9.5 Gender-Related Development

GENDER INEQUALITY TRENDS

WHAT ARE GENDER ROLES?

Set of perceived “norms”

associated with either males

or females.

Includes attitudes and

behaviors:

“masculine” and “feminine”

GENDER TRAITS

Socially created gender traits /

characteristics

Behavioral traits

Male example: “act like a man!”

Psychological traits

Female example: mindset that “looking pretty”

is very important

GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPE

Culturally-bound beliefs about males & females

Example:

Stereotypical masculinity in the United States:

Dominance, assertiveness, strength, &

achievement-orientated

HOW DO GENDER ROLES DEVELOP?

A child’s gender role socialization can be influenced by many things… Types of toys a child plays with

The conscious or unconscious influence of the family

The type of literature the child reads

Gender role adoption is learned

Reinforcement, modeling, & developing concepts about what is appropriate for one’s sex

IS IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSCEND (EXIST BEYOND

THE NORM LEVEL) TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES?

Yes - gender role transcendence is demonstrated by

someone who chooses behavior that is personally

meaningful, rather than typically feminine or

masculine.

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

What is gender

development?

Development –

improving the material

conditions of people

through diffusion of

knowledge and

technology

Haves versus have nots

Gender Equity – a measure of the opportunities given to women

compared to men within a given country

Why do some countries lag far behind others?

Cultural traditions have discouraged women’s achievement:

Education, government, & business

Gender Inequality

unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender

Societies structured GENDER ROLES Perceptions

Gender Development

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Gender-Inequality Index (GII) – United Nation’s

measurement of a country’s gender inequality

Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes

Examines empowerment, labor, & reproductive health

Higher the GII, the greater the inequality between men & women

0 = men & women are fairly equal - score of 1.0 = inequality exists

How can gender inequality be shown in a society?

What type of countries would have a higher GII?

LDCs / developing countries why?

Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, & SW Asia – highest inequality

Note: 10 countries in Europe have GIIs less than 0.1

Greater aspect of gender equality

Gender Development

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GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX

Where is Gender Inequality

high?______________________

HISTORY OF AMERICAN WOMEN’S RIGHTS

Compulsory education

US varied from Massachusetts in 1652 to Mississippi 1917

Federal Law in 1918 with attendance laws

Child labor laws

Suffrage movement

1848 in Seneca Falls, NY

1869 Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton National Woman Suffrage Association

1920 – August 26 – 19th Amendment “The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied because of sex”

Title IX

1972 - federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity

Family Planning

Varies according to culture

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Women's suffragists parade down

Fifth Avenue, New York, October

1917, carrying the signatures of a

million women

Susan B.

Anthony +

Elizabeth

Cady

Stanton

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HOW DOES A WOMEN’S EDUCATION AFFECT THE STATE?

ESPN

Economic _________________________________________________

Social ____________________________________________________

Political ___________________________________________________

State would encourage what kind of population policy? ________________

Nature = Environment ____________________________________

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC7v8XKvb7Y#t=102

Sandra Day

O’Connor

1st Women on

Supreme Court - 1981

Hillary Rodham

Clinton

Only 1st Lady to

run for a public

office

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC7v8XKvb7Y#t=102

Ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status economic & political power

Every state (MDCs & LDCs) women hold fewer positions of economic & political power

Empowerment measured by

Political Power (% seats held by women in national legislatures)

More women vote

Few women hold positions of political power US 1/6 are in Congress

Highest % in Europe ¼ are members of national parliaments

Education (% of women who have completed high school)

North America, girls more likely to complete high school than boys

Boys are slightly ahead in Europe

Developing countries – boys more likely to be high school graduates

10 boys / 8 females graduate - South Asia 10 boys / 5 girls

Gender Empowerment

Gender Inequality Measures: GII –LABOR FORCE

• Female labor force participation rate = % of women

holding full-time jobs outside the home. • 100 males to X female

• Developed countries = 75% women

• Developing countries = 65% women

• Lowest rates are in SW Asia & North Africa = 35%

• Why? _________________________________

• Note: sub-Saharan Africa with lowest HDI & 77% women work in

______________ with the world’s highest _________ rate!

UN found Gender Inequality is on the DECLINE

Greatest improvement in SW Asia & North Africa

Why? ______________________________________________________

US GII increased rank 47 in GII versus HDI of 4

Reproductive rights are lower in US than other very high HDI states

Maternal mortality rate: US – 24 versus Canada – 12 Europe – 10

Percentage of women in National Legislature is much lower than other high HDI states

US – 17 women out of 100 senators - 74 of 435 representatives in 2012

Canada – 36 of 105 senators - 76 of 307 members of parliament/H of Commons

Gender Inequality Trends

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