13 Hibiscus sabdariffa Gaertn.

Common Names Abuya Congo-Brazzaville Baquitche Guinea-Bissau Basap Senegal Bisap Senegal Bondio Senegal Cutcha Guinea-Bissau Dakouma Senegal Fasab Senegal Folere Guinea-Bissau Gogu India Hamaiga Nicaragua Ibuya Congo-Brazzaville Indian sorrel Senegal Inkulu Congo-Brazzaville Jericho rose Germany Karkade Egypt Karkade Germany Karkade Italy Karkade Somaliland Karkadeh Sudan Karkadesh Egypt Krachiap daeng Thailand Kuges Senegal Lal ambari India

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The plant is an erect annual herb of the MAL V ACEAE family with a reddish cylin­drical stem, nearly glabrous. Leaves are simple, having petiole, blade 3-5 lobed or parted, the lobes serrated or obtusely toothed. Flowers are solitary, axial, nearly

Mesta Bangladesh Nsa Congo-Brazzavi lie Otesse Guinea-Bissau Patwa India Red roselle India Red sorrel Egypt Red sorrel Germany Red sorrel India Red sorrel Senegal Rosa de Jamaica Guatemala Rosella Egypt Roselle Egypt Roselle India Roselle Iraq Roselle Japan Roselle Mexico Roselle Senegal Roselle hemp Senegal Roxella-red sorrel Thailand Satui Sierra Leone Sawa sawa Sierra Leone Senegal bisap Senegal Sudan tea East Africa Susur Indonesia

sessile, 5 to 7 cm in diameter; consisting of epicalyx-segments 8-12, distinct, lan­ceo late to linear, adnate at base of the calyx; calyx is thick, red, and fleshy, cup-like, deeply parted, prominently lO-nerved; pet­als 5, yellow, twice as long as calyx. Stamens are numerous; the filaments united into a

From: Medicinal Plants of the World, vol. 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses, 2nd ed. By: Ivan A. Ross © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

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staminal column; style single, 5-branched near summit, stigma capitate. The fruit is capsule, ovoid, pointed, 1 to 2 cm long, shorter than the calyx, having densely sharp and stiff hairs.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION A native to the tropics, it is extensively cul­tivated for its succulent fleshy, edible calyx, and the stem yields a fairly strong fiber.

TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES Africa. Hot water extract of seeds is taken as a diuretic and tonic. Seed oil is used externally to heal sores on camelsHsols.

Brazil. Hot water extract of root is taken orally as a stomachic and externally as an emollientHSo18.

Cameroon. Hot water extract of dried leaves is taken orally as an anthelminticHSo49.

Congo. Hot water extract of leaves is taken orally to expedite deliveryHsoo9.

East Africa. Hot water extract of leaves is taken orally to relieve coughsHsol8. Unripe

fruit juice is taken orally with salt, pepper, asafetida and molasses as a remedy for bil­iousness. Hot water extract of leaves is used as a flavoring agent, diuretic, choleretic, febrifuge and hypotensive, to decrease vis­cosity of blood and to stimulate intestinal peristalsis. Externally, the extract is used for sores and woundsHsol8.

Egypt. Decoction of hot water extract of the calyx is taken with sugar 3 times daily for high blood pressureHS016. Hot water extract of the entire plant is taken orally for heart and nerve diseases, as a laxative, to reduce weight, as a diuretic, to activate and neu­tralize hepatic secretion, to activate gastric secretion, as a digestive, for arteriosclerosis, as a diaphoretic, to give a euphoric impres­sion and as an intestinal antisepticHsoo8. Leaf

essential oil is taken orally to treat cancerHS015.

Guatemala. Hot water extract of dried calyx is taken orally as a diuretic and for renal inflammationHso5o.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Guinea-Bissau. Seeds are taken orally by males as an aphrodisiacHsol8.

India. Hot water extract of leaves is taken orally as a diuretic, choleretic, febrifuge and hypotensive, to decrease blood viscosity and to stimulate intestinal peristalsisHsol8. Water extract of seed is taken orally to relieve dys­uria and strangury, for mild cases of dyspep­sia and to relieve debilityHSol8.

Mexico. Hot water extract of leaves is taken orally as a diuretic, choleretic and febrifuge, for hypotension, to decrease vis­cosity of the blood and to stimulate intes­tinal peristalsisHso18.

Senegal. Hot water extract of leaves is used externally on woundsHsoll , and orally to lower blood pressureHS018. Hot water extract

of flowers is taken orally to combat fatigue, for indigestion and as a diaphoretic, chola­gogue and diureticHSOIJ.

Sierra Leone. Decoction of dried leaves is taken orally to treat postpartum hemor­rhage, to initiate contractions and as a diuretic during pregnancy (mixed with leaves of Dialium guineensis )HS044.

Sudan. Hot water extract of flowers is taken orally as a blood purifierHsolo. Hot water extract of the dried flowers is taken orally for coughsHso41.

Thailand. Decoction of dried calyx is taken orally for high blood pressureHS054.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS (ppm unless otherwise indicated) 3-Methyl-1-butanol: Lf, FrHS018 Acetic acid: Fr, SdHS018 Alpha terpenyl acetate: Fr, Lf, SdHS018 Anisaldehyde: EOHS024 Lf, SdHS018 Ascorbic acid: FI 0.01-0.11 %HS018 Ascorbic acid: Fr 0.054-0.375%HS018 Behenic acid: SdHS018 Benzyl alcohol: Fr, LfHS018 Beta carotene: FIHS018 Beta sitosterol: Sd (61.3% Sterols)HS037 Beta sitosterol-beta-D-galactoside: LfHS016 Campesterol: Sd (16.5% Sterols)HS037 Caprylic acid: Fr, LfHS015 Cholesterol: Sd (5.1 % Sterols)HS037

HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

Chrysanthemin: FIHS017 Citric acid: FIHS005, FrHS007 Cyanidin-3-sambubioside: FIHS017 Cyanin: FIHS042 Delphinidin: CXHS027 Delphinidin-3-glucoside: FIHS042 Delphinidin-3-sambubioside: FIHS017 Ergosterol: Sd (3.2% Sterols)HS037 Ethanol: Lf, SdHS015 Eugenol: EOHso24 Formic acid: Fr, SdHS015 Furfural: EOHso24 Gossypetin: FrHS007, FIHS008 Gossypol: Sd 25.2%HS051 Hexadecanoic acid: SdHS033 Hibiscetin: FIHS012 Hibiscic acid: FIHS012 Hibiscin: FIHS019 Hibiscitrin: PeHS004 Lauric acid: SdHS021 Levulinic acid methyl ester: EOHso24 Linoleic acid: Sd (14.6% Lipids)HS038 Linolenic acid: SdHS033 Malic acid: FIHS005,HS003 Malvalic acid: Sd (1.3% Lipids)HS038 Malvin: FIHS020 Methanol: Lf, Fr, SdHS015 Myristic acid: Sd (2.1 % Lipids)HS038 Myrtillin: FIHS017 Oleic acid: Sd (34.0% Lipids)HS038 Oxalic acid: FIHS002 Palmitic acid: Sd (35.2% Lipids)HS038 Palmitoleic acid: Sd (2.0% Lipids)HS038 Pelargonic acid: Fr, SdHS015 Propionic acid: Lf, SdHS015 Protein: SdHS021 Protocatechuic acid: FIHSOll Querceti n: F rHS029 Sabdaretin: PeHS004, FIHS012 Starch: Sd 2.25%HS021 Stearic acid: Sd (3.4% Lipids)HS038 Sterculic acid: Sd (2.9% Lipids)HS038 Stigmasterol: SdHS037 Sucrose: CXHS055 Tannic acid: FrHS007 Tartaric acid: FIHS005, FrHS007

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS

Acid phosphatase inhibition. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 10.0% of the diet of

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rats, produced weak activity vs cholesterol­loaded animalsHso22 . Acidifying activity. Decoction of dried fruit juice, administered orally to male human adults at a dose of 24.0 gm/day, was inactiveHS026.

Alkaline phosphatase inhibition. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 10.0% of the diet of rats, produced weak activity vs cho­lesterol-loaded animalsHso22. Anthelmintic activity. Ethanol (95%) extract of dried leaves, at a concentration of 50.0 mg/ml, was inactive on Lumbricus terrestrisHS049. Alpha amylase inhibition. Ethanol and acetone (50%) extracts of the tea were found to have high inhibitory activity against por­cine pancreatic alpha-amylaseHsos6. Antibacterial activity. Seed oil, on agar plate, was active on Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus albus, and inactive on Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosaHS039. Antiedema activity. Methanol extract of the flower, applied externally to mice at a dose of 2.0 mg/ear, was active. Inhibition ratio (IR) was 17 vs 12-0-tetradecanoyl­phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation HS023 . Antifungal activity. Ethanol/water (1: 1) extract of dried leaves, at a concentration of 250.0 mg/ml on agar plate, was active on Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizo­pus nigricans and Trichophyton menta­grophytes, and inactive on Aspergillus niger. Dose expressed as dry weight of plantHSos3. The flower, at a dose of 10.0 gm/liter in broth culture, was inactive on Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin formation was decreased HS043. Water extract of dried flowers, at a con­centration of 500 mg/ml on agar plate, was active on Aspergillus fumigatus, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans and Trichophy­ton mentagrophytes and inactive on Aspergil­lus niger. Dose expressed as dry weight of

270

plantHSo47. The 50% ethanol and acetone extracts of the tea produced high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic alpha­amylase. The activity was compared to that of structurally related citric acid, a known inhibitor of fungal alpha-amylaseHso56. Antihypercholesterolemic activity. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 5.0% of the diet in the ration of rats, was active vs choles­terol-loaded animalsHsoz2. Antihyperlipemic activity. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 5.0% of the diet in the ration of rats, was active vs cholesterol­loaded animalsHso22 . Antihypertensive effect. Infusion of the calyx, administered orally to spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, signifi­cantly lowered both systolic and diastolic pressures. The reduction in blood pressure in both groups was positively correlated with weight. Continuous consumption of the infusion at 1000 mg/kg was discovered to lead to sudden death in spontaneously hypertensive ratsHS060. Hibiscus sabdariffa tea administered orally to patients with moder­ate essential hypertension produced an 11.2% lowering of the systolic blood pres­sure and a 10.7% decrease of diastolic pres­sure 12 days after beginning the treatment as compared with the first day. Three days after stopping the treatment, systolic blood pressure was elevated by 7.9%, and diastolic pressure was elevated by 5.6% in the experi­mental and control groupsHS061. Antihypertriglyceridemia effect. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 5.0% of the diet of rats, was active vs cholesterol-loaded animalsHsozz.

Anti-inflammatory activity. Decoction of dried fruit, administered orally to human adults at a dose of 3.0 gm/person, was active. In this clinical trial, 50 patients with kidney stones were treated with extract 3 times a day for 7 days to 1 year. The extract showed anti-inflammatory action after

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

operation. Dose expressed as dry weight of plan tHS034.

Antimutagenic activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the flower, at a concentration of 12.5 mg/plate, educed about 60-90% of the mutagenicity induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and other heterocyclic amines. Mutagenicity of methylazoxymethanol acetate, which like PhIP, is a colon carcinogen, was also effi­ciently inhibited by the extractHS059. Antischistosomal activity. Water extract of dried seeds, at a concentration of 10,000 ppm, was inactive on Schistosoma mansoni HS030. Water extract of dried sepals, at a con­centration of 100.0 ppm, was active on Schistosoma mansoniHsOJo. Antitoxic activity. The flower, at a dose of 1.0 gm/liter in broth culture, was active on Aspergillus flavus. The production of afla­toxin was inhibitedHS04J. Antiviral activity. Water extract of the dried flower, at a concentration of 10% in cell culture, was active on Herpes virus type 2 and vaccinia virus, and inactive on influ­enza virus and poliovirus IIHso45. Antiyeast activity. Ethanol/water (1: 1) extract of dried leaves, at a concentration of 250.0 mg/ml on agar plate, was inactive on Candida albicans and active on Saccha­romyces pastorianus. Dose expressed as dry weight of plantHS05J. Water extract of the dried flower, at a concentration of 500 mg/ ml on agar plate, was inactive on Candida albicans and active on Saccharomyces pastorianus. Dose expressed as dry weight of plantHSo47.

Chemopreventive activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the flower, administered to rats, significantly inhibited aberrant crypt focus formation induced by azo­methane and by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phen y limidazo [4,5 -b ]pyridineHso59. Choleretic activity. Water extract of the flower, taken orally by human adults, was activeHSOOl.

HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

Creatinine level decrease. Decoction of dried fruit juice, administered orally to male adults at a dose of 24.0 gm/day, was activeHS026.

Cytotoxic activity. Ethanol (70%) extract of the flower, in cell culture, was active on CA-Erlich-ascites. Greatest effect was observed only after 24 hours exposureHS03S. Water extract of the dried flower, at a con­centration of 10.0% in cell culture, pro­duced weak activity on HELA cellsHso4s. Diuretic activity. Decoction of the dried calyx, administered by gastric intubation to rats at a dose of 1.0 gm/kg, produced strong activityHSoso. Water extract of the flower, taken orally by human adults, was activeHsooI. Estrogenic effect. Water extract of the dried calyx, administered intraperitoneally to female rats at a dose of 500.0 mg/kg, was active, results significant at P < 0.001 levelHsos2.

Feeding deterrent (insect). Acetone extract of dried shoots, undiluted, was active on Diacrisia obliquaHS046. Genitourinary effect. Decoction of dried fruit juice, administered orally to male adults at a dose of 24.0 gm/day, was active. Decreased urinary levels of sodium, potas­sium, phosphate, uric acid and calcium were demonstratedHso26. G I utamate-oxaloacetate-transam i nase inhibition. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 10.0% of the diet in the ration of rats, was active vs cholesterol-loaded animalsHso22 . Glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase inhi­bition. Dried calyx, at a concentration of 10.0% of the diet in the ration of rats, pro­duced weak activity vs cholesterol-loaded animalsHs022 . Hypotensive activity. Ethanol (95%) extract of dried calyx, administered intrave­nously to dogs at a dose of 200.0 mg/kg, pro­duced weak activityHSo4o. Water extract of dried calyx, administered intravenously to cats at a dose of 25.0 mg/animal, was active. Animals were anesthetized with alpha-chlo-

271

ralose. Effect blocked by atropineHso31 . Water extract of the flower, taken orally by human adults, was activeHSOO1 . Water extract of the flower, administered intravenously to dogs, produced weak activityHSoo6. Intestinal motility inhibition. Water extract of dried calyx, administered to dogs at a dose of 5.0%, was active. Oral transit time assayed by first detection of phthalyl­sulphasalazine in blood. This dose was also active in rats when assayed by transit of graphite-agar suspensionHS032. laxative effect. Water extract of the flower, taken orally by human adults, was activeHSOOI.

Mutagenic activity. Dried fruit, on agar plate at a concentration of 50.0 mcg/plate, was active on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Metabolic activation required was required for positive resultsHSo29. Seed oil was active on Salmonella typhi­murium TA100 and T A98. Metabolic acti­vation was not required for activityHSo48. Smooth muscle relaxant activity. Hot water extract of dried petals was active on the rat aorta, leso 0.53 mg/ml vs ACh­induced contractions and ICso 2.53 mg/ml when de-endothelialized muscle strips were usedHS02\. Water extract of dried calyx, at a concentration of 2.0%, was active on the rabbit ileum. The effect was not influenced by phentolamine, propanolol, haloperidol, and guanethidineHso32. Spasmogenic activity. Water extract of dried calyx, at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml, was active on frog rectus abdominus muscle. The effect was slightly antagonized by tub­ocurarine. A concentration of 1.0 mg/ml was active on rabbit uterus. The effect was blocked by indomethacin and hydrocorti­sone, but not by atropine or cyperohep­tadineHsolI. The extract, at a concentration of 0.16%, was active on the rabbit ileum. The effect was blocked by atropineHSOJ2. Spasmolytic activity. Water extract of dried calyx, at a concentration of 0.4

272

mg/ml, was active on frog rectus abdominus muscle. The effect was antagonized by tub­ocurarine vs ACh-induced contractions. The extract was also active on the rat uterus vs rhythmic contractions. The effect was not antagonized by rantidine or propanolol. At a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml, the extract was active on the guinea pig tracheal chain vs ACh-, histamine- and serotonin-induced contractions and also active on rabbit aorta. The effect was not antagonized by atropine, propanolol or ranitidine vs norepinephrine­induced contractionsHSOJl. At 10.0 mg/ml, the extract was active on rat diaphragm. Physostigine and suxamethonium enhanced the effect vs electrically induced con­tractionsHSOJl. Water extract of dried petals, at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml, was active on the rat aorta vs norepinephrine­induced contractions, and inactive vs K+­induced contractionsHso28. Toxicity assessment. Hot water extract of dried calyx, administered by gastric intubation to rabbits, produced LDso 129.1 gm/kgHSo4o.

Uricosuric activity. Decoction of dried calyx, administered to rats at a dose of 1.0 gm/kg, was activeHSOSO. Uterine relaxation effect. Water extract of the flower was active on the rat uterusHSOO6.

REFERENCES HSOOI Leclerc, H. Sida Sabdariffa (Hibiscus

sabdariffa). Presse Med 1938; 46: 1060. HS002 Leupin, K. Karkade. Pharma Acta

Relv 1935; 10: 138. HS003 Buogo, G. and D. Picchinenna.

Chemical constituents of Roselle hemp. Ann Chim App11937; 27: 577.

HS004 Rao, P. S. and T. R. Seshadri. Pigments of the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa -Isolation of sabdaretin, a new hydro­xyflavene. Proc Indian Acad Sci Ser A 1942; 16: 323.

HS005 Indovina, R. and G. Capotummino. Chemical investigation of some prod­ucts which can be obtained from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Boll Studi Informas (Palermo) 1938; 15:1.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

HS006 Sharaf, A. The pharmacological char­acteristics of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Planta Med 1962; 10: 48-52.

HS007 Reaubourg, G. and R. H. Monceaux. The chemical, botanical and pharmaco­logical characteristics of the karkade (rosella) Hibiscus sabdariffa (Glossy­pifolius). J Pharm Chim 1940; 1(9}: 292.

HS008 Rovesti, P. Therapeutic and dietetic properties of "Karkade" (Hibiscus sabdariffa), a new colonial pink tea. Farmacista lta11936; 3(1}: 13.

HS009 Bouquet, A. Feticheurs et Medecines Traditionelles du Congo (Brazzaville). Mem Orstom No. 36,282 P. Paris, 1969.

HS010 EI-Hamid, A. Drug plants of the Sudan Republic in native medicine. Planta Med 1970; 18: 278.

HSOll Perkin, A. G. Coloring matters of the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Thespesia lampas. Proc Chern Soc 1909; 1090: 248.

HS012 Kerharo, J. Senegal bisap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) or Guinea sorrel or red sor­rel. Plant Med Phytother 1971; 5: 277.

HS013 Kerharo, J. Le pisap du Senegal (Hibis­cus sabdariffa L.) ou oseille de Guinee, ou karkade de L'erythree. Planta Med Phytother 1971; 4: 227.

HSO 14 Rao, C. N . True vitamin A value of some vegetables. J Nutr Diet 1967; 4: 10.

HS015 Osman, A. M., M. EI-Garby Younes and A. Mokhtar. Chemical examination of local plants. VIII. Comparative studies between constituents of different parts of Egyptian Hibiscus sabdariffa. Indian J Chern 1975; 13: 198.

HS016 Osman, A. M., M. EI-Garby Younes and A. Mokhtar. Sitosterol-beta-D­galactoside from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 829-830.

HS017 Du, C. T. and F. J. Francis. Anthocya­nins of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). J Food Sci 1974; 38: 810.

HS018 Morton, J. F. Renewed interest in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) , the long­forgotten "Florida Cranberry". Proc Fla State Hort Soc 1974; 87: 415.

HS019 Karawya, M. S., M. G. Ghourab and I. M. EI-Shami. Study of anthocyanin content of karkadeh, "Hibiscus sab­dariffa". Egypt J Pharm Sci 1976; 16: 345.

HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

HS020 Schilcher, H. Proposal for the valua­tion of hibiscus flowers calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Part 2. Application possi­bilities of the TSS process. Part 14. Quality testing of commercial drugs and their value. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1976; 116: 1155.

HS021 Al-Wandawi, H., K. Al-Shaikhly and M. Abdul-Rahman. Roselle seeds: A new protein source. J Agr Food Chern 1984; 32: 510-512.

HS022 El-Saadany, S. S., M. Z. Sithoy, S. M. Labib and R. El-Massry. Biochemical dynamics and hypocholesterolemic action of Hibiscus sabdariffa (karkade). Nahrung 1991; 35(6): 567-576.

HS023 Yasukawa, K., A. Yamaguchi, J. Arita, S. Sakurai, A. Ikeda and M. Takido. Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-0-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice. Phytother Res 1993; 7(2): 185-189.

HS024 Hyomi, M. and W. Miura. Hibiscus. Koryo 1992; 176: 97-102.

HS025 Obiefuna, P., O. Owolabi, B. Adegun­loye, I. Obiefuna and o. Sofola. The petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa produces relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Int J Pharmacog 1994; 32(1): 69-74.

HS026 Kirdpon, S., S. N. Nakorn and W. Kirdpon. Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) juice. J Med Assoc Thailand 1994; 77(6): 314-321.

HS027 Sato, K., Y. Goda, K. Yoshihira and H. Noguchi. Structure and contents of main coloring constituents in the caly­ces of Hibiscus sabdariffa and commer­cial roselle color. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 1991; 32(4): 301-307.

HS028 Owolabi, O. A., B. J. Adegunloye, O. P. Ajagbona, O. A. Sofola and P. C. M. Obiefuna. Mechanism of relaxant effect mediated by an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa petals in isolated rat aorta. Int J Pharmacog 1995; 33(3): 210-214.

HS029 Takeda, N. and Y. Yasui. Identification of mutagenic substances in roselle color, elderberry color and safflower yellow. Agr Bioi Chern 1985; 49(6): 1851,1852.

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HS030 Elsheikh, S. H., A. K. Bashir, S. M. Suliman and M. E. Wassila. Toxicity of certain Sudanese plant extracts on Cercariae and Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Crude Drug Res 1990; 28(4): 241-245.

HS031 Ali, M. B., W. M. Salih, A. H. Mohamed and A. M. Homeida. Inves­tigation of the antispasmodic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. J Ethno­pharmacol1991; 31(2): 249-257.

HS032 Ali, M. B., A. H. Mohamed, W. M. Salih and A. H. Homeida. Effect of an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on the gastrointestinal tract. Fitoterapia 1991; 62(6): 475-479.

HS033 Bishay, D. W. and C. S. Gomaa. Com­parative chromatographic studies of oils of some medicinal seeds. Egypt J Pharm Sci 1976; 17: 249.

HS034 Anon. Verasing Mungmum (1982). The use of medicinal herbs for the treatment of kidney stone in the uri­nary system. Abstr Seminar on the Development of Drugs from Medicinal Plants, Bangkok, Thai­land 1982; 117.

HS035 El-Merzabani, M. M., A. A. El-Aaser, M. A. Attia, A. K. El-Duweini and A. M. Ghazal. Screening system for Egyptian plants with potential anti­tumor activity. Planta Med 1979; 36: 150-155.

HS036 Salah Ahmed, M., G. Honda and W. Miki. Herb Drugs and Herbalists in the Middle East. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Studia Culturae Islamicae No. 8, 1979; 1-208.

HS037 Salama, R. B. and S. A. Ibrahim. Ergosterol in Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil. Planta Med 1979; 36: 221.

HS038 Ahmad, M. 0., S. K. Husain, I. Ahmad and S. M. Osman. Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil: Are-investigation. J Sci Food Agr 1979; 30: 424-428.

HS039 Gangrade, H., S. H. Mishra and R. Kaushal. Antimicrobial activity of the oil and unsaponifiable matter of red roselle. Indian Drugs 1979; 16: 147-148.

HS040 Zhung, Y. L., J. R. Yeh, D. J. Lin, J. c. Yuan, R. L. Zhou and P. Q. Wang. Antihypertensive effect of Hibiscus

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sabdariffa. Yao Hsueh TUng Pao 1981; 16(5): 60C.

HS041 Hussein Ayoub, S. M. and A. Baerheim-Suendsen. Medicinal and aromatic plants in the Sudan. Usage and exploration. Fitoterapia 1981; 52: 243-246.

HS042 Anon. Food coloring agents from Hibiscus flowers. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-811981; 141,358 5pp.

HS043 EI-Shayeb, N. M. A. and S. S. Mabrouk. Utilization of some edible and medicinal plants to inhibit afla­toxin formation. Nutr Rep Int 1984; 29(2): 273-282.

HS044 Kargbo, T. K. Traditional practices affecting the health of women and chil­dren in Africa. Unpublished Manu­script 1984.

HS045 May, G. and G. Willuhn. Antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from medicinal plants in tissue cultures. Arzneim-Forsch 1978; 28(1): 1-7.

HS046 Tripathi, A. K. and S. M. A. Rizvi. Antifeedant activity of indigenous plants against Diacrisia obliqua Walker. Curr Sci 1985; 54(13): 630-63l.

HS047 Guerin, J. c. and H. P. Reveillere. Antifungal activity of plant extracts used in therapy. 1. Study of 41 plant extracts against 9 fungi species. Ann Pharm Fr 1984; 42(6): 553-559.

HS048 Polasa, K. and C. Rukmini. Mutage­nicity tests of cashew nut shell liquid, rice-bran oil and other vegetable oils using the Salmonella typhimurium/ microsome system. Food Chern Toxico11987; 25(10): 763-766.

HS049 Boum, B., L. Kamdem, P. Mbganga, N. Atangana and Y. Sabry. Contri­bution to the pharmacologic study of two plants used in traditional medicine against worms. Rev Sci Technol (Health Sci Sed 1985; 2(3/4): 83-86.

HS050 Caceres, A, L. M. Giron and A M. Martinez. Diuretic activity of plants used for treatment of urinary aliments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 19(3): 233-245.

HS051 AI-Wandawi, H., K. AI-Shaikhly and M. Abdul-Rahman. Roselle seeds: A new protein source. J Agr Food Chern 1984;32(3): 510-512.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

HS052 Ali, M. B., W. M. Salih and A. M. Humida. An oestrogen-like activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Fitoterapia 1989; 60(6): 547-548.

HS053 Guerin, J. c. and H. P. Reveillere. Antifungal activity of plant extracts used in therapy. 1. Study of 41 plant extracts against 9 fungi species. Ann Pharm Fr 1984; 42(6): 553-559.

HS054 Panthong, A., D. Kanjanapothi and W. C. Taylor. Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants from Thai tradi­tional books. Part 1. Plants with anti­inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antihypertensive properties. J Ethno­pharmacoll986; 18(3): 213-228.

HS055 Lin, Y. C. The study of red pigments in Taiwan plants. Proc Natl Sci Counc Part I (Taiwan) 1975 (8): 133-137.

HS056 Hansawasdi, c., J. Kawabata and T. Kasai. Alpha-amylase inhibitors from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64(5): 1041-1043.

HS057 Tseng, T. H., T. W. Kao, C. Y. Chu, F. P. Chou, W. L. Lin and C. J. Wang. Induction of apoptosis by hibiscus protocatechuic acid in human leuke­mia cells via reduction of retinoblas­toma (RB) phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. Bichem Pharmacol 2000; 60(3): 307-315.

HS058 Wang, C. J., J. M. Wang, W. L. Lin, C. Y. Chu, F. P. Chou and T. H. Tseng. Protective effects of Hibiscus anthocya­nins against tert-butyl hydroperoxide­induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Food Chern Toxico12000; 38(5): 411-416.

HS059 Chenonarin, T., T. Kinouchi, K. Kataoka, H. Arimochi, T. Kuwahara, U. Vinitketkumnuen and Y. Ohnishi. Effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.), a Thai medicinal plant, on the mutagenicity of various known mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and on formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by the colon carcinogens azoxymethane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in F344 rats. Food Chern Toxicol 1999; 37(6): 591-60l.

HS060 Onyenekwe, P. c., E. O. Ajani, D. A Ameh and K. S. Gamanie1. Antihy­pertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus

HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

sabdariffa) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct 1999; 17(3): 199-206.

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HS061 Haji Faraji, M and A. Haji Tarkhani. The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sab­dariffa) on essential hypertension. J Eth­nophannacol 1999;65(3): 231-236.