;sf] ;ja}wflgs k|Tofe"lt . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @!*–@#) . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

ljZjsdf{, lx/f . @)%* . blnt cfGbf]ngdf PghLcf]x¿sf] e"ldsf . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[=#%!–#%* . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

ljZjsdf{, lx/f . @)%* . zfxL ;]gfdf hftLo e]befj . 5fkfdf blnt . k|To"if jGt, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;L=s]= nfn, ;+=, k[= ^)–^@ . sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; .

jfUn], lqe'jgrGb| . @)^# . ;|f]tdf blntsf] ;xeflutf / ;efj]zL /fHosf] :yfkgf . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !@!–@!& . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

z]kf{, kf;fª . @)^# . blntx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs / lg0f{o txdf cj:yf . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #!%–#@^ . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

l;+v8f, z/brGb| . @)^# . g]kfnsf blntx¿ M Ps emns . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !^%–!&% . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

23  

;'gf/, t]h . @)^# . g]kfnL blnt cfGbf]ngsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f / pknAwL . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= !$#–!%* . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

;'Gbf;, kbd . @)^# . blnt ;flxTosf] cjwf/0ff . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @)(–@!! . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

xf8f, uDeL/ axfb'/ . @)^# . hghfltsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs l:ylt M blnt hfltsf] k|Zg . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= #%)–#^& . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .

lxdfnL, r]t]Gb|h+u . @)^# . sf] x'g oL blnt / c5"t elgPsfx¿ < /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= ##&–#$! . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf / /fhs'df/ a/fn .