8/8/2019 9and12H

1/51

Patterns of Inheritance

The Language of Genetics

Punnett Squares

Inheritance Patterns

&Human Pedigrees Disorders

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

2/51

The Language of Genetics

.A Gregor Mendel

.B The Rules of Chance

ClickClick

http://c/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/CH10C1P1.SWF

8/8/2019 9and12H

3/51

8/8/2019 9and12H

4/51

.b conducted breedingexperiments on pea

plants_

ClickClick

http://c/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/KR11_030.SWF

8/8/2019 9and12H

5/51

. -3 Genetics the study of howtraits are passed fromparents to offspring_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

6/51

.B The Rules of Chance

. -1 Gene a portion of thechromosome that controls a

( )trait flower color

. -2 Allele different versions( )of a gene P or p

. -a genotype genetic

composition

(PP

)or Pp or pp

. -b phenotype physicalappearance (purple

)or white _

http://d/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/512101.MOV

8/8/2019 9and12H

7/51

. - -3 True breed an organism thatalways passes on its

characteristics

. -a homozygous two ofthe same alleles forthe same trait

( - - )PP purple or pp white

. -4 Hybrid an organism that hastwo different alleles forthe same trait

. -a heterozygous twodifferent alleles for

the same trait

( - )Pp purple _

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

8/51

. - ,5 Dominant in a hybrid theallele that is expressed

( - )P purple

. - ,6 Recessive in a hybrid theallele that is not

( - )expressed p white

. -7 P Generation parents( )PP x pp

.8 F1 -Generation children( / )4 4 Pp

.9 F2 -Generation grandchildren( / , / , / )1 4 PP 2 4 Pp 1 4 pp _

8/8/2019 9and12H

9/51

THE END

8/8/2019 9and12H

10/51

Punnett Squares

. A Mendel s Laws

.B Monohybrid Cross

.C Dihybrid Cross

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

11/51

. ,1 Individual units called,genes determine biological

characteristics

. ,2 For each gene an organismreceives one allele from

each parent

.a alleles separatefrom each other

( )segregation

.b forming sex cells_

. A Mendel s Laws

8/8/2019 9and12H

12/51

8/8/2019 9and12H

13/51

.1 A monohybrid cross resultsfrom crossing two organismsthat differ in one

characteristic

.a identify thedominant and recessive

alleles

.b determine thegenotype of each parent

and possible gametes

.c set up a Punnettsquare and cross_

.B Monohybrid Cross

8/8/2019 9and12H

14/51

.d list the genotypesand phenotypes of the

offspring in each box

.e determine thesolution to the

problem_

http://c/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/CH10C2P3.SWF

8/8/2019 9and12H

15/51

.1 A dihybrid cross resultsfrom crossing organismsthat differ in two

characteristics_

.C Dihybrid Cross

ClickClick

http://c/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/542101.MOV

8/8/2019 9and12H

16/51

.a seed color and shape

.b a cross between twohybrids results in a: : :9 3 3 1 ratio_

ClickClick

http://c/Biology/C.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/10.%20Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/542201.MOV

8/8/2019 9and12H

17/51

THE END

8/8/2019 9and12H

18/51

Inheritance Patterns

.A Incomplete Dominance

.B Multiple Alleles

.C Polygenic Inheritance

.D Environmental Influences

. -E Sex linked Traits

8/8/2019 9and12H

19/51

.1 Incomplete dominance is whenneither gene is totally

dominant_

.A Incomplete Dominance

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

20/51

.2 Produces an intermediatephenotype_

8/8/2019 9and12H

21/51

.1 , , ,There are 4 blood types A B

,AB and OType A AA or Ao

Type B BB or Bo

Type AB AB

Type O oo

.2 The gene for o is recessiveto A and B

.3 A and B are codominant_

.B Multiple Alleles

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

22/51

.4 Mixing blood types can

result in blood clotting_

ClickClick

http://d/Presentations/2.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/552301.mov

8/8/2019 9and12H

23/51

.1 Polygenic inheritance is

when more than one geneaffects a single trait

.a height and skincolor_

.C Polygenic Inheritance

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

24/51

.2 Produces a broad range ofphenotypes_

8/8/2019 9and12H

25/51

.D Environmental Influences

.1 The environment can affect

an individuals phenotype. ,a height and weight

,coloring blood count_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

26/51

.1 Sex chromosomes carry genes

for traits.a some genes are

located on the Xchromosomes (females)have 2 genes

.b males have only 1gene for each of thesetraits_

. -E Sex linked Traits

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

27/51

.2 Thomas Hunt Morgan

-discovered sex linked( )traits eye color in fruit

flies_

8/8/2019 9and12H

28/51

.2 Thomas Hunt Morgan

-discovered sex linked( )traits eye color in fruit

flies_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

29/51

. ( )1 Calico fur females only is

produced by an inactive Xchromosome

.)a Process ofsilencing X chromosome is

called lyonization

.)b X chromosomebecomes a dense

heterochromatin barr body_

. -F Sex Influenced Traits

8/8/2019 9and12H

30/51

.2 Male pattern baldness is

influenced by hormonescoded for on the Ychromosome_

8/8/2019 9and12H

31/51

. -3 Ragged red syndrome

.)a coded for inmitochondrial DNA

.)b passed throughmaternal lines_

8/8/2019 9and12H

32/51

.1 Genes on the same

chromosome are inherited asa set unless crossing overoccurs

.2 The percentage of crossingover observed is equal tothe distance the two genes

are apart in map units orcentimorgans

3.

.4 Flower color and pollen shapein pea plants_

.G Linked Genes

%Genes Crossing Over - = %A B 12- = %A C 2

- = %B C 14- = %A E 7- = %E D 19- = %C D 10- = %D B 24 _

8/8/2019 9and12H

33/51

%Genes Crossing Over - = %A B 12- = %A C 2- = %B C 14- = %A E 7- = %E D 19- = %C D 10- = %D B 24 _

8/8/2019 9and12H

34/51

.1 One gene affects the

expression of another2.

.3 .Ex Albinism affects haircolor_

.H Epistasis

8/8/2019 9and12H

35/51

.1 A combination of alleles

leads to early death2.

.3 . - ( )Ex Tay Sachs recessive4.

.5 ( )Brachydactyly dominant _

.I Lethal Alleles

8/8/2019 9and12H

36/51

THE END

8/8/2019 9and12H

37/51

&Human Pedigrees Disorders

. /A Mutations ChromosomalAccidents

.B Pedigrees

. /C Rec Dom Trait Disorders

. -D Sex linked Disorders

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

38/51

. /A Mutations ChromosomalAccidents

.1 A mutation is any change inthe nucleotide sequence of

DNA

.2 The most common types are,base substitution

,insertion or deletion

.a The dog and cat are.fun

.b The dog and b at are.fun

( )point mutation

.c The dopgan dca tarefu n

(frameshift)mutation _

8/8/2019 9and12H

39/51

.3 Nondisjunction results

when chromosomes separateincorrectly in germ cells(as opposed to somatic

)cells

.a results in monosomyor trisomy_

8/8/2019 9and12H

40/51

.b occurs in sex

chromosomes

) -1 KlinefelterXXY

) 2 Turner X_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

41/51

.c and in autosomes

)1 Down syndrome_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

42/51

)2 Down syndrome

results from an extrachromosome 21

)3 occurs in about1 in 700 births_

ClickClick

http://d/Presentations/2.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/ch12c2p2.swf

8/8/2019 9and12H

43/51

.4 Changes in chromosome

structure can also lead todisorders

.)a Deletion of part of5thchromosome leads to Cridu chat syndrome

.)b characterized by( )microcephaly small head

-and cat like cry_

http://d/Presentations/2.%20Cell%20Reproduction%20&%20Genetics/Patterns%20of%20Inheritance/ch12c2p2.swf

8/8/2019 9and12H

44/51

. ( )5 Transposons jumping genes

(similar to restriction)enzymes

.a Class I-retrotransposons

Transcribe to RNA then

reverse transcribe back toDNA

.b Class II transposons

cut and paste DNA_

8/8/2019 9and12H

45/51

.1 Pedigrees record and trace

the occurrence of traits ina family

. ( )a male square

. ( )b female circle

. ( )c parents horizontal

. ( )d children vertical

. ( )e affected shaded _

.B Pedigrees

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

46/51

.1 If two unaffected parents

,have an affected child thetrait is recessive

. -a cystic fibrosis avery serious breathingproblem

. -b tay sachs

.c pku_

. /C Rec Dom Trait Disorders

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

47/51

. -d sickle cell anemia

red blood cells areshaped like sickles

) ,1 suffer painorgan ,damage even death_

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

48/51

.2 If two affected parents

produce a normal child thedisorder must be dominant

.a achondroplasia( )dwarfism

. (b polydactylism 6)fingers

. c Marfan s Syndrome

. d Huntington s disease_

8/8/2019 9and12H

49/51

. -1 Sex linked disorders result

from genes that are locatedon the X chromosome

. -D Sex linked Disorders. -D Sex linked Disorders

8/8/2019 9and12H

50/51

. -1 Sex linked disorders result

from genes that are locatedon the X chromosome

.a hemophilia

.b color blindness_

. -D Sex linked Disorders

ClickClick

8/8/2019 9and12H

51/51

THE END