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This document consists of 4 printed pages.

SP (NF) S64044/3

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5'ST+* 67/03

Paper 3 'nternationa2 5istor8 94:;99-a/er oo?2et/Paper

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@rite our !entre numer8 candidate numer and name on a22 the >or? ou hand in.

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,ns>er four Auestions.

*ou must ans>er Buestion 9 (Section ,) and three Auestions from Section .

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Section ,

You must answer Question 1.

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9 Read the sources and then answer the question.

Source ,

The UN General Assembly, the SecretaryGeneral and the !o"ernments concerned ha"e on manyoccasions requested UN#$R to or!anise the re%atriation and initial rehabilitation o& re&u!ees.'(am%les o& lar!escale UN#$R re%atriation o%erations are %lenti&ul. They show that all o"er theworld, thou!h new re&u!ee %roblems continually arise, solutions to e(istin! %roblems continue to

be &ound.

The &irst lar!escale re%atriation in which UN#$R was in"ol"ed came in 1)*+ with the return o&some +---- Al!erians. n 1)/+, some 1- million re&u!ees returned home to their newlyinde%endent state o& 0an!ladesh. Then in 1)/ came the news o& the inde%endence o& the territories&ormerly under 2ortu!uese administration. n 1)/ the General Assembly requested the$ommissioner 3to intensi&y his e&&orts on behal& o& re&u!ees in A&rica, notably those returnin! totheir countries &ollowin! inde%endence4.

'(am%les such as these show im%ortant e"ents in which !o"ernments 5oined &orces under the umbrellao& UN#$R, as the strictly non%olitical international body, to achie"e the most desirable solution tore&u!ee %roblems.

The speech given by the UN High Commissionerfor Refugees, Poul Hartling, on receiving the

Nobel Peace Prize, 191!

Source

The s%irit o& the re&u!ee con"entions is that e"ery %erson is entitled to &reedom &rom %ersecutionand that he or she will recei"e assistance &rom the international community to achie"e that&reedom. UN#$R4s %rinci%al tas6 is to %rotect such ri!hts. ts tas6 is ob"iously made moredi&&icult when it is o%eratin! in countries which ha"e not rati&ied the $on"ention or 2rotocol. 0ythe end o& the 1)/-s only /7 states had rati&ied the $on"ention and only /+ the 2rotocol. Thailandhad rati&ied neither.

'arly in 1)/) 2oul #artlin!, the UN #i!h $ommissioner &or Re&u!ees, o&&ered UN#$R hel% to the!o"ernment o& Thailand in dealin! with new $ambodian re&u!ees &leein! &i!htin! between 8ietnamand the 9hmer Rou!e. The o&&er was i!nored. nstead, Thailand labelled these new arri"als 3ille!alimmi!rants4 and %ut them in se%arate cam%s.

"illiam #ha$cross, a %ritish &ournalist, in 'The(uality of )ercy* Cambo+ia, the Holocaust an+

)o+ern Conscience, 19-!

: U$;'S +-- )*)/

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Source !

n one %articular as%ect o& human mi!ration, UN!enerated international law %lays a %ower&ul role,namely re&u!ee law. #undreds o& administrati"e and 5udicial decisions each day inter%ret and a%%lyinternational standards based on two UN treaties, the $on"ention @1)1 and 2rotocol @1)*/ relatin!to the status o& re&u!ees, which o"er a hundred states ha"e si!ned.

'"en in states which ha"e not si!ned these treaties, UN re&u!ee law o&ten has an im%ortant e&&ect,o&ten &ramin! res%onses to re&u!ee &lows. The 1)7) $om%rehensi"e 2lan o& Action to deal with theon!oin! &low o& asylum see6ers &rom ndochina is a si!ni&icant recent e(am%le. There the states o&the re!ion, most o& whom ha"e not si!ned the treaties, a!reed to a %rocedure &or screenin!re&u!ees based &irmly on the UN $on"ention. >oreo"er, in "irtually e"ery re&u!ee crisis UN#$R

%lays a central role.

.avi+ )artin, an /merican aca+emic la$yer

$ho has specialise+ in refugee la$, 1990!

Source

Burin! the $old Car %eriod, most countries, es%ecially in the Cest, were relati"ely rece%ti"e tore&u!ees &rom communist bloc countries. As lon! as !rantin! re&u!ee status was based on su%er%owerideolo!y, the wor6 o& the UN#$R was easier because in most cases the UN#$R did not ha"e tone!otiate on behal& o& re&u!ees.

The UN#$R also has been success&ul in %ro"idin! %rotection to A&rican re&u!ees by ensurin! thatthey are !ranted asylum. This has been the case because most A&rican countries ha"e beenrece%ti"e to the in&lu( o& re&u!ees &rom nei!hbourin! countries. Also, the boundaries o& mostA&rican countries are 3arti&icial4 and there&ore easy &or re&u!ees to cross.

There ha"e, howe"er, been many cases where the UN#$R has not been success&ul. '(am%les includethe treatment o& 8ietnamese boat %eo%le in western 'uro%ean countries. Sendin! %eo%le bac6 to theircountries without %ro%er e(amination o& their claims is a &la!rant "iolation o& the 1)1 Re&u!ee$on"ention.

ames Chiusi$a, an /frican postgra+uate stu+ent at the/ustralian National University, 1999!

Source #

The UN#$R a%%lied an e(%anded de&inition o& the o&&icial de&inition o& 3re&u!ee4 to deal with thelar!er re&u!ee mo"ements o& the 1)/-s in $ambodia, ;aos and 8ietnam. The or!anisation be!an toreco!nise the need &or %ermanent re&u!ee settlement in countries away &rom the wars causin!re&u!ee mo"ement. #owe"er, by the mid1)/-s countries no lon!er wanted an in&lu( o& labour and

be!an raisin! restrictions a!ainst re&u!ee access. 0y now it was clear that the internationaltreatment o& re&u!ees was de%endent on economic and ideolo!ical considerations. 0e&ore then,when a $old Car crisis resulted in re&u!ee &lows, Cestern host nations had been welcomin!.

/ revie$ of the +evelopment of the UNHCR by2aura %arnett, a Cana+ian la$yer, 3443!

Now answer the &ollowin! question.

Ho$ far +o #ources /56 support the vie$ that, in the perio+ 197451991, the UNHCR respon+e+effectively to international refugee crises8

: U$;'S +-- )*)/

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Section

You must answer three questions &rom this section.

You must not answer both Question = and Question .

$ #ow &ar do you a!ree that the de"elo%ment o& the US %olicy o& containment in the late 1)-s wasbased on a mista6en inter%retation o& So"iet aims and ambitionsD

3 3The $old Car was essentially a war o& words.4 #ow &ar does a study o& the $old Car, as 3&ou!ht4 inthe 1)*-s and 1)/-s in any t>o re!ions o& your choice, su%%ort this assertionD

+

4 Assess the im%act o& the $old Car u%on the Arabsraeli issue in the %eriod 1)*E/).

: Chich did more to cause the colla%se o& So"iet communism by 1))1, de"elo%ments inside or outside theUSSRD

6 $om%are and contrast the SA;T treaties and the START treaties as means o& controllin! nuclearwea%ons.

7 #ow &ar, in the %eriod 1)E1))1, was the success o& the international economy de%endent u%onthe success o& the US economyD

Account &or the emer!ence o& the Asian Ti!er economies.

Copyright /cno$le+gements*

Source A : The Nobel Foundation 1)71.Source 0 : #ar%er$ollins 2ublishers ;td. 1)7 Cilliam Shawcross.Source $ Ba"id >artin. Unite+ Nations an+ :nternational 2a$. 2ublished by $ambrid!e Uni"ersity 2ress. : The American Society o&

nternational ;aw.Source B : ?ames $hiusiwa. Ho$ effective has the UNCHR been in fulfilling its man+ate to protect refugees! Re%roduced by %ermission o&

Asia 2aci&ic 2ress.Source ' ;aura 0arnett. ;lobal ;overnance an+ the 6volution of the :nternational Refugee Regime. 2ublished by UN$#R '"aluation and

2olicy Unit.

'"ery reasonable e&&ort has been made to trace all co%yri!ht holders. The %ublishers would be %leased to hear &rom anyone whose ri!hts we ha"e

unwittin!ly in&rin!ed.

: U$;'S +-- )*)/

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Uni"ersity o& $ambrid!e nternational '(aminations is %art o& the Uni"ersity o& $ambrid!e ;ocal '(aminations Syndicate @U$;'S, which is itsel& ade%artment o& the Uni"ersity o& $ambrid!e.