94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated...
Transcript of 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated...
AC
mrc
ise
His
t>r
ufth
eIi
altic
Stat
es
prnd
iiet
uIth
eov
erhe
ated
hope
ottiH
vnin
uri
ties
ofpuiitj
act
ViSt
S;th
ose
who
join
edui
the
deci
arat
iuns
wer
eet
taunt
vh
thcv
)ie
ved
wer
eth
eas
pira
rion
s—
perh
aps
uniIr
ticLi
Iate
d.
late
ut—
(II
rhei
r“c
unsr
in1c
nts”
Und
erst
andi
ngth
ew
Hl
‘‘frh
c
peup
ie”
corr
ectiy
duri
rig
9T
8vas
diFf
ieui
tif
fbI
ipos_
ih,
and
whe
ther
the
decl
arer
sof
inde
pend
enee
had
read
itco
rrec
tlvw
ouid
depe
ndun
whc
ther
“the
penp
le”
wou
idm
livan
auiid
the
idea
asits
pro
pm
ents
soug
ht10
eiri
body
itii
iflS
tItU
tiO
flS
uI
gl)V
erfl
rflc
nt.
INL
)E1’
F’.
Dl
>.(
1\R
s
Aft
erth
earm
isti
ce
of
Nov
cmbe
r1
•19
18cn
ded
host
iittie
sth
WC
Ste
fli
Iroi
lIan
da
peac
eei
iiife
renc
ebe
gan
inPa
ris
onJa
niw
i-eTS
,
9i,
most
Euro
pea
ns
eoui
dbr
eath
ea
sigh
oFre
iief
,bi
itnu
rth
e
pC0I
]ies
(iith
elI
ainc
lirto
ral.
The
Hoh
enzo
iieri
idynast
h.d
eft
the
(erI
TIa
nth
wnc
iii
\over
nber
,a
Ger
man
repubii
cha
dhe
enpr
o—
eLi
mcd
,an
dth
eve
ster
naf
lies
agre
edrh
atai
thou
ghiii
oo(.e
rrna
n
tri)
ops
wnu
idw
ithdra
wfr
om
the
Bal
tic
hrt
ora
i,so
me
behi
ndli
ico
ntin
ucfg
htin
gag
ains
tth
esp
read
offo
ishev
Sm
.L
enin
and
the
Roi
shev
ikre
gim
ew
cre
not
trus
ted
bvth
ee’
,Len
;iiiie
s.
who
now
incl
uded
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es;
Ger
man
pian
sto
rco
ion/a
t1on
ofth
eB
aitic
appe
arcd
toha
vedi
sapp
eare
dal
ong
with
mtp
erii
(;eri
in’;
and
duri
ng1918,
em
issari
es
toth
ew
est
Froi
iith
eei
nhry
OI1
IC“g
over
nmen
rs”
nfth
eE
ston
ians
,Lat
vian
s,an
d1.
itiio
ania
n’ha
d
impr
essc
dw
eter
np
DW
Crs
with
thci
rse
riou
snes
snF
purp
use.
Btit
noth
ing
inth
eB
aitic
httu
rai
had
heen
reso
ived
with
aii
[inal
ity.
>C
)ui
tinia
tcre
solu
tiori
appeare
dhk
eiy
ui
the
near
totu
ic,
and
nO
outc
omes
pred
icte
d.T
here
gio
nen
tere
da
thre
e—ye
arpe
nid
ihat
iii
the
natio
nal
hist
orie
sui
the
tiire
ela
itic
stat
esea
nie
tohe
kn
nw
ilas
the
war
sof
inde
pend
enee
.”T
heac
tivis
tsw
iio
had
pru
Iain
ied
inde
pend
ence
hega
nth
epr
oces
sof
cre
ati
ng
insti
tuto
ns
ucarr
yøli
t
the
hjnc
tiuns
of
real
sta
tes:
appropria
teele
cti
ons
had
whe
heid
,
cabi
net
offc
iais
had
10he
kiun
d.m
inis
tties
had
rohe
eai-
Lre
v
entie
sha
dto
hera
ised
,ho
rder
sha
dto
hese
cure
d,an
din
terf
lini
fl3
1
reco
gniti
onha
dto
heso
ught
.A
buve
ali,
the
terr
itori
esuv
erss
hieh
rhc
new
govern
mefl
tscl
airn
cdui
havc
juri
sdic
tiuii
had
rohe
p
again
stth
ose
tow
honi
the
idea
ofth
ree
inde
peod
enrC
OU
Ol
iittu
ral
tern
tory
was
nnrn
icai
.
Sta
tela
nd
jotr
i,ubl
pdti
mes
,i90
—i
94(1
1
jnth
eE
sto
juan
Iaiid
s,th
epr
inci
pai
“enen
i”o’
astiw
Est
onia
ii
-j5hevik
s.
who
had
wit
hdra
wn
roSo
iet
Ros
sia
htir
now
sass
nne
w
0pp0tt
Uflt
>III
a‘V
eak
Fst
onia
ngo
veru
men
Ian
da
wea
kene
d
inany.
With
Sup
porr
from
the
Suvi
etR
ossi
ait
gove
nim
eni.
8eis
hevi
ktr
oO
pS
iuve
rwhe
imin
g[v
no
n—
hsto
nia
ns,
ch
iefl
vkt
iSsi
afls
)
aoof
fens
ive
inth
ese
cnnd
haif
ufN
ovem
her
1.1
8,tO
UL
the
•vof
Nar
vah
the
end
ofN
ovem
her.
and
pruc
laim
cdrh
ere
an
wnia
fl
work
ers
Com
mune.
Ihe
Est
onia
ngovern
rnent
had
ui
act
quic
klv:
hyth
een
dot
Dec
enib
er,
itha
dap
poin
red
Col
onei
Julia
n
:.
Jidonem(1
88
4—
19S
3)
ascom
mander-
in-e
hie
fot
the
Est
onia
n
nati
nnal
arrn
y.an
dliv
Janoary
19
19
itha
dri
ised
aoar
inv
ofab
out
4,80
0ni
en,
most
ivhsr
onia
ns.
Ass
ista
nee
cam
etr
um(r
eat
i5rit
ain
in
the
form
oFa
tlee
tnF
tsve
ive
ship
s,w
hich
del
iver
edar
ms
and
anii
no
nitio
fis
toth
eE
stonia
nar
mv
and
pre
ven
ted
aeo
asta
iin
VaS
ioh
ih
the
-I
otsh
cvik
fore
cs.
Finl
and,
for
itspar
r,pro
vid
eda
Joan
01
2o
mii
lion
finn
ish
rrta
rks
toIiu
vve
apon
san
dse
nt
som
evolu
nte
ers.
lue
fPo
lshe
vik
off
ensi
ve
SUC
CC
Cde
dii
inC
ctip
ving
about
hii
tot
Est
unia
n
terr
itor
y,hut
Iwea
r[v
Feh
ruar
v,
the
Est
onia
neonnte
rulf
ensiv
eha
d
man
aged
todri
ve
the
Bol
shcv
ikfo
rees
hack
into
Sov
iet
Rus
sian
terr
itor
y.B
yth
atti
me,
the
Est
onia
nnat
ional
arniv
had
gtow
nIn
74,5
00
men
,an
dde
sert
icm
sw
ere
takin
gpi
aee
from
the
Bol
shei
k
J’tia
irsto
the
Est
onia
nna
tiona
lfo
rces
.L
ight
ing
eonm
iued
on
the
Est
onia
nea
stem
ntr
ont
thro
ughout
spri
ng
and
surn
mer
1919,
and
..duri
ng
thes
em
onth
sth
eE
ston
ian
nat
ional
arm
vsv
asla
rge
enough
to
ptov
ide
maj
or
assi
stai
lee
toth
eIa
tvia
nnat
iunai
arm
vin
its
harr
ies
—
goin
gon
sim
ult
aneo
nsi
y—
agai
nst
Lat
via
nB
ois
hev
iks,
indep
enden
t
4U
niri
ioF
the
Ger
niar
iar
mv,
and
som
eel
emen
tsuf
the
Russ
ian
4Whi
te’
arni
v.(S
iwie
tR
ussi
aw
asin
the
thro
esot
aci
vii
war
at
the
nme
time,
with
the
“Red
”ar
niv
fighti
ug
the
“Whi
tes.
”)T
iiis
assi
s
tanc
ew
asre
nder
edii
ipart
hcca
use
the
Est
unia
ngovrn
ment
wante
d
joS
eCU
-Cits
sout
hern
horc
ier
(with
1.at
via)
.Pe
ace
taik
sbegan
the
Est
onia
nan
dth
eSo
viet
kire
esii
iSe
ptei
uher
,bu
tev
en
—.tm
nth
ese
nego
tjatio
nsth
eB
olsh
evik
sia
unch
edsm
alie
r-sc
ale
again
st
Esto
nia
nte
rrit
ory
.A
oan
nlst
lce
was
agre
edea
riv
mJanuar
1920.
and
ape
ace
rreatv
was
sign
edbe
twee
nth
eE
stun
ian
1bvernm
ent
and
Sovie
tR
ussia
on
Fehru
arv
z.Bv
thar
time
eie
cii
ons
adb0
held
iii
Esro
nia
for
aC
ofl
Sti
tUL
h1
ias
sem
hltA
prii
1919),
Wht
ehbe
gan
toen
aets
ignif
icanr
icgis
iati
on
tor
Est
onia
esen
whi
ieth
L
iJII ‘1
. 1.
302-
1!iS
Lt)
utth
eR
aIti
Sti
tes
indc
pend
cncc
war
s’w
’erc
cnti
num
g.\X7h
ar
the
cvui
it
dem
onst
rate
dw
ath
atasi
14
nhcant
mjU
Oti
tVo
fE
ston
ians
Jd
porr
the
idea
o1a
Sovi
erIs
roni
;l,
hurh
atth
isse
ntir
nejir
dd
reac
hve
ryfa
rin
toth
ege
nera
lpopula
tion.
The
cons
titu
cnt
ele
eti
on
had
anSo
perc
ent
part
iCip
ati
oll
rate
atT
lOfl
g
Est
otiia
ns,
and
duri
ig920
the
natu
inal
gove
rnm
eflt
pn.
abili
tvte
legi
siat
eL
’[te
etiv
ely
and
tode
fend
itho
rder
sth
e
incr
easi
ngsu
pport
of
the
gene
ral
Est
onia
npo
pula
tion
.
The
situ
atio
nii
ith
eL
at’j
ania
nds
afte
rN
ovem
hcr
1
eorn
plic
ated
firs
thy
the
Cooti
nU
mg
Ger
man
occu
pati
on,
thcn
aiso
bvth
e[o
Ishe
viza
rion
ufa
arge
nuni
bcr
ofso
ldic
rsiii
the
1t
Rifl
ere
gin
3ents
,an
dfin
ally
hYth
eun
eert
aint
ies
surr
ouot
iing
the
futu
re
ofL
atg
a[e
.T
heT
arvi
ttuB
olsh
evik
sw
ere
ast
riin
gv
th-a
nth
eFs
tuni
anllo
lshe
viks
had
bee
njo
the
nort
hern
litto
i al.
and
with
heip
fror
nam
ong
the
Iatv
ian
RiF
ies,
thev
sncc
eede
dii
ise
ttin
t iIp
ash
ort—
lived
iDec
embe
r39
18—
Mav
919
!.ar
vian
Sos
etSi
»jai
tst
Rep
ublic
,he
aded
byI’
t’ter
isS
tuka.
oth
atpa
rtof
Iivl
ttnd
ilii
tva
s
net
occu
pied
hyG
erm
anfo
rces
.T
heem
bron
icn
atio
nai
”goer
n
men
tof
Lar
via
,he
aded
hyK
3rlis
Uln
iani
s,te
dte
the
weS
terI
iIi
tsia
n
pnrt
eitv
ofL
iep
ja(G
er.
Lib
au)
inK
urla
nd,
thus
ina
sens
e
itseh
un
der
the
prot
eetio
not
the
Ger
rnri
ns.
Add
ing
teth
ena
s,a
cou
nte
r—g
ov
crn
men
tte
that
of
Ulm
anis
sudd
enly
appe
ared
the
pers
ono(
the
popu
lar
ilove
list
and
clcr
gym
anA
ndri
ev,\
dra.
who
with
asr
nnll
cnte
neoF
tolio
wer
sha
dco
nclu
ded
that
1as
surv
isal
depe
ndcd
onel
ose
cooper
atio
nw
ithth
eG
erni
an
espe
eial
iyss
ithth
eB
altie
Ger
man
popu
lati
on.
iriL
atga
lc.
win
ie10
spri
ng
191
aeo
ngre
SsoF
polit
ical
activ
ists
hnd
vote
dov
crw
i.e
ingl
yto
oin
the
vcs
tern
’L
arvi
ans
joa
new
stat
e,th
eliit
stk
enus
eno
neth
eles
sm
dsi
gniti
cant
supp
nrt
(as
else
whe
retIl
C
Lat
vian
land
s).
Sorn
ejn
tluen
tial
vo
ices
(for
cxam
ple
.F
i1C
1S
Kem
ps(
calle
dfo
ra
sepa
rate
,tt
uto
oom
oU
sL
arg
ale.
The
com
tn
ofth
eG
erm
an
co
nti
ng
cn
ts.
Rhd
iger
von
der
Gol
rz,c
onti
nued
to
anm
sidi
ous
top
ega
rne,
seen
iing
attim
este
supporr
the
tIie
t”5
govern
men
t.th
enth
eN
icdr
ag
ov
ern
menr,
anti
thcn
the
1tI1
tc
Ger
man
cause.
1Fth
isw
ere
nor
enou
gh,
sev
eral
eonti
ngents
thC
Rus
siao
‘\V
hite
”ar
nwjo
tned
the
fray
,Ie
dhy
aoadvcnru
rer
Pave
lB
erm
on
pA
val
ov
who
inia
gine
dhim
setf
tohe
aR
ussi
tul
an
dappeare
dte
have
asu
goal
the
resto
rati
oli
of
Ru
ssia
’shounii
ltL
rS
tjte
l;oo
clin
trou
hled
timeS
,t9
0—
I940
30$
0fth
eiln
pcrt
aipe
nod.
Von
der
Gol
tzan
dB
crm
unt-
Aval
ov
wer
e
anti-
Bol
shev
ikan
dth
eref
ore
pore
ntia
ilyhe
lpfu
lni
the
Lt1t
vi1f
lna
rion
aI”
gove
rnm
ent;
eri
the
irhe
rIt
and,
neith
t’r
ei’rh
cse
l1tic
al—
i1til
ttarY
Iead
ers
had
any
com
mitm
ent
10th
eid
eaoF
ao
jnde
pend
ellt
Lat
via,
and
iii
fact,
duri
ngth
ese
eond
lialf
of1919
ecan
1cas
mue
hen
emie
sof
the
Lat
vian
natio
nal
caus
eas
the
11
olsh
evik
arm
yco
ntiit
ued
tehe
.
Giv
enth
isse
tot
acto
rs,
the
en
tire
vear
ot19
19
Wtt
Sfu
]!oF
intr
igue
,
;aI
lianc
eSof
eonvenie
flce
and
baek
srah
hing
,te
mpu
rarv
vict
orie
san
ti
tetn
pora
ryile
feat
s.D
urin
gth
esu
mm
er,
how
ever
,th
epe
rsis
tenc
eof
the
Ulm
anis
gose
rnm
ent
hega
nte
pay
off.
The
brie
fan
dre
lativ
ely
bioo
dyre
nure
oFth
eS
nik
aB
okhe
vkgo
s’er
nmcn
tpe
rsua
ded
nian
v
Lat
’ian
sth
arth
eB
olsh
evik
sw
erc
mor
eco
ncer
ned
svith
addi
ng
Lat
vian
terr
iror
yte
Sovie
tR
ussi
atit
anw
ithth
eL
arvi
anca
uSe;
the
Nie
dra
Cou
nter
—gu
vcrn
men
rpr
oved
tobe
still
born
,h
avin
gIl
Osu
p
port
wha
reve
rin
the
gene
ral
popu
lati
on;
larg
eco
ntin
gent
sof
the
Lat
vian
Riti
esan
drh
eir
oFfic
ers
opte
dte
supp
out
the
“nat
iona
l’
side
oFth
est
rugg
ie;
Lat
galia
nsc
para
tism
turn
edliu
tte
heof
niar—
*gi
nal
infl
uenc
e;an
dbv
Oet
obcr
19r9
,th
eU
linan
isgo
vcrn
men
rha
d—
man
aged
teer
eate
aFi
ghtin
gFo
ree
ofab
out
ii,o
oso
ldie
rsw
ho1t
t
fact
had
very
stro
ngsu
ppor
tin
the
gene
ral
1 ats
ian
po
pu
lati
on
.Ry
this
time
also
the
wes
tern
pow
ers.
havi
nghe
com
eeo
nviii
eed
ofth
eO
:rj
otis
ness
ofL
atvi
an‘n
atio
ital
”et
tdea
vors
.iu
rerv
ened
virh
idvi
ec
and
supp
ori
onth
eL
atvi
ansi
de.
Ryth
elin
altn
onth
s0F
19
19
,th
eG
erm
anar
my
units
had
heen
orde
rcd
hvth
ew
este
rnpo
wer
sto
with
draw
fri,m
the
lirto
ral;
the
herm
onti
sis
had
heen
defe
ated
deet—
sive
ly;
and
the
only
rem
aini
ngrh
reat
toth
ene
wst
ate
was
from
the
Rol
shev
ikfo
rees
inL
atga
le.
Te
deliv
era
lima
1hl
owte
the
berm
oni—
isis
,th
eL
arvi
anna
tiona
lar
my
reee
ived
subs
cant
iai
on-th
c—gr
ound
assi
stan
eefr
nrn
the
Est
onia
nar
mv;
todr
ive
the
rem
aid’
ing
Bol
shev
iks
ent
ofLa
rgal
e_U
lnia
nis
ncgo
t;ate
dm
iuita
ryass
ista
nee
from
Pola
nd
and
afo
rce
ofao
,ooo
Pole
sun
der
the
lead
ersl
npot
Edv
ard
Sni
igly
Rid
zjo
ined
the
cffo
rt.
Ryth
istim
e,th
eB
oish
evik
gove
rnin
ent
in
Petr
ogra
dcl
ecid
edno
tto
prol
ong
the
effo
rtin
the
Ral
ticlit
tora
l.T
h0
5,
faci
nga
larg
erfo
rce
joth
efie
ldan
dlin
ding
leni
n’s
supp
uri
fadi
ng,
the
Lat
viau
Rol
shev
ilcs
pulle
dou
tot
tatg
aie.
Inth
ear
niv
flit
sth
atw
jthdr
ewto
the
inte
rtor
ofS
evie
tRus
sia
wer
eth
ousa
nds
efI.a
tvia
nR
ifier
nen
who
rcni
ainc
dev
ate
the
Bol
slte
vik
etili
se.
The
304
(Ijf
l(!S
Cfl
ist)
n’
flf
[‘e
13,I
tic
Sta
ie.
Ulm
anis
>ver
nin
ent
and
Sovi
etR
ussi
aag
reed
toao
joFe
hrua
ryo
,and
ap
eace
treaty
vas
signel
i0
AU
LIS
tT
hU
inia
nis
gu
ler
nnie
nren
uki
no’.
’.,
focu
son
cont
inul
ngth
’.w
ork
aire
ady
heg
un,
(>1
cre
ati
ng
the
jost
Itu
tiO
lIS
of
avi
ahlu
stat
e.
Bvti
llheniI
ltIi
lI()
t1
919,
the
cnih
tyon
icL
ithu
ania
nI.
0\
had
aire
ady
stre
iigtli
etie
dli
sp
oS
ltlo
lihavin
ghe
unm
ea
enti[
yas
ot
mid
-i9
$w
hen
recogll
iZed
hyth
eG
erin
anpar
Fore
es.
Tis
iead
ers
wer
eA
as
Sln
etun
l,A
LIg
US
ti1
la’.
VoI
Jaii
aras
.an
drv
lvk
oia
sSle
zev
leii
ls.
‘i’he
i.overn
h1le
nt.
hn’.v
ever
,nt,
id1,
itti
t
head
wa\
inra
i’dl
iga
“nati
onai”
arno
’.so
thit
Wit
lii
\VS
‘JeC
d
‘.vith
aR
edA
rrny
iflv
l,10fl
Sta
rrlf
lgin
fInn
ary
1919,
the
Bul
shev
ikfo
rces
easi
ivcaptu
red
Viin
ius
and
lorc
ed
the
govcrll
rnent
o[le
cto
,1’
.
)fr
(Sk
Stet
t,n
T.
PO
3n
OP
OIA
ND
--
‘.,‘—
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l1(
10.0
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Wars
av
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Map
‘lue
littu
ral
afte
rth
e“G
reat
\Var
”(\V
urld
\Var
1’.
Nat
ioni
sni
ain
oli
gE
ston
ian’
..L
an’i
aiis
.an
dli
rhU
allI
(110
iesi
lRcr
0)1
01
the
tnrm
atl
clt
llI
ttii
ree
11(’
.VC
UU
fltr
ieS
,S’t
afcI
uod
Ffl
t)’O
I!bI
(’d
Iilf
l(’s
,T
90
—1940
Kau
nas.
As
iii
the
liO
rth
,th
eK
l)iS
iieV
lkk
>re
es,
whi
chlf
lCiU
tiL
d
Ljt
ht1
a1
1n
SaS
sveh
iJ5
RU
SS
IJH
‘.nI
dier
,p
1’o
cLli
med
1st
ate
otrh
eir
aL
irh
uan
ian
—B
elori
issi
anefl
tity
,th
eS
ovit
RepiI
hil
eo
t
Lkbe
i—
whi
chtU
lict
loII
edorl
iyjo
the
east
crn
part
(II
the
1,L
rhlla
nian
terr
iW”Y
’but
enah
ied
Bnh
shev
lkp
rop
agai
idis
tsto
ciai
mth
arth
evvcre
support
ing
ao
indi
genn
u4“w
orke
rs’
sta
te”
ag
aii
st
dIe
go’.
crn
tth
ere
actt
onar
hnurg
eois
ie.”
The
Ger
man
govcrn
rnenr
0ffere
dSO
lliC
asS
iSta
nee
totIl
Cne
wH
ancll
Iai
1 .it
hU
aIi
idli
guverl
lrnent
tbar
help
edtO
Sta
lem
Ite
the
hght
ing
until
IatC
spri
ngol
1919.
At
this
junc
ture
,an
othe
rpi
aver
en
rcre
dth
esc
ene
—th
eR
epuh
heo[
Pola
nd—
the
erea
tion
ow
hieh
Ger
rnan
vall
dl\
usm
aha
das
seii
icd
rojn
Nov
ernh
er1
91
6an
tith
eR
usSI
anpru
vis
ional
gove
rlln
ienr
inM
arch
9f7
.te
dbv:
Sup
renw
Nat
iona
l(;
lnlI
nitt
cefo
unde
dhy
C;e
tieri
iJo
seph
Piis
udsk
i—P
ola
nd
spr
o.is
inna
ipr
esid
ent w
hoha
clhe
enhu
mjn
Lith
uani
ante
rrir
ory
—th
ePo
les
had
alre
adv
erea
tcd
an
atio
nal
arnl
yan
dha
dhe
gun
tose
cure
whar
rhev
behe
ved
toiw
rhei
rri
ghtt
ui
boun
dari
esto
the
sout
h,ea
st.
and
wes
t.Iii
the
eait
,Pn
Iand
sas
pira
—
tions
inci
uded
the
old
terr
ttor
ies
nfth
eP
olls
h-L
lri
Ilola
nC
orn
llln
Il
wei
dth,
whi
ehh
rou
gh
tPn
iish
expe
ctar
loll
sIn
todi
recr
eonf
lict
wit
hih
ose
oF
the
Lit
hnan
ians
.Hv
Apr
iii9
T9
Pohs
htr
on
ps
had
nvad
edL
ithtia
nia
illi
tiha
dga
jned
eun
trol
over
ahout
uth
ird
ot
lts
terr
ltorl
es,
rncl
udin
gth
eci
tvof
\‘li
nT
us.
Inn
SC
nS
C,
the
[.ith
nani
ango
vern
men
tw
as
now
faee
d‘.s
’lth
atw
o—tro
ritw
ar—
agai
nst
borh
the
Boi
shev
lks
and
the
Poijs
hfo
rces.
‘[‘h
el.
jrhuaniu
i»
ern
men
tw
as
ui
led
[i\
the
faet
that
neir
her
of
these
twn
an
tag
on
ists
had
mnc
hS
Uppolr
tin
the
Wid
erL
ithL
lani
anpo
pula
tion
.‘[‘
heB
uish
evik
mo’
.-em
ent i
nL
iihu
ania
,acotm
tth
atw
asno
ras
heav
ilyin
dust
riai
ized
asth
eno
rthe
rnpa
riof
the
litt
oral
,ha
dno
the
enve
rvpo
pula
reu
rlie
r,an
d[,
ithn
ania
n-
Poht
ical
thln
kmg
had
tor
sorn
ede
eade
src
ject
cdth
erl
,0tju
rire
vlv
ng
the
Pohi
sh-1
,jtlin
anja
nC
omm
unw
eahr
h,w
hich
thre
aren
edth
eas
wei
lof
Polis
hhe
gem
unv.
l’he
oniv
“re
viv
ahst’
thin
klng
?PO
rtray
edth
ere
surr
cctl
ono
tth
egr
and
dtic
hyfu
llvti
lid
er
i.it
huania
rl0
flt0
,In
conc
iusj
vetig
hrin
gO
n1.
ithua
tiian
terr
ltur
yeO
Ilti
fltI
Cd
tIli
til
UtI
Jfl
ifl
19
19
,w
lrh
the
fron
ts.
depe
ndin
gO
lith
e10
0011
1,be
ing
hyth
ere
Iari
eIv
meag
er
Lit
huan
ian
h’o
i’ce
s-ag
ain
srth
eB
olO
ragain
stth
eP
oie
s,an
dth
ePe
les
ag
aln
st
the
Boi
shev
iks.
t’m
iin
Cofl
tjngef
lts
were
invoiv
ed
iii
the
‘.var
fare
oniy
inte
rrnit
tenti
vw
1t11
that
ali
when
iirn
ixed
Germ
an
and
Whi
teR
iIssi
anar
mv
—th
e
,.•
fT
,Ili
nn
•;)
.):v
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ES
TO
NIA
.
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AT
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Tel
stoi
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HU
AN
IA.‘
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Gro
dno
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30
6(,z
se
His
tory
u[til
L’R
z11;t
Stat
c’s
lattc
rw
ith[e
rmon
t—A
’.al
oat
itshe
ad—
inva
ded
Iith
u.i
iin
terr
toFr
omth
eno
rth
(fro
mL
atia
}.T
hro1
IhnL
itth
eve
arth
nian
natio
ilal
arin
yde
mon
stra
ted
that
ncu
uld
atle
ast
repu
l,i‘f
lem
ineu
rsio
ns,
ifno
tal
way
sga
inlin
alvi
ctor
>’iii
the
fiel
dw
hieh0tjt
aged
voItH
Iwer
.ste
join
ir(a
kmg
with
thos
eeo
nscr
iptc
d),
13>A
ugus
tth
est
rugg
lcag
ains
rth
eB
nlsh
evik
sw
asov
er;t
hey
wit
hdre
w
Rus
sia.
The
Pole
s,ho
wev
er,
ehos
ete
reto
eus
thei
rni
ilira
rsaw
avto
im1i
thua
nia
and
tova
rdlJ
krai
nc(b
riri
ging
ahou
tn
il
1,co
nflic
tbe
twee
nSo
vier
Rus
sia
and
Po)a
nd),
thus
.fo
rth
etin
hejn
allo
win
gth
eT
.ithu
ania
ngn
vern
rnen
tte
rees
rabh
shits
auth
iatti
llvii
iIa
thua
nian
tcrr
itorv
.T
hts,
how
ever
,sv
asno
tth
ecn
dot
the
sto
r,
heca
use
inO
ctob
erT920,
whe
nao
arm
istic
ehe
twee
nPo
liud
and
Sovi
etR
ussi
aha
dbe
enan
noun
ced
and
ncgo
ttan
ons
hid
stitt
i’d,
aPo
lisli
forc
eut
ider
the
lead
crsh
ipof
Lue
jan
Zel
igow
ski
entu
red
the
Lir
huan
ian
capi
tal,
Vdn
ius,
onits
wav
tnw
ard
Kat
nias
.1 l
l(fl
livsu
rpri
seat
this
viol
atio
not
the
agre
cmen
tth
atha
den
dcd
coiif
ljet
betw
een
the
Polc
san
d1i
tliua
nian
s,th
eL
khua
nian
gse
rnh1
ont a
ndar
mv
ralli
cdbu
tw
asal
leon
lyte
stah
uliz
crh
cfr
ont
sou
thot
Kau
nas,
Pelis
hhre
esno
woc
cupi
edah
out
ahf
thof
Lith
uani
a,an
dto
rth
en
ex
tth
ree
year
s,ne
geti
atio
nsin
volv
ing
the
Lea
gtic
otN
aton
see
n—
nnue
dov
etth
eIn
eatio
not
the
lith
uani
an—
Polis
hho
rdcr
.A
nag
ree—
men
tin
Febr
uary
1913
plac
cdit
hetw
een
Kau
nas
and
Viin
ius;
rhus
at
the
end
clth
ein
depe
nden
eew
ars
,Pi
iland
conr
inue
dto
contr
0aI
nut
ahf
thof
lith
uani
a’s
terr
iror
y,as
wel
las
itsin
cien
tca
pita
l.V
iiniu
s.
The
inde
pend
ence
war
sev
entu
allv
resu
lred
joth
ev;c
rv
efth
e
natio
nal
arm
ies
and
the
expu
lsio
nfr
orn
the
regi
onof
alI
arm
ed[e
rces
inm
iieal
teth
eid
eaof
Est
onia
n,Ia
rvia
n,an
dL
ithu
ania
nta
fth
0d
But
puhl
icar
titud
esw
ere
Just
asim
port
alir
as
inili
tary
sti
ec
and’
aspi
tche
dha
tties
eont
iriu
edth
roug
huut
19
19
and
into
tW
evic
lent
that
puhl
icsu
ppor
tfo
rth
eid
eat)
stat
ehoo
dha
dti
knh0Id
amon
gth
ege
nera
lpo
pul-
atio
ns.
Supp
ort
For
the
nat
ion
a1
rtF
i)tt
SLV
15
dem
onst
rate
djo
nuni
erou
scl
irect
and
indi
rcct
wav
sin
alI
thre
e1
’
incr
ease
den
listm
ent
inth
eiu
tion
.ilar
med
fure
es;
switc
l1ir
1j
ide
hyso
ldic
rsfr
omth
eB
olsh
evilc
teth
eji
atio
nal
arm
y;in
crc
ased
uh
conr
rihu
tions
for
the
natio
nal
mili
tary
elTu
rt;ce
lelw
atio
n11fltI0
0
succ
ess
inpo
eins
,pa
intin
gs,
and
new
spap
erar
ticle
s;en
gagi
iigot
t‘
enem
yhy
the
nati
onal
fore
esw
ithou
tpr
oper
wI’
apon
ry(i
i
the
rccu
rrin
gde
sign
atio
nof
clp
pl)
Iients
ofth
ena
tiona
larnhI
Sta
tebn
ndiF
Itr
nub!
edtim
es,
i90
5—1
94
0307
.r’fore
tgn”
eoC
lii’
and
the
use
iii
puhl
icat
ions
ot
the
idea
thar
“our
”
idw
dou
rn
tifl
nssrc
hum
,1
0u
1,h
tto
ild
rntI
hLlt
ion
ssuh
Lat
via.
and
Lith
uani
aas
natio
nal
stat
esas
difh
isin
go
ug
ho
ut
the
gene
ra]
popt
iIit
ions
,ar
leas
tal
nong
thos
cw
ho
oke
onc
ofth
eth
ree
lang
iiage
s.T
hcse
shif
tsui
artit
ude
did
not
gobv
wes
tern
pove
rsfo
rvh
oni
the
fiir
ore
ofth
eB
altic
Or
IjtW
tllw
asin
erge
dw
ithth
ew
orr
ovet
the
furt
hcr
spre
adot
01she
visn
1w
estw
ard,
lhe
form
alre
eogn
itio
iihy
the
wt’s
tern
pow
ers
ofth
eri-
iree
inde
peiid
cni
Rai
nest
.ites
—arr
isng
disj
oinr
edlv
hets
%ee
nX
9t
8an
dth
e19105
—ci
me
atre
rth
edc
term
in,it
icin
th;ir
the
new
natio
nalg
over
nmen
tsw
ere
infa
ctvi
ahle
inth
ehu
m, r
un,a
ndea
pahl
eof
gOvC
rrIin
gth
ree
eoun
trie
sas
parr
uia
cord
onsa
nrt
aic’
igai
nsr
Sovi
etR
ussi
a.l3
utth
evi
ciur
ics
nfth
eth
rec
natin
nal
arm
ies
did
nut
nece
ssar
ilym
ean
the
paei
fiea
non
ofal
lth
ese
who
had
teug
htag
ains
trh
em.T
heG
erm
anar
my
cont
inge
nts
thar
with
clre
svfr
oni
the
litto
ral
-;n
aoto
retu
rii
teG
errn
anv
cont
aine
dm
any
who
shor
tiyth
erea
fter
nter
edth
efl
edgl
ing
Nat
iona
lSu
eial
ist
Germ
an
Wiir
kvrs
(Naz
i)pa
tty;
the
Boi
shev
ikfo
rces
cont
aine
dm
an
vlit
tora
lso
lchi
ers
and
Dff
iCer
S,
espe
ciah
lvtr
nrn
the
[.at
vian
aru
as.
and,
aftc
rw
ithdr
awin
g:f
rom
the
Bal
ticar
earh
epa
rtic
ipit
edui
the
cons
ohid
atio
nof
the
Sovi
erR
ussi
ansr
ate
and
tori
ned
livei
viis
toni
an,
Lar
vian
,an
dLi
th—ua
nian
suhe
ultti
res
inth
eU
SSR
wit
ho
ut
surr
endc
ring
thci
rdc
dica
tioft
tlth
eB
olsh
evik
cais
e.
The
citii
yhe
liigc
rent
sof
the
inde
pend
ence
h:
-war
sw
how
ould
not
hehe
ard
frnm
agai
niii
the
regi
onw
ere
the
:.W
hfte
Rus
sian
cont
illge
nts.
who
afte
rth
eir
defe
atin
the
Rus
sian
Civi
l War
tota
llylo
stth
eir
i’ase
offu
rthe
rac
tion.
SIA
T[.
itti
ILl1
I’ei,
aiD
P\R
tiA
Slh
NF
AR
ISS
I
war
sw
ere
hein
gfo
ughi
t at
the
sam
etim
eas
the
new
eove
rnrn
ents
ofE
stun
ia,
Lauv
ia,
and
Iith
iian
jaso
ughr
noes
tabu
ish
••;.
thei
rau
tlior
ir>’
ovet
the
terr
iror
ies
the>
’ha
dde
tined
as
belim
ging
te
Cou
ntry
,w
hich
vas
afo
rmid
ahle
task
[ivan
vin
easu
re.
The
$it
hania
iigo
vcrn
men
r,as
men
tione
dca
riie
r,di
dnu
tsu
ceee
din
this
;‘
91o
Polis
hse
iiure
ofV
iiniu
san
dth
eia
nds
teth
esu
urI
ofth
eci
tv-
-ep
t the
mim
der
Polis
hco
ntro
lfo
rth
ene
xtrw
ode
eade
s,re
mai
ning
ati
eof
Conte
nti
on
not
oniv
iii
Lirh
uani
an—
Pohi
shre
latio
nshu
tin
the
at1
ofl
5hI
5he
twec
nL
ithua
iua
and
the
rith
ertw
oBa
tiest
ates
as
vehl
.
,(o
nci
sc1I
zsto
r’.
u[
the
Bi1
ticta
tcS
The
Est
onia
nan
d1:t
aogo
veri
lmen
isha
dgre
ate
r
thei
rho
iind
arqu
esti
ons
wer
esc
ttled
hyth
eca
rly
92
.0%
.In]
tobo
unda
ries
,th
ere
was
the
oecd
for
inte
rnat
ion
alV
CU
flI
1j
1
Ein
isar
ies
from
the
thre
ego
verI
u1en
tSha
do
rkcd
assi
duoul
flo
m
19iX
onW
ards
toto
mde
tact
nin
todc
jure
tee
gn
ith
ih
the
wao
r
Eur
opea
npo
wer
s.T
hat
task
wa
ako
coiu
plet
edw
hen
Fsto
ma
and
1.at
Via
in92
.1)
and
Lith
oani
a(in
19
12
.)en
tere
clth
eIe
;lne
Nat
ion
asfu
li-tle
dged
mem
hers
.Ii
ith
em
ean
tim
e,al
iti
iree
men
tsw
ere
deep
ivpr
eocc
npie
dw
ithst
ate—
build
ing,
hieh
at
1unet
nre
inolv
edre
pair
and
reeo
flSt
rUC
ti()i
1as
wel
ias
iZai
nifli
t
ailc
eof
the
gove
rnni
ents
auth
onty
.The
iueL
onolm
ew
onnd
’,h
%jx
vear
sci
tw
art
aft
on
iitt
ora
iso
il,lw
the
Gem
niat
iocc
upat
inn.
and
hv
defe
nsiv
em
easu
res
onth
epa
rtof
the
Rus
siai
tgo
vCm
flrn
Ciit
\eie
deep
,
1he
retu
gees
who
had
left
the
Iitr
orai
nnm
berc
dii
ith
ehundrJ
.ot
thtn
isan
ds,a
ndit
vas
no
tat
alic
lear
how
otan
>ol
then
iwoo
idtu
mn
orev
enif
thev
wou
idre
tUrn
nEal
i.T
hefi
rst
popu
latio
nn
sti
ses
otth
e
new
countf
lc5
10th
eea
rlv
192.
05sh
owed
that
inag
,gre
ta1e
fiei
es
the
popt
ilatio
nof
the
Est
onia
nte
rrir
ori
esha
dfa
ihen
trou
iah
out
.o8
mill
ion
bef
ore
the
vai
toahout
r.o
rnill
iciii
10192.0
thai
the
1.at
via
flte
rrit
ori
eS,
roin
1.5
miih
Ofl
toi
.5m
ilii
no;
and
thit
tit
the
1.it
huan
iail
Iand
sfr
om
ahou
t4.
5m
illio
tiw
11IN
)U1
.
mch
idin
gth
eV
iinio
ste
rrit
ory
seiz
edhy
Pol
andi
.T
hela
rges
te:t
in
the
lirro
tal
—R
iga
—ha
dIo
stab
out
haif
its
po
pu
iati
oii
Iaii
tiig
m0m
ahoii
ri,o
00
just
het
ore
914
to1
50
,00
0w
hen
hnst
ilitie
;tu
li
chid
ed;u
ther
urha
nare
as
show
cdsi
mila
rth
ougl
iii
t)t
qu;te
tsdm
ae,a
tie
paem
nS.
Popu
latio
iilo
sses
tif
this
mag
uitu
depl
aved
havu
ein
the
.,lt
irt
mun
with
the
hum
anen
pita
lnc
eded
for
the
rehm
ldin
gef
tort
,as
did
the
eari
yev
aell
atio
hl
of
indu
stri
alin
ftas
truc
rure
into
Rus
sia
duri
ngth
eiir
St
yca
rsi4
the
Gre
atW
ar.
Itis
only
asl
ight
exaggera
tion
tosa
that
the
Ijtt
ora
iha
dunderg
one
aki
ndo
fdein
dust
riah/a
tio
nbese
eT
i1911
19
2.0
.In
adch
tioii,
sonie
Sh
arv
ests
had
heci
idi
srii
ptei
h
nii
lita
ryre
qu
isit
ih)n
ing
of
hors
es
and
gra
in,
livth
era
pid
gnls
sdi
uith
e
nom
her
(It
ah,i
nd
oo
edfa
trn
s.an
dth
eeo
nse
qnent
redu
tt)1
1Ii
ith
e
avai
lahi
hty
ofse
ed.
No
inci
den
tsof
mas
sst
arva
t101
1w
ereie
11
but
con
tin
hio
hls
hunger,
rati
onm
g,an
dce
rtai
nly
un
dem
nm
1ri
t1th
1t
had
heco
owro
titin
e.le
ssso
joru
rai
rhan
inur
hoi
area
s.
rher
ew
ere
ais
om
aerh
.l-e
tfectS
:th
ees
tabl
ishi
nent
ofiie
ss5L
at’
dest
roye
dlin
the
siio
rttu
oat
leas
t)th
eii
ev
ork
sth
atha
dcd
the
Stnt
el.n
nui
fil
trri
l(Ii
l(’d
tIH
It’S
,1
)fl—
1)4
fl09
litt
ora
lC
eofl
o[T
lieS
toth
ela
rger
Rti
ssia
nn
iark
et.
Itw
asno
ttt
ali
pre
dic
tal
svhe
ther
aSo
viet
Rus
sIa,
jow
hieh
the
mark
et
was
so
i’
ordi
natc
dto
poiit
;e.iI
goal
s.w
ouid
read
ii>co
opcm
ate
iiire
hii
iidin
g
cono
mie
ties
quie
klv.
Alt
houg
hsn
iahl
—se
aie
ente
rprh
ses
urj
eii
ted
to
loeJ
im
arke
tsha
da
chan
ceot
rcho
unch
ng,
larg
enu
inhe
rsof
prew
arof
this
kind
wer
ego
ne,
perh
aps
fore
ser.
The
trans
—po
rtilt
i00
svst
ems
ofth
elit
tom
alai
sosu
fter
ed,
espe
cial
ivth
ero
iling
stoc
kof
the
mai
iroa
d.
and
csrj
mat
espla
ce
the
dest
ruet
ion
ofni
mi
ho
usi
rtg
at
about
10
perc
en
t.Ph
otug
mnp
hsot
an)u
nd-t
he—
eioe
kso
upk
iteh
ens
iii
onha
nat
ens,
dug—
onrs
and
sod
hus
into
rni
are
as,
tsam
tim
etr
ench
esse
rvln
g.1
5te
mpn
rarv
hotis
ing.
and
men
irnirt
gre
fugee
s
miil
ing
abou
the
cain
eas
rnii
ehpart
of
the
piet
nria
iIe
gaey
01th
e19
t4—
192.0
pen
oii
15g
rou
pp
ho
rog
rap
hs
nfor
ma
livdr
csse
dm
cii
sitt
ing
aron
ndtn
liies
and
ntak
ing
natio
nai
po
iiev
.
Act
iviti
esto
cmea
teth
enia
ehm
ery
for
govem
n;n
gheg
andurt
og
the
vear
of
the
independence
dec
lam
atio
rts
—i
18
—on
the
pre
mis
eti
lat
the
new
go
vem
nm
ents
wou
bdsu
rviv
e.1h
epr
uvis
;ona
igo
Cm
nnie
nts
otth
eper
;od_
hav
ing
hee
ndm
awn
from
the
man
kshl
fpo
litjc
allv
proi
nite
otpe
ophe
,Fo
rth
eti
nle
hci
ng
wcr
ciu
hiet
Ihln
ing
ii,
the
lain
eof
Est
onia
n,
Lat
vian
,an
dIi
thua
nian
popu
lati
ons
hiit
had
not
been
eho
sen
listh
cn
ith
eyia
eked
the
legit
imacv
that
eotil
deo
me
only
Irom
3c(
,i1
stit
uti
on.
As
the
peri
od
of
the
uide
pend
enee
war
ssh
oste
d,su
hsta
ntia
idis
agrc
em
enr
exis
ted
joth
eti
tree
popuia
tions
no
bas
icquest
ions
of
who
Sh0L
IId
gover
nan
dh
os
gove
mn;
ngsh
ouid
pro
cced
.M
ost
of
the
po
pu
hati
on
sof
the
thrc
een
ihry
onie
stat
eslit
eral
ivFo
und
them
seiv
esin
clud
edsv
ithin
the
anno
tmee
dho
unda
ries
of
thre
eeo
untr
ies
wit
hnor
thci
t Cofl
Sen
tha
ving
beeu
aske
ddi
teet
iv.
(Ife
ours
e.m
an>
indi
cato
rs—
up
po
rtfo
rth
epm
nvis
ittna
lgo
vern
nien
ts,s
uppu
rrof
the
new
nati
onal
arm
ies,
decl
arat
ions
otva
rjot
iski
nds
—sL
tgge
sted
that
publ
icba
ckin
gfo
rth
new
stat
escx
iste
d.hi
titm
ueh
ofit
was
hn
ren
tan
dha
dto
heFi
x.ed
inth
efo
rmal
docu
men
tsan
din
stit
utio
nsof
gove
mnn
ient
that
then
had
Enhe
seen
asfu
ncti
onin
gen
ritie
s.In
evim
ahly
,ot
an>
ot
the
inst
itut
ions
otgo
vern
aite
e,es
peei
alk’
thos
e01
loon
igo
vem
nmen
rs,
crea
ted
joth
ela
ter i
nipe
riai
peri
odre
mai
ned
iiipl
ace
and
ente
red
the
new
countr
ies
2San
eees
sars
part
ofa
tran
siti
on;
hut a
tth
ehi
ghes
tle
vels
, aco
tnpl
ete
tran
sfor
n_at
ior_
SV
t15
need
ed.
Alth
ough
this
tnsk
hnnd
ieci
diftc
r—en
tIsby
the
thre
cpr
ovis
ionn
igo
vem
nmen
ts,a
liw
ere
forc
edto
act
even
thou
gli
the
wars
ofin
depe
nden
eeha
dlo
tco
neh
ided
.
I. r
Sta
telo
nd
jotr
onhl
edtu
,ies
.i 9
o—
I940
3T
1
The
devc
lopm
ertu
govc
rnm
ent
inth
e1i
thtia
nian
iand
sw
ent
thrc
ugh
asi
mila
rpr
oees
s.T
heor
igir
ial
7arv
ba(s
tate
coun
cil)
was
phic
edaf
ter
the
ileel
arar
mo
ofin
depc
nden
ccin
Febr
uarv
19
18
,by
nC
with
apr
esid
ium
(aeh
airm
anan
dtw
vlce
—ch
airln
en)
and
a
cabi
Tlet
ofrn
inis
ters
.T
his
elus
ter
nkpo
wer
—ho
lcle
rsfL
Inct
ione
don
the
hasi
sot
ate
mpo
rary
Const
ituti
on,
whi
chw
asat
nend
cd11
11919
toin
erea
seth
efu
nctio
ning
uffic
es.
The
sedo
curn
ents
calle
dFo
rd
ccdo
nof
aeo
nsti
tuen
tas
sem
biy,
vhic
hrn
okpI
ace
iii
Apr
il1920;
the
3sser
nb
iyei
ecte
dA
lexa
nder
Stiii
gllls
kis
asuh
air,
whi
chai
stm
ade
hirn
exvf
llciO
head
otsta
te111
cont
rast
toth
ean
alog
ous
nstit
urio
nsjo
Est
onia
and
Lat
via,
the
Lith
uani
anA
ssem
blv
was
vnun
g—
rwen
ty—
nine
mem
hers
wer
eun
der
the
age
ofrh
irty
and
only
eigh
tw
ere
over
fitty
.In
its
hrst
mce
tIIl
(4S
.th
eas
sern
h{y
mad
ech
ange
sn
the
seco
nd
tefl
ipor
ary
cons
titut
ion
atte
ctin
gth
eof
fice
ofpr
esid
ent.
hal
sose
tab
out
the
task
ofcr
catin
ga
Fuii-
fledg
edco
nsti
tuti
on
For
the
coun
try;
irfte
rco
nsid
erab
iede
hate
and
revi
sion
.th
isdo
eunw
ntw
as
pas
sed
iii
Aug
ust
i9
2.2
.It
.sto
odas
the
hasi
cIa
wof
the
land
onni
1928
.wiie
nit
vas
chan
gcd
hyPr
esid
ent
Ant
anas
Srnc
tuna
.w
hoha
dbe
eorn
eL
ithua
nia’
sau
thor
itar
ian
lead
erfl
19
26
.
l)ur
ing
the
rhre
e—to
four
vcar
—lo
ngde
iibe
rati
ons
rhat
prod
uced
the
new
donti
tuti
ons
inal
ith
ree
coun
rrie
s,it
beca
me
abun
dand
vcl
ear
that
thes
edo
cum
ents
and
the
mac
hin
erv
of
gover
uan
cew
ould
have
tosa
tisf
vao
extr
crne
lyw
idc
spec
trum
ofopin
lons
0.)
hav
e
Supp
ort
inth
ene
wpohti
cai
elite
sas
weI
las
joth
epo
pula
rion
arla
rge.
The
dra
fter
s,es
pec
iali
von
the
icft
side
ofth
epo
iitic
alS
pect
rurn
,w
ere
det
erm
ined
not
toh
ave
asy
stem
rese
rnbhng
the
old
tsari
stau
tocr
acv.
Coo
sequ
ently
,in
the
new
svsr
erns
, the
hcad
oFst
ate
1pre
sidc
nt”
inL
arvi
aan
dL
irhu
anja
,“s
tate
eide
r”Ir
iigit’
aner
n1_
who
was
aiso
prir
nem
inis
tct.
joE
ston
ia)
was
are
lari
veiy
wea
kof
hce
sniC
e
the
oecu
pant
sha
dbe
ench
oscn
bya
vote
of
the
parl
iam
ent
(kii
giko
guin
Est
onia
,Sa
ejin
ajo
Lat
vja,
Sej
mas
jol.i
thua
nia)
.In
Est
onia
the
exec
uti
ve
and
legi
slar
ive
Fune
tioos
were
,in
aS
ense
.tn
erge
d.jo
ali
tiir
eecu
untr
ies,
the
par
ham
ents
—th
ele
gisl
ativ
ebo
dies
—w
ere
unic
amcr
aian
dth
eir
nier
nher
sw
erc
elec
tcd
bvpopula
r)!
Ote
of
ali
citi
Zen
s,m
ale
and
fern
ale,
aged
rwen
tyor
tWC
ntV
—O
flC
yea
rsan
doi
der.
The
dein
ocra
tic
rhru
stof
thes
erh
ree
sstc
rns
was
main
tam
eri i
rith
ere
guia
tions
gove
rnin
gth
efo
rmat
ion
ofpo
litic
cii
part
ies,
regu
latin
iisw
hich
cate
red
roth
eex
istin
gpo
litic
aidi
visi
ons
joth
e
310
1C
onci
se1I
,sln
re0/
the
Bai
tteSt
ates
InE
stoiu
a,
the
prov
isio
nal
go
verl
llil
efl
tca
iied
for
cnsrit
urt
asse
mbl
y(a
stit
al’
kn’i
i)ci
econs
inA
prii
9i9;
thev
wer
eca
rric
d
nut
succ
essf
ully
,w
itha
high
part
icip
ati
ofl
rare
of
ahou
t8a
pern
t
and
the
par
tiei
pat
iflh
lot
0niu
ltip
ilett
Y()
[po
lttic
aipa
rric
s.T
hepri
ti
sio
nal
gove
rnni
ent
resi
gned
in\I
av,
and
the
0CW
aSse
flIb(
yw
iik(1
5C
r
the
task
ofgovern
irrg
thru
ugh
acab
mct
hea
dcd
hyP
rirn
eM
insz
er
Ott
oS
tran
dman
oFth
eL
abor
art
y.
Ate
mpora
rycofl
Sti
flit
iun
55)5
ado
pte
dii
iju
ne;
both
the
eie
ttd
asse
mhly
and
the
tem
po
rat
vn
stit
uti
ofl
nv
cste
dth
ene
wFs
toni
angover
nif
lentit
hco
iisid
erth
L,
iegi
tirna
cyst
tth
atth
eni
casu
rCS
itad
opte
dha
dw
eig
ht;
and
the
ass
ein
b(y01
itiu
ed
tOw
orI
(10
0petm
anC
nt
do
list
itU
tiO
n.
svhe
h
svas
tinal
iyad
opte
don
f)ec
cmhe
r2.0
.20.
in1.
atvi
a,th
epr
ovis
iona
lgc
ner
nifl
dnt
rern
ainc
dac
tive
afie
rth
e
proc
iani
atio
nnf
inde
pend
enee
ono
vcm
her
18,
19
18
,ti
ui11
0W
itdr
ewit
sIe
gitir
nacy
fron
ith
eT
aiti
asPa
doni
e(N
atio
nal
(om
iti(
tiia
tw
asC
ated
whe
nth
ed
ecla
rati
oii
was
mad
e.T
his
hodv
eun
sist
edof
repre
senta
tiveS
nEth
eei
ght
iarg
est
poli
tica
lpar
tics
Eorm
ed
bvri
iat
tim
e.O
ther
rcpre
scll
tatl
vcs
wcr
co
-op
ted
fror
nS
Cg
I11
CII
Iof
the
po
pu
lati
on
(incl
udin
gL
.atg
ie:’
whe
rep
arti
esw
erc
only
st.
lrntg
t0to
rrn.
Init
iail
y,
the
cnun
cii
had
;9rn
enih
ers
hyth
eti
me
irs
wor
L
ende
dw
ith
the
clec
tion
nEa
Sat
i’cr
snw
sS
apul
ce(C
onst
itnti
n9al
Con
vent
ion)
iiiA
pri
l1
91
0.
rhe
coun
ciha
d18
rnern
hcrs
.(,
n’a
r
care
had
hcen
tak
ento
rep
rese
tlt
ali
gro
upin
gS
oFth
eL
ars
jan
i’
ula
rjun.
Th
eC
oLtn
Cil
adop
tcd
nu
rner
ou
sst
atc—
buil
ding
mea
’t’
CS.
conhdnt
now
that
its
clai
m0.
hesp
eak
ing
for
the
Lat
via
np
eP
(
had
weig
ht.
The
eIec
tio
ns
toth
eC
on
stit
uti
ofl
aiG
onve
ntio
nii
Arit
1910
inv
oiv
cdca
nd
idat
es’
(iS
tStr
orn
sorn
ev
en
ty-h
vt
parr
ie
gro
up
ing
s,hu
tnn
lvsi
xtee
fltiE
rite
inre
ceiv
edre
prd
sefl
tati
otl
[he
Ofl
vC
flti
0fl
ileg
anit
sw
ork
inM
ay1a0,
hovi
ngei
ccte
cl1.1
10
Cak
stc
asit
sp
resj
den
t.O
vet
the
nex
ttw
oy
ears
itfu
net
ion
eil
e.>t
only
asii
kin
dof
pre
-par
Iia1
flC
flt
co
ntl
nu
iflg
the
stat
e
acti
vit
ies
heg
un
hyth
eN
atio
nai
Counci
i,11
1tt
aiso
asth
ed
raIi
iig
hody
ofa
1,a
tVia
IlC
0n
Sti
ttJt
iii.
whi
ch,
afte
rm
uch
dcb
atc
°-
1
smooth
ing
ot
patt
ydis
agrc
emcf
lts.
was
1nai
iyad
opte
d10
.1U
te
1912.
The
cti
vjt
ies
ofth
eN
atio
nal
Cou
ncii
took
plac
eag
atfl
’th
C
bac
kgro
und
of
the
indep
enden
ue
war
;th
eC
0fl
Sti
tuti
0n(‘
0flV
C0
don,
ho
wev
er,
heg
anto
mee
taf
ter
near
lyal
ith
eh
est.
ilir
ies
had
htl
conc
lude
d.
t
312.
rC
’ecw
e,e
H,s
!orv
otth
eB
ill,
popula
tions.
Par
ties
pres
enre
dsi
ares
ofca
ndid
ircs
toth
eel
eetir
and
thei
rre
pres
en[a
rlon
iii
the
pilh
iLal
flef
ltsw
tls
pro
port
tonal
11,
nom
her
o[v
ote
srh
eyre
ceiv
edin
:1te
ncr
aIel
teti
on.
1he
pres
idei
,tin
r
star
eei
der)
askt
dth
ele
ader
nfth
epa
rtv
rece
ivin
grn
nst
vote
sE
n
agovcrn
ment”
—a
eahi
iier
otm
inis
rers
—w
hich
hcea
ine
the
e’w
(
tive
and
reni
aine
dai
isw
erah
lctu
the
parl
ianw
nr.
Ero
mth
c
rhes
esy
stei
nsin
dec
dguir
ante
cdre
prc
seil
tatl
cnin
the
pirI
1anw
nt
nios
ro[
the
inip
orr
ant
wevaent
polit
ieat
vies
vpoi
nts.
tiur
the
aku
niad
eit
j!ii
iost
Ifle
Vil
ihle
tilat
wor
kahi
ecal’
lnets
wou
idhe
hs5
1
co1li
rToll
s0[
parr
ies
(nor
inal
lvrh
rte
[1)
lue).
The
goer
11nit
ni\
ne
Cab
inC
tSco
iild
hedl
Ssoi
ved
Ilpon
rCC
elV
iflr
atio
—co
tihde
nee
uou
IIJ
the
parl
laii
ient
.\‘
vhet
her
ane
wel
eetio
nc i
rth
efn
rrna
rinn
n[a
new
eabi
net
kdlo
wed
depe
iide
dU
tlO
flth
eL
arcn
mst
alle
es.
ihes
eic
gis
tntv
e
Syst
enis
phie
eda
prei
nium
oneo
nsen
sus
and
ccim
prom
isc
;iilu
polir
leal
part
ies
asve
Ilas
onth
epre
sidents
’ih
ilitie
stO
peus
tiade
part
lead
ers
toac
hiev
esu
ehte
mpo
rarv
unir
v.•1
hei
wer
ees
trti
nk
vuin
erah
lein
the
[acc
ot
hard
—lin
eSt
anee
s,e
don
patt
ypri
les
or
pers
onal
or
partv
ain
hin
ons.
Whe
tiier
the
iiew
ivcr
eate
dV
kin
,
wei.t
wor
kahi
t01
il,)
the
cam
t[m
mth
eea
rli’
1os
onw
ard
alu
ikh
deba
ted
quest
iofl
.
iii
Lir
huan
ia.
the
sste
miv
as
alre
adbe
ser
lwdi
iheu
ltie
sat
the
tim
euI
the
parl
iaiu
erita
rvel
cetio
nsof
tu6.
ere
atn
iga
rati
onae
tor
Pres
jdcn
rA
nr.i
ni,
Smet
ona
Ei)
esta
hiis
hpr
esid
enti
ai-a
ritl
iori
riri
in
rtil
ejo
Esto
nta
,rnin
t92.
lE
o1931,
the
Rui
ikug
ziha
de[
CVCf
l..b
—
inet
s(‘
gIw
ern
mci
its”
)ea
chw
idi
the
aver
age
1es
pan
olah
oute
le;n
nnm
ths;
tn
1ar
via
[roni
1921
(the
hist
S0L
’Inra
ele
eri
un)
ElI
.1‘1
(svh
cnIs
arlis
Hrn
ani,
esta
hlis
hed
aoth
nrir
aria
nrn
ie)
rher
ew
ele
alto
tterh
erfour
regu
larl
isL
hed
tiir
dparl
iinie
nta
rcIe
cti
on.
and
thir
teco
cahi
nets
.E
ven
so,
duri
ngth
ee\istenC
eot
real
pari
tanie
lit
ism
joth
erh
ree
coun
trie
s,th
eta
skof
srat
ehui
(dir
gco
ntiii
titd:ipi
with
muc
hof
the
need
edsv
ork
bein
gdone
hth
epe
rnia
zici
it0V
ernm
ents
”—
the
ever
—gr
owin
gpr
otes
sion
al.sr
affs
ofth
eni
nisi
rue
S
elcc
red
ofh
ciai
san
dap
poin
ted
min
iste
rsca
nie
and
wen
t.
Bro
adh
spea
king
,th
ene
wpo
liric
iilel
ites
afte
rtqzo
inth
eth
rec
conntr
ies
Lonust
ednf
thos
esa
me
peop
iew
hoha
dhe
lped
tolo
ng
them
Into
hein
g:ni
embe
rsui
the
pro
isio
nal
govern
nie
nls
.tl’
e,.0i1
stir
uefi
tas
seni
hlie
s,an
dna
nini
alco
unei
k.R
curn
itmen
rol
lie\s
icai
hade
rshi
poecurr
ed
nfen
urse
,bu
tni
iast
ofth
e.j
0111
ing
•fa
die
rs”
)tew
wonie
nain
ong
rhcm
).w
hoha
dhe
eniii
the
thir
tyto
age
grou
pdu
riog
the
ii4r92o
peri
od,
rern
jjne
dat
the
rop,
cir
cIa
_be
t.vee
nsi
nipl
epa
rila
men
rary
mei
nher
ship
and
min
iste
r.
ial
posr
s.Pr
esjd
ei,ts
)or
jn
Est
oola
,th
esr
ate
clde
rsm
cica
hine
rW
ere
Fst
onia
ns,
Lat
vian
s,an
dti
rhti
ini,
ns
alrh
otig
h0C
C4-
:ioflaiiy,
whe
nspeciai
eperrise
was
need
ed,
eihnet
sin
ciud
edm
eni
bc
ofth
eso
-cai
jej
min
orj
-Ia
rio,
laljt
jes
who
‘vere
repre
senie
din
the
parl
ja[f
lent
sw
iihth
eir
ow
nparries.
The
new
eonstj
totj
,is
for
bade
disc
rijii
iiiat
joii
onth
ehas
isofii
ati
nia
lity
bur
iii
actuai
pracrce,
SU
pp
hviv
idts
prea
dsenrl
nle
nt
iii
the
genera
lpopula
tioji
,th
e>dem
o1.j
that
the
thre
est
ate
hei
onged
”E
nth
enla
jori
tvin
clig
Cflf
l05
Peop
ies.
The>
nosv
occt
ipie
dth
eer
oeia
lie
ader
ship
puis
ition
sEI
)th
eexjj
<,
11
uiF
the
prew
arei
tes
—B
alije
Ger
mao
s,R
uss
ians,
and
0ics.
Th
po!i
tjeai
sstem
enst
ired
sneh
outc
nmes
heca
use
the
•-1
k
2.9
lue
a’i
,,a
buil
ding
,R
iga.
tter
itseo
nipl
etio
nti
llO
[
6),
rhis
impouin
git
ruet
ure
was
the
head
gtia
i-ter
suf
the
1 via
ndic
nohij
itFr
om1918
ro1940
itho
uset
i[h
e1 a
rvon
pIrl
j.nne
nttS
a’oni)
,tr
uio
1940
the
Siip
reni
eS
oii
ei
otth
eLa
ivia
nS
R, a
nd
in1
991
Itre
ser
red
tujts
earl
jur
st;ltils
.ISL
aria’
sparjiainejit
14A
(;v!J
cis
e1
lJSI
PrV
ci/
the
l3aI
t,cSt
ates
part
ics
that
dorn
natc
dth
epa
rlia
nwnt
sw
ere
huth
ideolc
g,
and
aati
onal
neo
mpo
sitio
n.In
aHth
ree
cotm
trie
s,th
ere
sver
ehr
ojd
and
very
1uid
cate
gori
esof
part
ies.
Som
eha
ving
been
turm
edke
fnr
indc
pcnd
ence
whi
ient
hers
aros
ear
the
time
ufpa
rIia
rnen
rar.
tion
,.l’a
rti’
lead
ersh
ipco
nsis
ted
for
the
mos
tpa
reoF
thuu
wirh
high
ered
ucat
enan
dpr
o[es
sona
Itr
alni
ng,
with
the
lega
lP
rohiO
dom
inat
ing.
For
succ
ess
atth
eba
llot
box,
how
cver
, app
eal
had
moI)
mad
eto
the
diff
erin
gin
terc
sts
olth
eel
ecte
rarc
.Si
nue
the
vast
Inaj
or•
tyo
the
popu
lano
nof
each
coun
try
farm
ed,
the
agra
rian
pir
i-)e
wer
eal
way
spr
omin
cnt
mth
epa
rhia
men
tsof
Est
onia
and
1 atv
ia,
com
pris
ing
the
core
ofth
epo
hitie
niri
ght:
the
Farm
ers
PtL
Vj
listo
nia
and
the
Agr
aria
n(J
nion
iiiL
aivi
a.T
heir
polir
ical
phih
os
0ph
was
grou
nded
inth
eno
rion
that
farm
ing
was
the
hack
bone
ufth
e
starc
’sec
onom
y,an
dth
atth
evir
tues
ofth
eru
ral
popl
ilam
icn
wer
ear
the
core
ofna
tiona
lid
enrt
ry.
In1.
ithua
nia,
relig
ion
plav
eda
mue
h
mor
esi
gnif
ican
tpa
rtin
parr
yid
enri
tyth
anjo
the
othe
rtw
o
and
the
Chr
istia
nD
erno
crat
icB
loc
(whi
chre
pres
ente
dFa
rmc’
rsas
weh
i)w
asth
em
ost
sign
ihca
nrgr
oupi
rig
onth
e“r
ight
.”
1hec
ore
ofth
eIe
Ftin
ali
thre
ecou
ntri
eswe
me
the
Snci
alD
eni.c
rats
,
who
had
heen
activ
eas
orga
nize
dpa
rnes
the
long
est.
(rar
lwri
ng
the!
tel
ecw
ral
supp
nrte
rsw
ithva
rinu
sm
ndif
ied
Mar
xist
ngan
s.
the>
’re
pres
ente
d,fir
sman
dFo
rcrn
ost.
the
indu
stri
ahw
orkc
r-“t
he
prol
etar
iar”
),hu
mai
soso
ught
ti>ap
peal
wdi
sadv
anta
ged
penp
leof
ali
sort
s.T
hepo
hnca
lIe
ftre
mai
ned
verv
stro
ngin
Esi
onia
bat
Iess
so
joL
atvi
a,he
caus
cin
the
1.at
vjan
parh
iam
enrs
the
Soci
al1)
einu
crat
s
for
the
mos
tpa
rrch
ose
tore
main
“jo
oppo
siti
on”
(tha
tis
.the
>’Ji
d
not
enre
rca
bine
ts).
InT
,ithu
ania
,so
ctal
dem
octa
cyha
dlit
tk’
ome
mc)
pros
’eits
eif,
heca
use
aw
ehl-
fnne
tioni
ngpa
rhia
men
tary
svsr
mun
dcd
101926.
The
rhir
dca
tego
ryvas
cnm
pose
dof
sphnte
rpatt
ies:
01
cam
ean
dw
ent
ina
hew
ilder
ing
varl
etv
thro
ugho
urth
epari
iJt°
mar
ype
rind
.bu
tot
hers
—la
rgel
yth
ose
repr
esen
ting
nunurn
>nan
0fl
ahiti
es—
tcnd
edto
bein
ore
stah
lede
spite
the
stro
ngte
nd.n
CY
0)
divi
de.
(inth
eJ.
atvi
anparh
am
ent,
for
exam
ple,
thre
epar
mre
pre:
senr
edth
ere
lativ
ely
smah
lje
wis
hpo
pula
tion
.)Ly
dchm
ri°°
cht
sphi
nter
part
ies
—as
abl
ec—
had
noti
nif
yin
gpo
hitic
aburiC
nt°
’t’
the>
tcnd
edto
hepr
essu
regr
mip
sin
ore
than
parr
ies
and
wer
cto
rC’
negoti
ari
ng
with
the
inaj
orpa
rtie
son
heha
lfof
thci
rpart
icid
1°’°
’
-:S
t7tC
IQL
/ii
itr
im
hled
tIfl
i.19O
—1940
31
cofl
Sti
te1es
ihi
ne,
how
evcr
,thm
’yw
ere
UL
II1)e
rjca
ijv
larg
e
noug
hto
pre
enr
the
rtgh
ran
dth
eIe
ftfr
otn
fotm
inho
ngla
srin
gca
bine
ts;
infa
ct,
rinn
eof
the
hloe
s,ho
wi’
ver
defi
ned,
rook
onth
echara
to1
ape
rlna
ncnr
fixm
urc
mth
epo
hitie
alar
ena.
Sho
rtjj
ved
cahet
s,th
eco
min
gan
dgoin
gof
parr
ies
and
paTt
yfu
rmat
ioos
,an
dth
ede
al—
inak
ing
that
was
neee
ssar
ym
lfl
0ve
legi
slat
ion
forw
ard
edy
crea
ted
the
impr
cssj
on,
whc
nju
xtap
osed
with
aotd
ealiz
cdver
siofl
of
aoef
&ie
ntde
nioe
ratje
sysr
ern,
thut
“the
parh
iam
eot
was
n’t
wor
king
:’T
heim
pres
sjon
was
rnag
nih
edhy
the
faet
that
joal
ith
rce
coun
tric
sao
activ
ean
der
iric
alpr
ess
enst
ired
that
ali
cves
wcr
efo
reve
ron
the
cent
maJ
over
nrne
nrA
fral
i,ir
had
beci
jth
eiv
cpo
hitic
abel
irerh
atpe
rson
ahly
hebp
edto
erea
teth
eco
untr
ies,
and
itw
asth
L’y
wiio
wer
eri
ow
cxpc
ctec
iby
thep
opui
:imjo
nsat
barg
ejre
thar
prng
ress
cunti
nucd
.
Inth
ene
wst
ates
.E
ston
jans
,L
ania
ns,
and
I,ith
nani
aiis
ncs
eri
n
ohIe
dth
epo
lirjc
alsv
srem
sent
imeu
tw
asw
ides
ptea
dam
orl
gm
hein
that
sueh
anon
teom
ew
asri
ghr
and
prop
er.
The
serli
ree
peo
pie
sco
mpr
ised
the
maj
omiri
esir
ith
eir
coun
trje
s—
iii
Est
oiiia
about7
pet
cent
,jo
Lat
via
abou
t72
pere
ent,
in!.
ithua
nia
(exe
ludi
ngth
eV
iinin
s‘
dtct)
ahou
tHo
pere
rot.
The
conf
lfrj
esho
reth
ejr
nalli
es;
the
mdc
tpe
ndcn
ccw
ars
had
heen
fc>
tht
svith
the
purp
ose
ofga
inin
gpo
hiric
alC
onnI;
and
the
new
eonst
jmfl
tjons
pre.
scrjh
edE
swni
aii,
Lam
vjan
, and
Liu
anjn
asst
ate
bang
uage
s.B
urth
eco
nsti
tUtj
oj15
also
reib
ectc
dth
efa
ctdi
atese
new
star
esha
dln
inor
jtjes
den
edbv
n,itj
onah
jtyw
hose
rrea
tn,e
iitw
asof
exee
ptio
ijah
conc
erii
wth
eL
eagu
eo1
Nat
ions
,w
hicj
ith
ene
wst
ates
had
jnin
ed.
Sueb
icO
ncer
nw
aspa
rttt
he
new
ordc
rof
thin
gsin
Eur
upe
afre
rth
ew
aran
dco
uld
not
hePo
hirje
alopin
ion
wit
hin
the
titu
lar
natio
naljr
it’s,
hlow
cver
,W
asno
tuf
lanj
mc>
usah
otir
wha
tsp
ccia
lpr
otee
tion
ofm
inor
ities
mig
htfl
ca
At
jssj
jeW
JSth
eqn
estio
not
wha
rri
ghis
hcy
ond
thos
eO
fciti
zens
hjp
the
min
oritv
natji
inah
jtjes
shou
idha
ve,
and
the
ques
Was
mad
eni
ore
com
pbex
hyth
efa
crth
atso
nie
of
thes
em
inor
Ues
ho
the
sgm
aof
hav
ing
h’ce
nth
epr
ewar
pohi
tical
,so
cial
,:-0noinic,
and
cult
uriJ
hege
min
-r.
LA
150,
the
Pro
port
ions
1)1
rhnu
jnor
jryna
tjona
hjrj
esdi
ffer
edii
ie
tbr
Cou
rltrje
slo
Esm
oiija
inth
eca
rl>’
920s
.pr
opor
tloT
late
hye
was
the
Rus
siar
is(.
z%),
whi
hein
i.a’
jait
Was
eth
ird
iarg
cst
(.
%)
and
joL
ithua
nia,
the
four
rh(2
.
jO
,C
’n
ie1I
istu
rvnf
the
Hal
tic
Sta
tes
Ger
nian
s(B
ait(
C(e
rnt.1
ns)
in[s
rune
im
ade
up
the
seeo
ndid
rm
st
min
oritv
(ith
etr
stia
rtet
in1
at’
r(.
9%
),an
dth
rlu
rJ_
l.ith
uani
a(4
.1%
).jc
ws
cnrn
pnse
dth
eIa
rges
tna
tiona
lm
innn
j
1irh
uani
a(.
%),
the
thir
dla
rges
tin
1:It
via
(4.9
%).
hut
the
mnt
h
inE
swm
a(0
.4%
).In
Fst
oiia
,Sw
edcs
wcr
enu
nler
lcai
lysia
nmt1c
amir
hut
inI,
atvi
aan
dL
irhu
ania
rhey
wer
eFe
van
d‘.
ere
coun
ted
aiTl
ong
“uth
ers.
Sim
ilarl
y,Po
les
in1
mth
tiani
aw
ere
smm
nifi
cant
(3.0
perc
ent(
.bL
itn
nth
less
SOIf
lE
stot
uaan
d1,
atvm
a.1 h
ese
dist
ribu
tion
Sin
the
carl
i9l0
S(a
ithfu
ilyrc
flec
ted
the
hist
ra1
ep
cri
en
Ce
of
the
ncm
rrh
ern
and
sciu
thcr
nha
lves
otth
eht
tora
i:
Germ
ans
had
been
the
dom
inan
tp
reW
ar
min
ority
inth
ehS
t0m
lan
and
Lat
jaa
Iand
s;1.
ithu
ania
had
been
the
nort
hern
emid
u
ewis
hpa
leo(
sett
lem
ent
RU
SSia
nSha
dcnnie
tose
ttle
III
ali
ears
otth
eIi
nnra
lfo
ra
mi\
Iure
ofre
asnn
S-[h
eag
greg
atc
nuni
hem
the
post
war
mii
tori
tyna
tion
ahti
esha
dbe
enre
duee
dhy
the
artm
e
expe
riel
lce
inth
e1
91
4—
19
Operi
od,
as
had
the
num
her
die
titu
lar
nati
onalt
ties.
Whe
npe
ace
and
the
new
houn
dues
a
how
ever
,th
epr
opor
tionS
ofth
eni
ost
lmpofl
ilit
mnm
nurm
ties
—
Ger
man
s,R
ossi
ans.
Pole
s,an
dje
W—
rcm
arne
dre
lati
vek
hmeh
.
eSpC
Cia
IIy
iii
l.atv
ia.
1o
reo
ver
,se
vera
lot
them
—(erm
an
san
d
jew
ses
peC
iall
V,
and
toa
less
erextc
nt
Pole
s—
cnti
imlm
cm-l
tuhe
econ
orni
cail
ysi
gnih
cant
,ho
tn
nt
toth
esa
me
ecte
nt
inal
ith
rcm
mf
the
new
CC
)Ufl
tfft
’S
Bec
ause
the
conn
nued
inte
rlia
tiona)
tood
sta
ndin
go
[th
eru
ee
Co
Uit
triC
Sde
pend
cdto
agre
at
exte
nt
On
how
the
“min
ori
t
ity”
q1
leS
tOfl
vas
hand
led,
puhl
icde
hate
reco
gniz
edrli
atth
ene
w
ofl
titU
t1011S
h.itl
tuex
tend
pro
tectl
ofl
sto
ihem
:ih
usth
ede
nine
pohi
ncal
syste
ms
alIo
ved
the
form
ati
on
otpo
litie
nip
irri
es0m
cd
on
the
nat
ioll
ahit
yp
rill
cip
lean
dth
eir
rep
rcsenta
tion
nth
eit
ed
parl
iam
ents
.T
hene
ween
Sti
tUti
on
Scrc
atc
dp
rote
eti
Ofi
o[j0ji1m
)tt
lafl
gLia
geri
ghts
.and
the
new
gove
rnm
cflts
suhs
idiz
edm
mno
rit
nien
tary
seho
ois
and
eula
tral
orga
nlza
tron
S.T
hene
wpo
sr\\
l--
wer
em
ultie
uifl
lrai
joth
esam
ese
nse
ihar
the
Bal
tehi
ttora
lm
’t’’
had
leen
long
hefo
reth
ew
ar.
Bur
,al
soas
hefo
reth
ew
ar,
ihisj1ii!t
cultu
raiis
mto
okth
eFo
rmot
coex
istc
nCe
rath
erth
anin
tegra
tm(h
hI
iarn
r—
inte
rin1
rria
ge,
the
iear
ning
ofth
est
ate
lang
uage
,re%
mdem
ln1
patte
rns,
relig
ioos
conv
ersi
on—
ifir
wer
eto
take
plac
eat
ali,
have
tooc
cur
“nat
ural
ly”
wit
hout
gove
rnm
entm
easu
res.
Th
i
•StJI
L’ho
mui
ifl
trni
iblc
dti
mes
,:9
1)t—
19
40
attit
ude
did
not s
itw
eIi w
mth
the
mor
ena
tmun
alis
tieai
ttin
cl,n
edS
eC
tors
0fth
etir
ular
pnpt
iian
ons
who
cnvi
sage
dth
eee
ntra
lpurp
ose
ot
the
cw
goer
nmen
tsas
bein
gth
ecu
inir
alimm
cluc
onom
icpr
omot
ion
0)
the
“b
asic
nati
on
s.”
lnth
eir
vtew
,th
e‘s
tate
”an
dth
e‘h
asm
ena
ton”
wer
esep
ara
reeri
riti
es,
with
the
sta
teha
ving
am
oral
ohlig
atio
nw
enso
rth
atL
ston
ians
.1at
ians,
and
1.irh
iiarm
ians
wo
uid
neve
rar
ain
hedo
min
ated
10an
vse
nse
hyot
her
n.in
onal
iry
gro
ups.
Giv
enth
ese
ope
oFsu
che\
pcer
anon
sin
the
ieiie
ral
popu
lari
on,
ii
was
inev
mta
hle
that
ano
rnhe
rof
the
refo
rmnl
easu
res
intr
odim
ecd
hvth
ene
wgo
vern
lnen
tSw
ouid
cenr
cron
the
redi
stri
buri
onof
edsr
ing
wea
lth.
The
cont
inoi
ng.It
traet
ivem
iess
ofth
epo
hitie
alpa
rrie
soF
the
lefr—
espe
eilI
Ily
the
Soet
alD
emne
rats
—la
}pr
ecis
elv
inth
eir
pron
uses
befo
re,
duri
ng,
and
afte
rth
ein
depe
nden
cew
ars
that
som
esu
chre
dist
rihu
tion
wou
ldta
kepl
ace:
and
the
post
war
gove
rnm
cnts
nnde
rstn
odth
arw
aitin
gfo
rec
onoi
nic
revi
val
ui
gelm
erar
ene
ww
calr
hw
otild
heFn
nlha
rdv.
Sorn
em
easu
res
—su
eha
mip
rog
ressiv
eta
x
syst
emth
arw
onld
sopp
ort
soci
alw
elfa
repr
ogra
ms
—co
uld
hep
rorn
ulga
ted
equa
ilv
thro
ug
ho
Llt
the
popo
imiim
on,h
utoth
ers
were
boun
dto
affe
etth
epo
pula
tion
unev
enly
.1h
eci
eare
srcx
ampi
eof
the
latt
erw
asre
forr
nni
easu
res
targ
eiin
gth
eeo
neen
trit
ion
ofla
ndow
ners
hip:
this
ques
tion
inal
ith
ree
coun
trie
sha
dbe
enta
keti
upal
read
ydu
nng
1918
and
1919
and
itw
as
one
pohc
yar
eain
whi
ebth
ere
dist
rih
utio
nis’
t ide
olog
yof
the
left
cnin
cide
clw
irh
the
“nat
iuna
lp
rote
eti
on
”
ideo
logy
ofth
eee
nter
and
righ
t.In
ali
thrc
eeo
um]tr
ies,
roug
hiv
40—
50
perc
cnr
ofal
ila
ndtv
asst
iilow
ned
bvla
rge
iand
owne
rs.
who
iii
Est
onia
and
1,atv
jasu
ere
mos
rly,
hut
note
’elu
sive
lv,
Bait
icG
cri
nans,
and
joL
jthu
anja
,ag
ain
nnr
excl
usiv
ehy,
(ern
ians
,Po
hes,
and
Rus—
sian
s.W
ithpo
lite
alpo
wer
pass
ing
trom
these
gro
ups
—w
hieh
were
bein
gtr
ansf
orm
ned
into
niin
ority
natt
onal
itie
s—
itap
pcar
edrh
atrh
eyw
cre
beiii
gta
rget
ed,
and,
undo
uhte
cliv
,th
efu
rthe
rw
eken
ing
ofth
eec
onor
nic
pnw
eroF
the
trad
irio
nai
ilege
nici
muc
litili
oritI
espl
ayet
lmi
part
iii
the
govc
rnnl
ents
’m
onva
rion
s.Iu
stas
impo
rtan
t,ho
wev
er,
Was
the
oecd
qoic
kiy
rocx
pand
the
land
ecl
prop
ertv
ufsn
iail
hold
ers
and
tOpf
l)V
deth
eIa
ndie
ssw
ith
thei
row
nfa
rrns
:hn
thof
thes
e°L
ItC
omes
wom
ildgi
veth
ese
larg
egr
oupi
ngs
ofru
tai
peop
le—
nurn
ber
Irig
inth
eho
ndre
dsof
thou
sand
s—
mist
ake
jodi
ene
wst
ares
.T
heha
sefo
i-miil
aof
thes
ela
rge—
seah
eag
rari
anre
iiirn
,sva
ssim
—pI
etex
prop
flar
ion
hvth
est
ate
ofal
ipers
onaii
yow
ned
land
ahov
ea
31C
onei
sc’
His
wy
;ftI
icH
a!tic
S!a
tL’s
cerr
ain
acre
age,
the
pLL
emen
tuf
this
iand
Into
ana
tui
ta1 I
and
ond
«uid
tsre
disr
rihu
tion
tosm
allh
olde
rsan
dth
ela
ndle
ss.
Fhe
pru
u.
redi
srrj
buno
nw
aspr
olon
gcd,
lasr
ing
Into
the
i930
S,
hu
tm
ost
fth
expr
opri
ated
land
sw
ere
redi
stri
hute
dn
the
firs
thai
Fof
the
tc0r
>sEn
Estc
ntia
,w
hat
ende
dup
inth
ela
ndfu
ndco
rnpr
isud
som
ethi
tgha
iFof
alip
riva
telv
owne
dia
ndin
the
coun
try
—ah
ottr
hail
arah
i,ha
lffo
rest
sanl
swuu
ps;
the
redi
stri
buri
onpr
oces
sha
din
cre
ajti
num
hero
arni
shy
som
eo
perc
ent
bvth
een
duf
the
i92.
old
owne
rsw
ere
give
nm
odes
rco
inpe
nsat
ion
inlO
ng—
tcrrn
hm
oreo
ver.
thev
cuui
dak
uap
piv
for
rest
itutio
nof
upto
ohet
are-
the
expr
opri
ated
land
.In
Iar’
ia,
mil
liun
heet
ares
ofex
prep
rate
d
laric
lw
ere
tran
sfer
red
roth
ela
ndfu
nd,
and
hvth
een
dof
the
sorn
ei,
ooo
larm
sha
dhe
enne
wlv
crea
ted
orst
ippi
emen
ted.
The
new
owne
rspu
rcht
’ed
thei
rla
uri
irot
uth
est
ate
thro
ugh
loni
rcrr
nlo
ans
guar
ante
edhv
the
guve
rnm
ellt.
The
[orm
eru
WU
ers
receh
cdno
com
pens
atio
n;ho
wev
er,
the
gove
rnm
ellt
unile
rtuo
kro
pav
of
ever
debr
sw
ere
owed
onth
eex
ptop
riat
edla
nd,
and
the
lori
ner
owne
rs\v
ere
able
teke
epup
te1l0
heet
ares
.In
Lith
uani
a,w
hh
used
roug
hly
the
sani
ern
odel
ofcx
prop
riar
ini—
redi
srri
bunn
n,‘a
lue
;8,6
oone
wfa
rms
had
been
crea
ted
and
sorn
e6,
190
ltad
heen
enla
rged
byth
ecn
dof
the
T9
3o
s.L
irhu
ania
was
the
nost
gene
ruus
ofth
eth
ree
coun
trlc
stn
com
pens
atin
glo
rmer
ownc
rs.
lupar
I
heca
use
the
cxpr
uprl
atio
nui
olve
da
larg
eam
oil
nt
nEuh
urch
prop
er
ties.
Ryth
em
td-
1 90
S.
the
gove
rnm
enth
adpa
idou
rS
om
e1
mill
ion
Iitjs
inuu
mpe
nsat
ion
lofo
rmer
owne
rs.
As
inE
ston
ii.
thr
tu’W
owne
rsh.
idto
pav
the
gove
rnrn
ent
for
thei
rla
ndvi
thpa
i[aL
’Iit
S
depe
ndin
gon
and
qual
ity,
and
the
gove
rnni
enr
exte
nded
gellu
rolIs
term
sas
wel
ias
loan
sto
the
new
uwne
rs.
Enal
ith
rcc
coun
trie
s,ve
tera
osnE
the
inde
pert
denc
ew
ars
and
orhe
r
indi
vidu
als
who
had
rend
ered
wer
thv
assi
stan
eeto
the
ere
ati
oli
the
new
stat
eslie
aded
the
list u
Iih
ose
pers
ons
who
rece
ived
laai
l.in
conip
arl
Sufl
with
othe
rpu
stw
arco
untr
ies
inE
urop
e.th
eag
rirt.
ifl
rcfo
rrns
joth
erh
ree
B.il
tiest
1tes
wer
egu
itera
dica
l.In
reae
tin
teth
e
[.at
vlan
rcle
rrn,
Falr
icG
erm
anes
rare
OW
IiC
rSro
ckrh
eir
cas
expr
epri
atio
1tw
itho
utco
mpe
nsat
ion”
teth
e1.
eagu
enE
but
thei
rco
mpi
auit
ssas
rejc
cted
.W
hile
the
refo
rms
succ
ecde
dlI
tth
e
shor
tru
nin
erca
ring
am
oreec
1uit
abie
dist
ribu
tion
ofla
ndan
iett
g
owne
rs,
the
rhon
sand
snE
srna
lihoi
dcrs
crea
tcd
hyth
eriie0
ft
.Stit
ehou
dui
trei
,1,k
’dtim
es,
F9
0r—
r940
woi
tldhe
com
ca
proh
iem
for
the
new
Stat
esLi
ter
whe
ua
wor
ldw
ide
onorn
icdow
ntl
lrn
began
teafe
ct
ali
ofEn
wpe
.
TII
RIE
.‘IIH
tIk
J[A
i[’.
PR
FS
I[’a
-\’t
s
The
po
StW
ar
dect
des
joee
ntra
lan
deast
ern
Furo
pesa
wth
eem
erge
nCe
ofa
hust
uIai
ithor
jrar
jan
polit
ical
lead
ers
for
diff
eren
tre
ason
sjo
each
countr
.So
me
esea
ped
the
tren
d—
Cze
chos
liisa
kia,
for
exam
pie,
and
Finl
and
—hu
tev
enth
cre
the
pres
erva
tjon
cllih
eral—
deir
jocr
atie
Inst
jtII
tjO
Ils
was
tted
toth
ein
fine
nee
and
ch
arj
sn
iatj
e
Iead
ersh
ipof
strn
ngin
djvi
duai
ssu
chas
Prcs
iden
rT
omti
i\las
arsj
cja
the
form
eran
dM
arsh
alK
ari
Gu
stav
Man
nerh
eim
inth
eia
tter.
Enot
hers
—Ir
ak’
and
Ger
mai
ty—
the
asec
ndan
cyof
Ben
ituM
usso
lini
(rzz)
and
Ado
lfH
itler
(19
3)sv
asro
have
desa
stat
ing
eons
eque
nce
s.E
ston
ia,
larvia
,an
dIa
thua
nia
inig
htha
veav
oidc
dth
isrr
end
had
ihei
rin
depe
nden
cecoln
ein
iess
rrou
hlcd
tiine
s,bL
Itth
vdi
djo
inth
eci
uhti
fw
hat
are
som
etii
nes
rerr
ned
the
“lit
tle
dict
atot
s”in
1926
(Lith
uani
a)an
d1
93
4(L
atvj
aan
dE
stonia
).T
heth
rce
aurh
orit
arja
npr
esid
enrs
who
rock
pow
erin
thos
eye
ars
—A
ntan
asSm
eton
a(1
874—
1944)
joL
ithua
nia,
Kar
lisU
lman
is(187
7—
t94
2)
inL
atvi
a,an
dK
onst
antjn
Pats
873—
l 956
)in
Est
onja
—ha
dal
ibee
nde
epiv
inv
oiv
edin
the
stru
ggie
for
independence
inth
e1914—
T92o
peri
od
and
inth
efo
rnia
tjon
of
thei
rcountr
ies’
eori
stit
llti
ons;
no
ne
of
then
iex
bibi
ted
any
iusr
for
ahso
lute
pow
erth
eoan
dal
iw
ere
will
ing
topra
cti
ce
their
leaders
hip
wit
hin
the
lim
jts
nEth
ene
wpo
hric
alS
yst
cms.
Yet
the
po
lIti
Cal
hist
orv
of
the
thrc
eC
OL
Intr
ies
also
show
sth
atin
acn
nsi
dera
ble
po
rt-i
on
ofdie
new
polit
icai
elite
san
dth
ePo
litic
ally
activ
eci
tizen
rvim
patie
nce
with
the
Som
etin
ies
cum
ber
Som
ew
orkl
ngs
ol-lih
erai
-dem
ocra
t,cpo
litic
alin
stit
uti
ons
\Vas
grnw
—In
g.T
his
impa
tiene
esh
ould
nor
bavu
aris
en.
Aft
cral
i,nt
osr
otth
ep0
litic
alie
;idrr
ship
oEth
eth
ree
eoiin
trie
sin
the
post
-1920
peri
odW
ete
rnat
ure
mci
iin
inid
dle
age,
and
unde
rsro
odEr
omth
eit
own
prew
arex
peri
enee
the
polir
ical
cult
ute
ofth
eth
ree
peop
les.
The
vknc
that
Fsto
nman
s,L
atvl
ans,
and
I.ith
uani
atis
had
ente
red
the
peri
oddi
vidc
don
man
yfu
ndai
nenr
-al
ques
tions
,tli
atP
att
yp
olj
tics
joth
ep
arh
am
en
tarv
are
na
off
cre
dm
an
vte
rnpta
tions
fofu
rther
fragm
ell
rati
oll
,an
dth
atsu
ccess
depe
iadc
don
cons
tant
negotjj
11
05
deal-
nia
kin
g.
anti
cn
mpro
nii
se.
Jnst
ead,
joth
em
inds
of
31
y
j:. fO L
:;lo
A(;
n11cis
cf1
,stn
ryv/
tI’
BaI
t:c.S
tjj’
5
man
[hca
chic
ven
iulit
niii
lepe
nden
eean
dth
ein
tern
arin
rini
tiflfl
iii
the
ihre
est
ates
prnd
tieed
ande
aliz
cdin
uge
hu
thej
tpl
itic
alrl
dw
ntiid
wnr
kfr
ciin
thai
puit
un
ard
.
anee
nEth
e“R
ussi
anvo
ke,”
the
Bai
tcc;e
rn1
lli
vtik
e”an
dai
soth
e“P
oiis
hyo
ke,
and
the
emer
ienc
eot
ast
amE
ram
-1.
kw
hich
the
ritu
lar
natio
nalit
ies
dom
inat
cdW
as[0
have
pind
iied
anu
np
roh
len
iati
cfu
ture
.R
eeoi
istr
uerh
nian
dst
.ite
huil
ding
hard
wor
k,ro
hesu
re,
hut
the
drea
mnE
the
awak
ener
sha
dEi
nally
lieen
real
i7cd
.T
his
wa’
,a
ennc
eprn
inof
natio
nal
inde
pend
enee
:prh
iein
sw
iiiiid
LerL
.nlt
.dqu
ickl
von
eone
now
that
inde
pend
enee
had
arri
ved.
StLI
h’—
ical
ihin
king
svas
roo
read
vto
acee
ptth
ern
nion
thar
ase
emm
gly
unsa
tisa
etor
vpu
liric
alsv
sten
ieou
ldhe
rede
sign
edni
wili
and
rcic
at
cdiv
.un
tiia
vers
ion
cmer
ged
tliat
wou
idpr
oduc
eth
ede
site
d:s
ults
.T
her
ew
ere
stm
iiut
upia
liu
len
ien
tsiii
rhes
ear
ntu
des
.nE
,iich
quai
—ut
opia
n1sm
cdto
the
helie
f—no
tsha
red
hyal
i,ot
oir
%e
—
rhat
ther
cha
dto
tiea
sing
lest
rung
riat
iona
lie
acle
rst
athn
gab
ove
parr
van
dFa
etio
nal
stri
few
iiow
a’.c
apah
ieo
cuttm
gth
roug
hen
dles
spo
htic
alar
gum
ents
.L
TIC
UII
CII
ISIV
Cel
eCtI
t)H
S,
and
the
ener
.itm
g
pole
mie
sth
;ittr
eedn
iiiui
spee
ehan
dof
the
pres
sse
enie
dui
p’od
uce.
Jiis
tap
ose
dW
lth
this
idea
l,hi
ghpart
ielp
ati
on
rate
sii
elee
tioi:s
. nu
n
viui
ent
tran
sfer
sot
pnw
crw
hcn
eabin
uts
ehan
ged
hand
s,an
da
hnst
ot
dem
onst
rable
ieg
isla
tiv
e.ie
cnin
piis
hiuc
iits
—al
ieh
arac
tero
tie
ot
the
par
liam
enta
rype
rnid
nfth
eth
rce
haitw
stat
es—
appe
ired
gra
and
uncx
ciri
ng.
Clo
scto
the
htrn
ral,
the
succ
estu
ieoti
in
;igai
nst
the
gove
rnm
ent
oFP
nia
ncl
liv(
eier
alJn
sePi
lsud
sLi
and
hi
subs
eque
nrhe
hind
the
thrn
ne”
dom
inat
ion
olpu
htie
sun
rii;
tind
erth
eru
hric
nfs:
nacjr
rige
nera
tive
purg
e)pri
.nid
ednd
tor
thou
ght.
The
firs
tB
altic
coun
try
tota
keth
est
eptn
war
dau
rhor
itar
iin
ruie
vas
Lith
uani
am
l)ec
emh
er19
26,
whe
na
cn
ali
tiu
nnE
iucm
i’tf
S[
the
Nat
iona
list
Par
ty,
the
Chr
istia
nl)
en,o
crar
s,an
dar
niy
ol
h)re
eiul
ivto
oko
er
the
poii
tica
isv
ster
n.Fl
ie‘d
irec
rira
tc)e
ailin
g
thes
etn
surg
ents
’ask
edA
nran
asS
niet
nna,
the
lead
ernE
the
N.i
t101
1
alis
tsth
eL
ie!t
u’j;i
Taut
inin
L’ir
.Saf
iuIg
anr
tczu
tinin
kai)
.ui
pres
iden
t,an
dlie
was
“eie
cred
’to
thar
othe
eliv
aru
mp
juri
iii
ent.
Smet
ona,
then
lift
vrw
o‘e
ars
old.
had
aia
wdc
gree
)1902
fiui
the
Uni
vers
itycf
St.
Pet
ersb
urg
and
had
been
acti
ve
iiil.
ith
ti,u
1
.Sta
tL’h
uorI
intr
oulil
edtim
es,
.u—
£9
40
31
1
01ir
ical
cn-c
les
for
aio
ngti
me
—m
the
Gre
arA
ssem
blv
in1uo,
ii’.
a
ourn
aliS
tan
dfo
iind
ing
edit
ornE
seve
ral
iinp
orra
ntne
wsp
ape;
-s.
asjie
ad(l
fth
eL
irhu
ania
nre
fiue
eef
fnri
dnri
ngth
ew
ar,
as
afi
eree
0ppor
ieli
tnE
riis
siheati
un,
asch
air
ii±
the
prov
isio
nal
p.ir
ham
ent
that
issu
edth
edc
ciar
atio
ntiE
inde
pend
enee
iii
Feh
rnar
19
18,
and
fjrst
pres
iden
tdu
ring
191
9—
19
20
.li
eal
soIe
cturd
onth
eG
reek
cIus
sicS
at-th
eld
nive
rsitv
nEK
auna
san
dtr
ansl
ated
anu
rnhc
rnE
plat
ti’s
wor
ksin
toL
ithu
ania
n.A
prin
i ipl
edan
ti-M
ar\i
srcn
inpl
etel
v
301,
h.c
The
thre
e1nrerw
irii
trho
rjta
rhu
1prc
idei
it.
nE
rhc
Bal
tien
uniri
es:
la)
Ant
anas
Snirr
oiia
(Lirh
tiani
-a)
(hiK
rhs
tjIn
jin
i5
iLar
via,
e-at
edce
u[eI
-):
and
(c(
Knn
sran
ti,i
Pirs
Sto
tL’h
oo
din
trn
ub
lt’d
tim
es.
19
0—
i40
fl1t
l0fl
a1C
ause
,Sm
eton
ain
h1IO
npe
riud
oh
h
.ha
dap
pear
edco
mm
itied
toth
ei,h
era1
deni
t>cr
aric
prin
eipi
esw
hich
the
Lith
uani
anst
ate
had
been
fou
iid
ed
and
had
exhi
bite
d
flV
nCof
the
ruth
iess
driv
eto
rpo
wer
ofte
nas
soea
tcd
wit
hau
thor
kri
aru
lers
-B
titfr
oni
tiin
tii1
94
0,
hepr
esid
edov
erth
est
eady
j__se
ofpr
esid
eiiti
alpo
wer
0L
ithua
nla
and
ase
vere
dirn
inut
ion
0fth
esi
gnih
cafl
ceot
anel
eete
dpa
rhai
nenr
.go
vern
nlg
styl
eto
im9
26
Ofl
ean
hech
arae
teri
zed
as‘
care
fui
auth
ori
tari
anis
m.
The
mor
ecxtr
em
e(a
ndv
ou
ng
er)
win
got
the
twti
nin
kai
,Te
dhv
Agust
inas
Voi
dem
aras
ii$
H3
—1
94
2)
pL
lsh
ed
hirn
toass
um
eal
ith
epo
wer
snn
piie
din
the
titie
otiz
u1os
\tu/a
s
(JO
fth
ena
illm
).Sr
nero
nare
pres
ente
dth
ern
ocle
rate
win
go
the
Vi
nao
nal
is‘n
ovem
eim
how
ever
,and
leit
eonp
elie
dto
reta
inre
duce
dv
ersi
ofl
sof
the
polit
ical
stru
ctur
es—
som
ew
ouid
say
trap
pg
s—
ot.
parh
amcn
tary
dem
ocra
cy.
Poht
icai
part
vau
tivir
yw
asnot
tnrh
dden
outr
ighr
(exc
eptf
orth
eC
ornn
iuni
stPa
rry)
but s
vns
disc
oura
gcd,
wir
h
r.th
ere
suit
rhat
the
tauti
ntn
kai
wer
eth
eon
iyef
fect
ive
puiit
ieai
part
vdu
ring
the
resi
ofth
e19
2os
and
duri
ngth
ei9
os.
Aru
mp
par
lia
mem
cont
inuc
dto
mee
tbu
tvas
c-nn
)pie
telv
unde
rth
epr
esid
ent’
s‘
cont
rot.
New
eonst
itunons
wer
edr
afte
dan
dpr
o]rl
uiga
ted
in928
atid
agai
nin
193$.
hutt
hese
ijil
vco
nsol
id-a
ted
the
pow
ers
ofa
stru
ngpr
esid
cncv
.Sr
nero
nalik
eM
arsh
all’
iisud
ski
inPn
land
envi
sage
d
.hi
rnse
lfas
stan
ding
ahov
eth
efr
ayof
patty
polit
ies
and
deel
ared
the
—-
pres
iden
rto
hea
unif
ying
nann
na(
hgtir
ew
hoe
oniv
eonc
erii
was
defe
ndin
gth
ein
tere
srs
ofth
eL
ithu
ania
nii
au
on
.T
rnpo
rran
rly.
the
flatio
nw
asde
fine
dct
hnic
aiiy
hvSm
eton
a,ap
pire
nriv
,an
dh’
the
taut
inin
ke,,
dehn
ite(y
.T
hem
easu
res
pron
lLiI
gare
dbv
his
fout
reen
year
govern
mcnt
wer
enot
part
icu
larl
vetr
en1e,
and
nio
stot
then
iW
ere
ofth
eki
nda
stro
ngdc
rnoc
rati
cail
yei
eete
dpa
rlia
In,e
[lt
WO
Iiid
hava
appr
oved
:ec
oio
iiiie
deve
iopm
ent,
edue
atio
nal
refo
rm,
agri
cul
tura
lsu
hsid
ies,
pru
nnti
on
oftr
ade,
and
hard
—hn
eat
titu
detn
var
dO.
Poja
ndovet
the
1•ith
uani
ante
rrit
ory
that
had
[cen
occu
pied
Iii
1920.
LT
here
vas
aho
ade
term
ined
effo
rtby
the
Srne
tona
govc
rnni
ent
tI)
.re
due
the
role
ofnn
n—Li
thua
nian
s(p
rom
inen
tly
Pole
san
dJe
ws)
inth
eec
onom
y;th
isfo
liow
edth
elo
gic
otna
tion
alpr
oteu
tion
islu
,ti
lat
1Sth
est
are
hovi
ngas
itspr
irna
rydu
tyth
e“p
rote
ctio
n”of
the
titu
lar
on
aT
ity
.D
es
1,ite
the
eonti
nuil
lghu
tso
mew
hat
ernp
tii
isti
ttit
iofl
S
Parl
iarn
eit
dern
ncra
cy,
ther
ew
asno
ques
tion
thai
inip
flrt
ant
saa,
1’,e
conr
).-
4(o
ncis
c1I
islu
rvn[
the
Bi1
tkS
iats
polic
vde
cjsi
ons
orig
inat
edat
the
tnp.
\VIii
Iein
off
ice
Sm
ctona
hega
nto
show
grea
tcr
jnt
1cri
nee
tor
disa
gree
ien
tan
dpote
nt
riva
is:
Vol
dem
aras
was
driv
cntr
oni
polit
ieal
lite
ifl
19
2.9
the
extr
eilir
nano
naliS
to
rgan
iLan
on
Gch
-uii
si.,
lkas
(Iro
nW
olf)
,the
foun
dii-
i1
ot
whi
ehSm
eron
aha
dsu
ppor
ted.
was
elos
edde
wn
inth
es.
lme
vear
Smet
ona
rcw
arde
dhi
ssu
ppor
tcrs
with
sala
ried
offi
ces;
gern
nri
i
oftc
iald
tini
.es
pcci
ally
duri
ngth
ei9
3O
,ex
pand
edve
tyra
pidk
.
also
dem
onst
ratc
dnh
cjtu
deto
war
dJo
sefa
mily
mem
hers
:hi
sw
iIi,
wiE
&s
sist
er,
and
hcr
hush
and
vure
aki
odof
into
rmal
advi
s
grou
pa
fam
ilvcl
ique
,in
iess
gene
rnits
wur
ds—
and
his
broi
iiur—
inla
\v,
Juoz
asT
heI
is(
8X
.—i
939)
,am
anw
ithco
nsid
erah
leorg
an
izat
iona
lra
lent
s,se
rved
asp
rin
em
inis
ter
trom
192.7
tO1
98.
he
dom
inan
ccof
the
taui
i,zin
kuan
dSm
cton
aha
dsu
ppor
ijo
the
g-
etal
popu
lano
n—
how
inuc
his
impo
ssih
leto
dete
rmin
e—
but.
ioa
larg
ertu
nefr
anle
Wor
k,th
ere
isno
douh
rth
athis
’auth
ort
anai
lead
ersh
ip,
corn
ing
hard
onth
ehe
eis
ofts
ariS
tauto
cra
ey,
conh
InuL
d
01
mar
glna
lize
thc
hahi
rsof
dem
oera
ticse
if-g
over
nine
ntin
1it
hut
Ilja
npo
litic
aicu
iture
.In
Lai
via
parl
iani
enta
ryde
lilo
rJcy
last
edun
tili93
4,w
ithth
eIr
r
fciii
rteei
ive
ars
o[th
ene
wst
ate
mar
ked
byfo
urre
gula
rpa
rlia
niul
iTu
eketj
nns
and
freq
uent
ehan
ges
nfen
altti
onca
bine
ts.
Ehe
reW
:TS
aI’o
i
prog
ress
ive
elec
tera
lw
eak
eTll
ng
nf
the
iarg
est
part
tes
—th
eA
grar
i.i
Uni
onan
dth
eSo
cial
Dem
oera
ts;
the
latt
er
chos
eto
rern
ain
inop;i
sjtin
flhe
caus
ein
itsvi
ewth
eIa
tvia
n“p
role
tari
ar”
was
insu
fHric
ntiy
deve
hipe
dte
regu
ire
repr
esen
tatio
fl.
Pulit
teal
cem
petit
ion.
aIre
ad11
fuli
view
duri
ngth
eel
cctio
nsfo
rth
eC
on.s
titut
iona
lC
nnve
nts>
010
1919
.rc
mai
ned
inte
nse,
and
high
lypa
rosa
nne
wsp
aper
sm
agn
l)ft
dr.
Non
crlic
less
,the
“peo
pies
busi
ncss
”ce
nnni
icd
tehe
done
:ja
the
ti,U
i
Saet
mas
(prI
iam
ems)
From
19
12
.tO
1931
the
prop
orti
onnf
iiil
fl
duce
dm
easu
res
that
beca
mc
Iaw
rem
aine
dfa
irly
stca
dyat
X
(19
2.2
),84
%(r
9.t
),87
%(L
928)
,an
d78
%(iL
)r)
.So
did
serr
i
part
icip
ati
l)n
inth
efo
urei
ectio
ns:
8i%
,7%
.7
9%
.an
d$o
%.r
csC
tivel
y.A
tthe
sarn
etim
e.th
eve
tylih
eral
part
yki
rnia
tion
Iaw
assIi
tilat
joea
chel
eetin
iia
stih
rant
ial
port
ion
—ab
outz%
ofrh
ost
s11&
)
actu
allv
vote
dw
euld
rell
laif
lou
tsid
ers
joS
Onl
efo
nn
untU
the
ne’
1
elee
tien
.In
the
four
eIeL
Iinn
s,th
enu
nibe
rof
eand
idar
elis
tspre
se1it
teth
evn
ters
vas
88,
1-
i,1
2.0
,an
djo
;,re
spec
tivel
y;bu
tth
eni
ii:i
he
ui
par
ties
orpa
rty
fnrm
atio
ns1h
atae
tual
ivre
ceiv
drc
pres
enra
ti°°
Sic
;te/o
od
jotr
ouhk
’dIli
;ws,
19
t—F
9.4
032.3
-
0tiea
srone
.\IP
was
2.0
,2
’,
2.7,
and
2.7
,re
spec
tivel
v.an
dm
anv
few
er
paru
eS(H
veor
si’J
aetu
aliv
form
edth
ew
ork
ing
cahi
nets
Iher
ew
ere
seed
soF
polit
ical
alie
natio
ii11
this
Sit
uti
tio
n;
ithC
IIi
cred
ihili
tvte
the
char
gcfr
oin
the
mid
-191
0son
tila
tth
epart
syst
eman
dpa
rlia
nien
i“w
crcn
’tw
otk
mg,”
espcc
iall
yhcc
ause
of
the
gro
wrh
ui
spli
nte
rp
art
ies
iii
the
parl
iam
en
t:th
e11
1111
111c
rof
MP
sw
ho
wcr
eth
eSI
IIC
repr
esen
ta—
tives
oftli
eir
piir
ties
orw
how
ere
part
of
atw
o—pe
rson
repre
senta
tiun
rsc
te7
(of
roo
MPs
)hv
11.
lue
polit
ieai
lead
erto
who
mth
esj
tuat
iofl
was
lleC
nnlL
I)g
incr
easi
nglv
unaccepta
blc
vas
Kir
lis
lilm
anis
.
who,
byan
vdef
iinti
on,
was
one
ofth
e“fo
undin
gfa
tfie
rs’
ntth
ene
wL
atvia
nta
rean
dha
dhtc
om
eth
ele
adet
ofth
eA
gra
rian
Un
ion
hyth
eea
rly
19305.
Like
Smct
ona
TrIL
ithua
nia,
Uli
nan
isha
dh
een
aee
nte
r—ri
gh
rpe
lit—
iraI
acri
vis
tim
eeth
epost
-19o5
pcri
od,
wli
enhe
Iiad
iIed
the
hara
ssm
ent
ofrs
iris
to
ffic
ials
byem
igra
ting
toth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
For a
pcri
od
ofsi
xye
ars
(r907—
19
13).
1—lis
inte
rest
theo
and
late
rIa
vin
agri
cui—
ruth
ecoi
iom
ic,
esp
ccia
lly
dair
ysc
ience
.E
ven
du
rin
ghi
sex
iie.
heconti
nucd
tepu
blis
hin
[aiv
ian
peno
diea
lson
the
suhf
rcrs
ofag
ricu
ltu
ral
iIll
pro
ver
neI
lts,
the
eoopcra
tivc
rno
ven
ien
t.an
deconom
ie
mo
detn
izatt
oit
.Se
rvin
gas
head
ofg
ev
crn
men
tduri
ng
the
war
yea
rs,
hefe
un
dan
atu
ral
hu
me
oth
eA
gra
rian
Un
ion
.th
ese
eo
nd
larg
est
Lar
vian
po
lici
cal
patt
y,
whi
chhe
repre
sente
djo
ali
of
the
four
parl
ian
ien
ts.
On
Mav
15,
1934,
Ulm
anis
and
ag
rou
pof
like—
iritn
ded
Agra
rians.
supporr
ed
hyele
men
tsof
the
mih
itar
van
dth
eA
izsa
rgi
(hoin
eg
uard
),htn
ught
ab
out
tihl
oodl
ess
Coup,
susp
uodin
gth
e
parl
iarn
eut
and
ali
pohi
tical
part
ies
Cin
clud
ing
his
ew
n),
and
aho
susp
cndin
gth
e1
92
2cen
stit
uti
on
whi
lepro
mis
ing
1)
revis
eit
late
r.
The
rnot
pro
min
en
tIe
adcr
sof
the
Soci
alD
em
ocra
tic
an
dorh
er
left
of-
cenrc
rp
att
ies,
asw
eII
aso
ther
po
ten
tial
op
po
nen
isot
the
Uim
an
is
hta
keover
wer
carr
cst
cd,
heid
inan
inte
rlil
neli
tC
cU11
tor
ab
rief
Qper
iod,
and
rhcn
reIc
scd.
Ulm
anis
,w
ho
was
theo
fift
v-s
evcn
years
old
pro
ehai
med
that
the
coun
try
weuid
hencefe
rth
he
govcrn
ed
bya
cah
inet
of
mm
iste
rschair
ed
byh
imse
lf.
In1936,
wh
eii
tiit
ttrr
no
fth
e
Sit
ting
pre
sid
eri
t.A
lber
tsK
vic
sis,
expir
ed,
Ulm
an
is:is
sum
cdth
ept
cs—
idcn
cyas
wl2h
LI:
ron_
that
pein
tunti
l1
94
0,
hehe
ldm
ore
pow
er
tiih
il
any
sin
gie
irvia
npoli
ticia
nev
erh
ad
,
Uni
ike
Lit
hiu
ania
,L
atvia
fro
m1
93
4O
flha
dn
oparl
iam
ent
of
any
kind
,o
tgan
ized
polit
ical
part
ieS
wcre
no
tp
crm
itte
cl,
and
Ulm
an
is
.1 1
1C
mC
ZS
eH
is!u
ruot
the
RaI
tkS
ttes
nev
erde
licr
edon
his
earl
vpro
itti
seto
revis
eth
ei
2.2
Ctt
t1tj
t
and
pres
eflt
itto
dc
elee
tora
re.
His
rule
vas
pers
onal
.D
efen
dets
o
the
coup
prop
osed
that
itva
sne
ccss
itate
dby
uoup
plot
san
toto
disg
runt
led
exrr
enus
tgr
oups
this
asse
rtio
ntv
as.
inFa
et,
repo
rred
as
the
reas
onfo
rth
eco
upin
fore
ign
new
spap
ers
such
asT
heN
ewY
ork
Tim
es.
The
elai
m,
how
ever
,w
-as
apr
etc<
t;su
chpl
ots
dtd
uni
exii
\Vha
tis
mor
elik
elis
thar
Ulm
anis
had
heeo
me
Irnp
atie
ntw
irh
slow
paee
(inhi
svi
cw)
otpa
rlia
rnen
tary
perl
orm
anue
and
the
seeu
ii•
ini
elia
nsot
the
plir
ical
svst
em:
hean
dlii
sco
teri
eof
Su
pp
rto
,
coul
ddo
the
nhhe
tter
stan
ding
ahov
eth
e(r
ay.
Unm
arri
edan
d
som
ethi
ngof
anas
eetI
c,he
none
thel
ess
cani
eto
enjo
yth
eco
ltot
pers
ouia
lity
that
surr
nund
edhi
rn:
the
tirle
(f\‘
adon
is(l
eade
rcl
the
nali
on
),
the
hono
rary
doct
nrat
ebe
stnw
edup
onlim
ibv
the
Uni
ursi
RnE
Lat
via,
the
ehee
ring
crow
dsor
gani
ied
for
his
vis
ito
the
cnun
trvs
ide.
Like
Smet
oria
.U
lman
isdo
rung
the
war
yea
rsan
d
subs
equc
nclv
had
give
net
ery
sign
nEbc
ing
cem
rnitt
edte
parl
iam
en
tary
dern
ncra
cv,
and,
asin
lirh
uani
a,th
em
easu
res
hean
dhi
spe
r
sona
Hy
ho
scn
cabi
net
prm
iulg
ated
[roL
l1934
0)
194
0W
OU
ldha
ve
been
pass
edb
asi
tting
parl
iarn
eot:
expa
nsio
nnE
the
wel
fare
stat
e,
prom
otio
lieI
ecoi
ioif
licgr
owth
,su
hsid
izan
onof
agri
euitu
rean
d
indu
stri
alen
rerp
rise
.an
dcr
eati
nnoE
oli
prog
ram
Sby
the
stat
e.A
s
joL
ithtia
nia,
the
erea
tion
ofst
ate
rnnnopoll
es
was
unde
rtak
enin
part
tee’
spau
idof
heia
ldor
nan
dre
ward
Uhn
anus
’fo
l)o
wer
sw
irhsa
lari
ed
posi
tinns
.A
lso.
dete
rrni
oed
effo
rtsdin
1inis
hed
the
ccon
omie
posv
er
ni
non-
Lar
vian
stp
rinc
ipai
lyl3
altu
eC
,err
nans
and
jcw
s).
Ulm
anis
was
ana
tiona
lpr
otec
tioni
st;
tliou
ghhe
had
goud
pers
unal
rela
tioos
wirh
the
min
ority
natio
nalit
ieS,
verS
lons
ofth
esi
ogan
“Lat
via
For
the
Lat
vian
s”w
erc
inet
easi
ngly
popu
lar
amon
ghi
ssu
ppor
ters
.1l
ure
nodo
uibt
ihat
hesh
arcd
with
Smet
ona
the
view
that
the
prin
eipa
l
func
tion
nEth
est
ate
was
Enpr
otcc
tth
ein
terc
srs
nEth
eL
atin
anjn
(ti
(nat
iun)
.E
xcep
tfo
rth
eun
derg
roun
dco
rnrn
ttnls
tS,
ther
evas
rela
tivel
ylit
tleop
posi
tion
teU
lman
is’
(me-
man
tule
;th
epo
linea
lpo
lue
kept
anev
eon
pote
ntia
ltr
oubl
emak
crs.
and
the
lead
ers
ofth
eno
n
dish
ande
dpo
litic
aipa
rtie
s(it
uelu
idio
gth
eSo
cual
Der
nocr
ntS)
tok
a
wai
t—an
d-se
cat
titud
e.T
heel
aim
tliat
aco
upw
asne
cesS
ary
teor
esta
lIeX
treu
Iljs
ts
Lom
ing
tepo
wer
had
been
used
aire
ady
teju
stif
yth
eS
eii
ute
poiit
ical
pow
erin
Esto
nia
byth
esi
xtv-
ycar
-old
Kon
stan
titlp2jt
s
St,’i
tehn
odII
Itr
C)t
IiIc
dti
,nes.
,905!
940
inM
arch
1934.
Ljkc
hoth
Sin
eto
tia
auur
iU
lrna
nis.
Piits
had
also
been
gle
adin
gpoll
tic;a
iiin
Est
onia
duri
ngth
ew
orld
war
and
the
i9
2.0
s.
Ele
hcld
ala
wde
gree
(ron
uth
eU
nive
rsitv
ofT
artu
and
had
heen
actiV
ein
Est
onia
nou
rnal
;srn
tror
n1907
onw
ard.
As
am
ernh
crnf
the
Phlh
inze
este
Kou
,u(F
arrn
crs
Part
y),
heii
ifa
cilia
dsc
rved
asR
iigiv
a’ie
m(s
tate
ehde
r,te
.1
rden
ton
fivc
sepa
rate
oeca
sioi
tshe
fore
1934.
As
itha
ppen
cd,
the
argu
nien
tth
atth
eE
stun
ian
gu
yr
ernr
ncnt
was
rhre
aren
cdh
the
exrr
eme
righ
twas
plau
sibl
e,be
caiu
scan
ort
anh/a
tinn
cahl
edF
esti
Va/
md!
,s15
!ala
ste
Lii!
(Cen
tra.
I1c
;igiu
c
cfV
ercr
ans
ofth
eF,
ston
ian
lndc
pend
euee
\Var
s),
lcd
hya
law
ur
nam
edA
rtur
Sirk
(i9oc,—
T93-7
).ha
dbu
eem
ea
pow
crhu
lfo
ree
inE
ston
ian
polin
esby
the
earl
v19
3os.
Ifor
gani
zcil
asa
bena
lide
polit
ical
part
y,it
tvou
ldha
veha
dco
nsid
erab
leel
eeto
ral
supp
ort.
As
the
nam
esu
gges
rs,
the
Lea
gue
bega
nas
avete
rans
orga
niza
tion
,bu
tla
ter
opcn
edrn
einb
crsh
ipte
ali
who
supp
ortc
dits
idea
s.T
henu
rwar
dtr
appi
ngs
ofits
inem
bcrs
—be
rets
and
arni
band
i,Na
zu—
type
salu
res
—re
scni
bled
thos
cuI
the
fasc
isr
mo
vern
ciu
rsof
wes
tern
Eur
ope.
Itsid
eolo
g,
thou
ghou
ncw
Iiar
uiif
ocus
ed,
cont
ainc
dla
rge
dose
sof
extr
cme
natio
nalu
sm,
anti-
iVla
rxis
m,
ann-
Scm
irts
ni,
and
the
lead
ersh
ipcu
lt.W
heth
erth
ele
ague
cool
dha
ve“t
aken
ov
er’
the
gove
rnm
ent
isde
hata
hle,
hur
Fsto
nia
had
alrc
ady
expe
rien
ced
One
seri
ons
coup
atte
mpt
hyth
eC
onim
unis
rPa
rty
in1924.
Päts
’co
upv%
asno
tas
hlat
antly
;inti—
eons
titut
iona
lan
dan
tipa
rlia
men
tarv
asrh
atot
Uln
uani
sin
l.atv
iath
ree
rnon
ths
late
r.In
7935,
the
Est
onia
tipa
riia
inen
rha
dac
cept
eda
new
cons
titu
tioi
i(r
evis
ing
the
one
adop
tcd
ii1
92
0).
whi
chen
hanc
edsu
hsta
ntia
Heth
epo
wer
sof
the
head
ofst
are
(the
stat
eeh
der)
and
redu
eed
the
parh
iam
cnt
bylia
lf)f
rom
aliu
ndre
dtn
iifty
inei
nber
s). T
heL
eagu
eof
Vct
cran
sar
this
poin
ren
tere
dE
ston
ian
polit
ics
asa
full-
tlcdg
cdpo
litie
alpa
rty
and
won
impr
essi
vevi
etor
ies
iii
the
urba
nel
ueno
nsO
fJan
uarv
1934
iiiT
allii
tisan
dla
rtu,
Kee
puiig
upth
epr
essu
re,
the
Lca
guc
push
cdfo
rwar
dth
eoow
nca
ndid
atc
—G
ener
alA
ndre
sL
atk
a(i
87
9—
79
43
)—
for
the
posi
tion
nEhe
adof
stat
e,an
dL
arka
Seen
ied
head
edfo
rvt
etor
v.P
ts—
who
was
aetin
gpr
csid
ent
—
mov
edto
prev
cnt
this
hydc
ciar
ing
mar
tial
law
.ap
poin
ting
Gen
eral
Joha
nL
aido
ner
(188
4—1
93
)as
eorn
nian
der—
in—
ehie
fnE
thar
rned
fore
es,
arrc
stin
gso
me
(our
hund
red
mem
bcrs
oFth
eI—
Cagu
e,an
dcl
osin
gal
InE
jtsIo
cal
and
natu
ona
1of
iice
s.1
eagu
e
1
AC
n-z
sc1 1
istu
0/
the
I-a1
t,cS
tate
,
mem
bers
wer
cex
peli
edfr
nrn
ali
orhe
rF
ston
ian
lflS
ltut
ioii
.
ing
the
ci
iise
rvic
ean
dth
ear
med
tore
es,
and
Lto
nia
entrj
a
peri
odte
rmed
the
era
osi
ienc
e”(s
ueaI
led
[or
the
slIe
ncn
tIi
ali
oppo
siti
onto
Pit
san
dth
ein
trod
ucti
onee
nso
rship
.A
lieh-j
_,
vcre
“post
1iuncd”
asw
erc
rnee
[ing
sot
the
pr!
inll
ent.
in\I
arh
;,
ali
poli
tica
lpa
rtie
sw
ere
abohsh
edin
stea
dot
theu
i.a
new
orL
aniz
ati0
nca
iied
the
lsai
,iaa
lit
(1—
athe
riand
Lea
giie
)as
rea}
or
the
purp
ose
otpr
omut
ngna
tion
alnn
itv
and
ensu
ril,e
the
stah
ilit
vo
the
stat
e.iv
cont
rasr
roth
eU
inia
nis
rciz
jme,
Pje,h,
1i
and
iiost
ofhi
ssu
ppor
ters
rem
aine
dat
trac
ted
toth
eid
ea
sntu
tion
alis
man
dpa
rham
enta
rism
.A
new
cns
tttt
itio
iis
is
innl
gate
dII
19t7
,an
uel
eetio
nsw
cre
held
For
aiso
-h,i
mher
pari
iain
ent.
Inth
epa
rlia
men
tary
elec
tion
ofFe
hrua
rs
Pit
sre
gim
e,ho
wcv
er.
lorh
ade
acri
viti
cshy
ali
poht
a.aI
par
tioF
the
pre—
i93
4ve
ars;
nsp
iteol
this
.hi
suw
nm
ovem
ent,
the
Nai
iuiia
i
Fro
nt,
whi
chw
ascr
eate
dto
rth
eoc
casi
on,
\VO
fl;1
veak
vie—
tOI)
.M
anip
ulat
ing
the
new
cons
ntut
nman
da
rcla
tivel
vco
tnph
ant
parl
iarn
enr,
Päts
brou
ghr
abou
thi
s(I
SV
IIel
eeti
onas
esi
ii’
in
Apr
iic
8.lh
ough
Fsto
nia
onth
esu
rtac
ew
asno
w.1
parh
ale
o
tarv
dern
ocra
cvw
ith
clec
tion
s,Pd
tseo
ntin
ued
toac
tII
aoau
iiior
—
itar
ian
fash
ion.
The
reco
nld
heno
mis
iinder
stan
dtn
gbour
vher
e
the
reni
pnw
erIa
vin
the
pcili
tical
syst
em.
Ry
s[av
in;
8,Pa
tsle
it
seeu
reen
ough
inhi
spr
csid
ency
tuam
nest
yne
arlv
ali
(11
his
pollr
ieal
oppo
ncnt
s—theLeague
o[V
eter
ans
prir
nari
ly.
assv
ella
ihe
enin
mim
ists
.Ev
enth
ough
Pars
svas
asso
eiar
cdpn
htic
ailv
with
the
eiu
se
ot
the
Est
onia
tiLa
rmer
s,10
19
4he
bega
nto
prom
uigi
telt
dl
pulic
ies
mca
ntto
uinu
ierg
irdov
erai
lec
onom
iede
veiu
pmen
i:i’
tUll
O
till
of
indu
stri
algr
owth
thro
ugh
stat
em
onop
olie
s,e0nti
flU
.iH
(ot
the
ugra
rian
refnii
iis
star
ted
inth
e9z
9s.
expa
nsio
nof
the
espo
ri
rrade,
and
cpan
sion
ot
the
educ
atio
nal
syst
eman
drIeelC
stat
e.Si
nce
Pats
and
his
patt
yha
dhe
enin
strr
nnen
tal
siin
ilar
pohci
esIi
ith
eve
ars
hefo
rei94.
his
luru
hnw
1111
0111
1w
asm
cant
inor
eto
paci
tyth
eE
ston
iri
poht
ital
dnna
lil
rhan
toim
tiate
anv
mai
ortU
rn5
inth
e%
flei
OC
CO
flntn
JCre
nim
.s1
itor
ttY
nati
onah
ties
(pri
neip
ally
the
Rai
neG
erm
ansl
wer
c00t
1
eonc
ern
for
Pit
s,ee
tith
ouih
duri
ngth
ecra
ntst
iene
ere
at
srre
ssw
aspl
aced
onrh
idea
1n[
nati
onal
tinit
and
t1ul1
I
jote
tta
Ilon.
01
trO
L1I
ll’d
fI”k’.
1905—
(940
319
Each
ntth
ei
mer
iS
inet
ona
Ulm
a(li
s,ii
idP
it—inhis nwr(
way
thou
ght
othi
nise
ifas
stee
rim
am
iddl
eco
urse
and
doin
gha
tde
with
“extr
ernis
ts”
on
the
right
and
the
ieft
.P
oth
ediv
er
righ
tists
iiirh
eir
coL
lfltr
iCs,
thev
WC
rCa
dis
appu(n
tnie
T1t.
$t_
10
fl
1ha
dni
svni
path
y11
0
the
kind
ofC
LII
ispi
i-ar
orja
ith
uiki
ngth
atport
raved
mli
nir
iry
nati
onal
ities
(esp
ecia
livJe
ws)
asth
ero
otnf
ali e
vil
Ulm
anis
trea
ted
the
larv
ian
p&ko
nkru
sts
11hu
nder
cros
sjnr
garl
lzar
ion
—a
gro
upii
igat
Ieas
ttI
lit
vard
llha
ving
the
trap
ping
sof
Ital
ian
fasc
isin
and
Ger
nia
nN
aZIS
m—
ashe
did
ali
trouble
soii
iepote
nti
a1 r
ivai
s,hy
initi
alk
iillp
riso
ning
rhei
n
and
then
inar
gina
liii
iii
rhem
pnli
tica
ilv.
Pit
s’go
ernm
enr
inE
stonja
ust
ilie
dit
sau
thor
itari
ariis
rnhv
crac
kin
rduw
uin
the
Lea
gue
ofV
eter
ans
and
bvex
peih
ngm
emhe
rsoF
the
l .ea
gue
fror
nal
inat
ional
and
ioca
iA
lirh
ree
pre
siden
rsvie
wed
eom
inunjs
tsli
Spote
n
tiaiiy
aH
fthco
iwni
iposs
hiv
iii
serv
ice
toth
eSo
viet
Uni
onan
dtr
eatc
d
then
iaC
cord
inti
s,an
dal
itl
ire
dis
daj
ned
ideo
loti
es—stich as tho
se
ofth
eS
ocia
lD
emnc
rats
—that plaecdth
eIr
ueio
vai
tvof
indust
rial
Iaho
rets
joth
ese
rvic
eoF
sorn
eki
ndof
inte
rnat
ion’i
ijsm
rath
erti
lan
the
cause
ot
the
iili
tinii
.T
hei
rL
isti
Caii
on
for
snsp
encl
ing
or
wea
ken
ing
Cofl
stutj
onll
hsf
lian
dpari
lam
ell
tllr
;sol
svas
that
thes
e“in
.str
um
ents
”
govcrn
ment
had
eeas
edto
serv
eth
epu
rpos
esof
the
nari
on;
to
enera
rest
ich
irls
trum
ents
‘vas
sim
piv
robc
nvdo
wn
toF
ori
iiah
srn;
what
the
thre
eC
oU
fltr
jenee
ded
wer
cS
trong
Iead
ers
who
ret;
iined
the
uri
gin
i1 v
isio
nof
the
indep
enden
eew
ars
,na
niel
v,C
(}iiC
Ctjl
Cac
tion
On
beha
lfi)
fth
epeo
ple
who
sefla
mes
the
thre
eC
oU
ntn
es
bore
.
1S
I1(l
lLt’
jc,
a;A
INS
rIII
11(1
0,
Itisitii
tiiat
the
post
war
turm
oji i
nw
hich
Latv
ia5,
and
Lit
hujn
j115
set,e
dth
eO
pport
unjt
vof
esta
hli
shng
independent
C0Q
flj
ais
ogase
rise
tnat
iin
tern
ltio
zia
Ico
ntex
ttli
atif
lcre
asil
lgiy
beca
mde
cide
cjiy
inhosp
itahle
tosm
all
siale
s,esp
ecta
i]v
inth
eE
ltope
anea
st. T
hi
5w
asnot
suppose
dto
happ
en.
Ahost
of
post
war
trea
tie
5an
dth
ete
ague
oFN
atio
nsw
ere
supp
osed
tosa
tura
teli
lter
stat
erc
iati
nii
sh5
wit
hpr
inci
pies
01ii
tern
ati
una
1 law
,defu
seri
val
ties,
settI
etc
rrit
ori
al
cnnfl
icts
,an
dpr
even
tag
gre
ssiv
eni
oves
:am
hIt
015
regin
les
Ines
tabi
ishj
iigre
latio
nshi
psw
ithot
her
stat
esin
the5Y
stem
afre
rhei
ng
‘ranie
dre
cognlt
iuil
,E
stonja
Lat
vii,
and
Coi
inre
don
SUC
11pro
teetj
ons
endt
irin
g.In
stea
d,
bvth
e
li ii i’I ‘1
b ir
30r
C1n
ise
Ilis
torv
n[th
eB
alti
eS
iate
s
earl
y19
inte
rflJ
t10fl
1t’
htt
toit
shiP
appe
ared
toh
ern
0v
in
two
traL
:on
the
oite
-p0tW
ar
couf
ltfl
eS,
smal
lan
dar
ge,pre
oei
pied
with
thci
rjii
tern
alpr
ohIe
ms
pcete
dth
ein
tern
an
on
alvem
toen
su
leth
eir
nght
stI
)C
XS
tas
statC
S;
onth
eot
her,
oide
ran
dla
rr-r
cuuI
ltrTe
Snu
rsed
gri
evall
ees
over
the
nu
ta)I
fle
oth
eG
reat
ar
and
beca
me
hnst
sto
lead
ers
pro
isif
lto
chan
geth
ehC
eC)
tp1)1’.r
FLlro
pe.
The
prob
ahili
tyth
atth
epr
inei
ple
otsc
lfdete
rmin
ain
iF
pe0l
CS
coul
dsu
rviv
ein
this
0fl
tCX
tle
ssen
cdL
onsl
dera
hh
\Vith
its
ori
gin
alsp
onso
r—
the
Uni
ted
Srar
es—
het
nan
-
part
wip
all
l.th
eL
eagu
eoF
Nat
iofl
Spr
oved
incre
asi
flgiy
wea
ker
as
a
har
rier
toth
epr
edat
ory
heha
vitr
of
itsnie
mh
ers
;th
egi
oW
lflL
po
p
ular
itvo
expa
nslo
llts
tid
eolo
gies
vasj00
ted
asin
Flat
edrh
etur
ie;
and
the
inw
ard
turn
ing
prec
ipit
ated
hyth
ew
nrl
did
ed
epre
ssto
nf)
f
19
19—
t9
3di
min
ishe
dth
ede
sire
for
any
Iong
-ter
inp
lao
i-&
or
anot
her
major
co
nflict.
Joth
isge
nera
leo
ntex
t,sm
all
stat
es’v
ith
wea
Lur
virt
tlal
lV000
-CX
iSte
flt
mih
tary
torC
eS5
Vere
Ini
SC
flS
C.
incr
easi
flgl
y(I
IIth
eir
ow
n.
inth
eB
altic
Iiora
l,th
ism
ejii
ta
grow
ing
heli
eam
oll
grn
akers
ofor
eign
pulic
yth
at.
sorn
ehow
,re
iter
at;0
0ot
the
idea
sof
neot
rahi
tYan
dcv
cn-h
anded
ne0uld
see
them
thr)
nh.
Eff
ort
sat
inte
r-B
ahti
cco
op
erat
iofl
Icd
now
here
,la
rgel
yhe
eat%
eth
e
dagg
ers-
dra\
mre
iati
oils
hiP
herw
een
Ijth
uani
aan
dPo
hand
ov
et
the
Viin
ius
dist
rict
pois
oned
the
regl
onal
arrn
t,sph
erC
and
stunn1
and
Lan
iadi
dfbi
want
to
bcpe
rcei
ved
asen
dors
tng
eith
er%
)de.l
the
late
19
30
5,
Itre
ally
did
not
mat
ter
that
the
thre
elia
itte
stat
esha
d
auth
orii
aria
tlpr
esid
enis
:ha
dth
evco
ntin
ued
tnha
vevig
ul
uus
par
liain
enta
rysv
sten
lSrh
eir
gove
rnm
ents
wou
hdst
iilha
veh.
idw
nugo
tiar
eth
eir
wav
rhro
ugh
the
sam
e’ete
rio
rati
flg
inte
rnat
ional
siefl.
hcconti
nhii
Ilg
inre
rnal
dev
elopm
ente
Chhbnm
wcu
itura
L0U
SnL
IJI
of
Est
onia
,L
atvia
,an
dL
ith
uan
ia.
guid
edhv
stro
ngpa
rhil
Ineu
1an
d
auth
onta
rian
prcs
iden
tssv
asun
hLel
yto
have
any
effe
cron
the
aspi
rati
ofls
ti
iarg
epr
edam
rync
ighh
ors;
the
thre
esta
tLs
l,oi
iiig
agai
flst
the
odds
,bu
tth
eyha
dhi
tule
choi
ceui
dout
her’
C.
The
gene
rati
onoF
Est
nfl
iaIl
S,I.
aia
ns.
and
Lit
lnia
niaI
who
eai’
ofag
edn
ring
the
19105,
how
ever
,di
dno
tth
ink
ahoi
itth
eitIi5
lii
rhes
ete
rms.
The
rete
nti
on
uIin
depe
nden
eeto
oka
baek5ea
tto
1hc
citn
ymen
rof
it,ai
idrh
ere
was
mue
hco
nhde
nce
thia
tth
e0ld
eref
l
era
ti0fl
pres
uiua
hly
illo
reeperi
encerl
inin
tern
ati
on
dm
attC
tS’
WD
1id
doth
ejo
hw
ehl.
The1
0o
inen
tum
oteu
ltu
ral
grow
thaii’
.Sta
tehv
oi!
Iii
tri i
tt/i
/ed
ti,;ie
s,190
—i
941)
evid
ent
iiith
epr
ewar
deca
des
coul
dcontl
nL
levl
thot
itth
eth
reat
sof
geri
fltiu
h/at
Joh
russ
ihea
tion
.or
polo
nii
ati
on.
Ctt
itnr
algr
owth
cuui
d
hejn
tens
elY
naii
ooal
,cc
lebr
atin
gth
eph
vsic
alelt
ures
otth
eho
me—
Iand
and
gior
ying
inth
enu
ance
sof
the
ihre
ela
ngua
ges.
whi
ehw
ere
now
aho
the
lang
uage
sof
the
stat
e.it
etiu
idai
sore
fiec
tin
tern
atio
nal
arti
stic
and
liter
arv
suvi
essu
chat
,sy
mho
iism
,es
prcs
siou
ism
.an
dcu
hism
.T
hete
ehng
riia
tth
ena
tiori
nien
irur
eshi
idro
prov
eth
eir
wor
thdr
oppe
daw
ay
;iii
ali
geitr
es(i
eult
nra
iep
ressio
n,
an
es
sens
eoF
free
dorn
svas
crea
ted
Livth
eee
onnm
iean
dso
cial
inar
gin—
ahiz
atio
nof
the
form
ersc
hI—
prne
laun
edin
eal
repr
esen
tati
ses
olah
lcg—
tdl
super
ior”
eult
ures
.T
hose
for
vhom
iang
uage
was
the
mos
tim
port
anr
med
ium
o[se
if—
epre
ssio
nrio
long
erte
Irti
lat
thei
r[ti
llin
rchl
eetu
alpo
tent
ial
eoul
don
lyhe
real
ized
ifth
evsh
ilted
toa
lari—
guag
eot
hcr
than
the
one
with
whi
chth
evha
dgr
uwii
up.
Gen
er:d
ly,
crea
tive
peop
leco
uid
uow
feel
tila
tii
ido
ing
rhei
rw
nrk
rhev
wer
eex
pand
mg
cuht
urai
dom
ains
with
ana
tion
aldes
ignar
ur
—la
ttia
nh
irer
atu
re,L
stiz
ian
mu
sic.
L,t
liua
izia
,iim
ms
—and
th:it
thcr
ew
ere
pubh
ics
rhat
wou
idre
cetv
eth
etr
sven..
assu
eh.
Ane
wse
nse
ofth
ena
tiona
low
ners
hip
ofcu
itur
allif
ev
as
palp
ahh-
, par
ahle
hing
the
sens
eof
natit
>nal
otv
ners
hip
nf
tert
ito
rv.
Thi
sna
tioua
leu
irur
e—bu
iidin
g.lik
cst
are—
huiid
ing,
svas
nian
y
face
ted.
Man
dato
rvpu
hlic
educ
atiu
ual
s>sr
erns
had
tohe
recr
carc
dbe
caus
eth
ew
arti
me
vear
s(h
oth
the
wiir
ldsv
aran
dth
ein
depe
ndeu
cew
ars)
had
brou
ghr
havo
cte
svst
emat
ieed
ucan
onat
alhle
veis
. At
the
Cefl
tcr
otth
isef
forr
sroo
dT
artu
tfo
rmer
lvII
irbe
w,
Fori
ner
lvD
orp
ati
Uni
vers
itvin
Est
oniti
,th
eU
nive
rsity
olla
rsii
i(F
orm
cr1
the
Rig
aPo
iyte
chni
eIn
stjtr
itc(,
and
the
Uni
vers
itynf
Kau
nas
(the
anci
eut
Viin
ius
Uni
vers
itvw
asn
tiW
,of
cours
e,
onth
eot
her
side
otth
eL
ithu
ania
npoh
ish
bord
er).
Spec
iahi
zed
train
ing
insr
itu
tes
tor
sti
i
otm
usic
,pa
inti
ng,
and
arch
itee
nire
wer
eci
ated
and
stif
[ed.
Nar
jona
lop
era
ho
use
ssv
ere
esta
hhis
hed
asve
iIas
natio
tial
thea
wrs
.Pu
hhis
hing
hous
esw
cre
foun
ded
tom
eet
the
eont
mui
nghi
ghde
rn.in
dfo
hite
rary
wnr
ksin
the
thre
ela
nguages.
and
for
new
spap
er.s
,jo
ur
nais
, and
othe
rki
nds
o[pe
niod
tcal
puhl
icat
ions
.T
hem
ain
rehi
ginu
sfa
iths
otth
eth
iree
cotu
ltrie
sL
uthe
rani
srn
iii
Est
ania
and
Lat
via,
Cat
hohi
cisn
iin
Ltth
uant
a—
wei-
e“n
ario
nahi
,.ed”
thro
ugl
1th
ere
plac
emen
tof
Ger
man
-an
dl’
ohsh
-spe
akin
gcl
ergv
hycl
erg
yrn
eri
who
eoui
dp
erto
rmre
higi
ous
seii
ces
iii
die
thre
ena
tion
al
‘I. 4
(m
cisc
1hst
orv
o/th
e!3
altic
SIa
tes
iang
uage
s.Sc
hoia
rsii
the
universities
wor
ked
arst
anda
rdii
aoo
,j
ihe
thre
eia
nL
IaR
eS
,dr
awiii
ga
hne
betw
ecn
wha
tS
h0ti
ldi-
ti
irar
,1ia
tiea
iiv
corr
ect
orii
io
each
lang
uage
and
wha
roi
hii
cnns
idcr
eddi
alec
rs.
M.ir
keri
ngsc
hern
esw
erc
de’.
tsd
nhr
ing
prin
ted
mat
eria
lto
the
enti
repo
pula
tion
.he
caus
eucb
0utl
e.
ho
ok
srre
sw
cre
rare
eccp
tin
tow
nsan
dcities;
Fo
rth
isP
iIrp0e,
new
post
al‘v
stcm
she
iped
.igre
at
deal
..M
nS
tol
EhIp
pn’f
lol
the
rhre
ene
sta
tes
stiil
hved
iiith
eco
iintr
ySid
ew
hcre
coin
hT1u
niC
ao
n
atid
rran
sport
atio
rein
ained
assl
owas
tith
eFo
rmer
Lef
liur
.h01
th
dev
elopii
igte
Chf
loi0
gyO
tra
dio
bro
adcast
ing
heip
edro
tie
rhC
i0te
popu
la[iL
min
toa
nar
ion
svid
ein
Forn
iat
onne
rwnr
kT
heritti
ii
indi
eaw
rsin
ali
ciFih
ese
ende
avnr
sat
ter
\Vor
[d‘‘
ar1s
how
edon
lvao
upw
ard
traj
eeto
rih
roug
hth
ei9205
and
L9
05
,th
usso
ecrs
su1v
iavi
igdo
vnao
isnt
iItiO
nJI
and
rech
noio
gica
lba
seFo
rsu
tain
h1e
nati
onal
enitt
ires
.ii
vas
also
rrue
,ho
wev
er,
that
few
crcari
earntts
couk
im
ake
aIiv
ing
solc
iyw
ithj
nth
eir
eho
sen
prof
csst
on.
Mao
vh,
ci
pay
ilig
oh
sin
enri
rely
di(F
ercn
the
lds.
and
e’t
Cn
SiV
esu
hidi
iano
nof
the
cuit
urai
doni
airi
hyth
ena
nona
igo
vern
men
tSes
peel
aily
det
ng
ihe
pcri
udof
aurh
orit
aria
ripr
csid
ents
aiso
help
ed.
Ivor
ytn
ver
ere
[CW
and
pers
anS
ofar
iin
teil
eetu
al
hen
tw
erepectd
tode
p1v
iiei
r
rale
iits
iii
aw
ide
vati
etV
0!
unde
rtak
ings
.A
noei
ist,
for
e\an
ipe.
coul
dea
silv
hea
oiir
nahs
t.ao
editu
rot
ncye
iope
dtas
For
a
puhl
ishi
ngho
use,
and
even
am
emhe
ro
fpa
rlia
mcn
t.In
inan
yuI
held
suI
cuIt
ure[
,uii
ding
.th
erit
ree
cou
ntt
ics
drl
nor
have
toart
[mm
iero
huca
use
prew
arei
ilrur
algr
owth
(hef
ore
ther
ew
ere
sta
1cS
hid
heei
ip1
oiii
c.\t
any
ot
the
wri
ters
(poe
ts,
plav
wri
ghts
,no
’lts,
essav
its)
uith
ept
ewar
peri
odw
ete
now
hecn
min
gcafl0
hii
/’.
SO
WIS
the
oral
iStr
ansn
urte
dcu
Inir
cof
rura
lar
eas:
irw
ascll
cw
d
sotte
d,pr
inte
d,pi
iCC
difl
fliU
SC
Ufl
iS,tr
ansl
orm
edL
tit(
)“k
iIki
Oi.
and
trea
ced
,is
the
dehn
iriv
eha
sis
otth
ene
w“nati
onal
cti
itu
rcs.
One
impo
rtao
tco
nseq
lletic
eof
ihes
eei
,dea
vors
iii
1:t
tIi
iW
J
the
l.tir
gali
ao-s
peak
ing
Lar
vian
sof
ssha
tha
dhe
enth
ew
eS
flU
I
tric
tsot
Vre
hsk
prov
ince
wer
enu
wpe
tnia
ncnr
iya
pari
ofth
e
1atv
ian
stat
ets
iise
para
rere
gion
:1.
atga
ie.A
l1th
ree
stat
eshj:
i:ad
the
pmoh
lein
ot
popii
lati
on
inte
gra
tio
hi:
Fst
onia
com
pris
edth
epn
P
uiat
ions
uIih
ree
dist
inct
form
erR
ussi
anp
roV
iflC
CS
.1
aiv
ia
rhre
e.an
dL
.ith
oan
iaof
Fou
r.B
uronl
l,ari
tha
dst
arte
djt
Sli
e”lit
e
wit
hso
iatg
eii
pupu
latio
n(a
bout
31
petc
cfl
t10
1920
Ii1
SIcl
tL’I
Juud
iii
IF0i
fIIC
dtii
lies.
Tf)
O1940
avin
gha
da
his
iot
niar
kedi
vd
iffe
ren
rfr
omtit
att
the
resr
otth
e
Lar
vtan
terr
itor
ies,
ass’
eii
asw
ithii
eutr
ent
polit
icai
cnnS
ciou
snes
sin
441jch
Se[t
[Inle
liIs
for
Fuli
integrarton
(as
inth
eel
oqiit
’nt
wri
tlngs
and
5peech
cs
ifa
rner
nher
nFth
eL
atvi
anpa
rlia
nien
tfr
om1 a
tgai
e.
Fran
cis
‘Fta
suns
Iif64—
i92
61)
vied
with
epec
tati
ons
uisp
eeia
ist
arus
las
mth
eeq
ually
eioc
iuen
rw
ritl
ngs
ii
anor
her
Lar
galia
nni
einb
erot
the
1at
vian
parl
iam
ent.
Fran
cis
Kem
ps[i
6—
ii
The
enrh
nias
nthe
hind
the
expa
nsio
lloF
natin
rial
ultu
res
svas
aho
evid
cnt
inec
onom
icre
bwld
ing,
espc
cial
lvin
the
imm
edia
tepo
stw
arvcars
.T
heec
onom
ies
ufE
ston
ia,
[.ar
vla,
anti
Lir
huan
ialia
dsu
ffer
cddu
ring
the
war
:ec
ooom
iepr
odue
tiim
had
drop
ped
10
ahoo
t0
.40
ofth
epr
ewar
leve
l.T
heiu
ssif
hum
:inca
ptta
l(p
upul
alio
nde
ciin
e)vas
alsu
seve
re.
aver
:Igi
ngab
our
aope
rcen
thr
the
ihre
eco
untr
ies.
The
indu
srri
aian
drr
ansp
orta
rinn
aiin
fras
rrti
ctur
e(I
aeto
rvrn
achi
ncry
.ro
ad,
raiir
uads
)w
asse
riou
slv
impa
ired
,an
dth
eco
un—
trys
ide
had
heen
uear
ivsr
ripp
edhy
occu
pati
onar
mie
suI
tspr
inci
pai
sour
ceot
non—
hum
anpo
wet
—[li
eho
rse.
Priv
atio
nan
dde
spai
r,ho
wev
cr,
wer
cov
emrtd
dcn
iii
the
shor
rru
riby
the
prev
ailin
gfe
ciin
g
:th
arth
eIr
uits
otpr
nlnn
ged
effo
rtw
ouid
nolo
ngtr
etu]
upin
the
pock
ets
utB
aItie
Ger
man
and
Poiis
hia
ndow
ncrs
orhe
elai
med
bya
Rus
siai
igo
vem
nine
nrfa
raw
av.
Eve
nif
the
rew
ards
won
ldti
mcn
rich
jO
indi
vidu
als
irni
nedi
atci
v,th
evw
ouid
circ
olar
ew
irhiri
a“n
atio
nal
CC
On
o1
1iv
and
hepu
tw
use
joot
her
scct
ors:
the
psye
hoio
gica
lbo
ost
ofw
orki
ngin
and
for
one’
sow
rico
untr
yw
asa
[orm
idab
leel
erne
urw
eii
into
the
deea
deof
the
19
20
5.T
heup
tum
noF
:ili C
CO
flO
flil
C
indi
catu
rsbe
gan
inth
eni
iddi
eye
ars
ofrh
arde
eade
and
iast
edin
toth
eea
riy
19305,
whe
nth
eef
fect
sof
[lie
wor
ldw
tde
depr
essi
onhe
gan
tii
hefe
ir.By
that
time,
Iiow
cver
,th
epr
olil
emot
eenn
otni
esu
rt’i
isil
had
retr
eare
dji
ito
the
back
grou
ndto
liere
plac
edhy
the
pto
hlt
iiif
—-
econ
1.I.
rep
air
ofon
goir
lgna
tion
alcc
on
orn
ies.
‘Ihe
idea
oFen
tre
Pren
eurs
hip
had
r.ike
nho
iti,
the
agra
rian
rcfo
rms
iver
ene
arlv
euro
—
pktc
d,an
dth
epr
oduc
rion
offo
odsr
uffs
rem
anie
dat
sati
sfac
torv
lQve
Isas
did,
whe
nm
easu
red
inth
eag
greg
ate,
the
stan
dar
dof
hvin
g.A
lter
the
i-nid—
t930s,
the
expo
rrm
arke
rex
pand
cdes
peJa
ily
for
ag
ric
ujr
jrgo
ods,
and
bala
nce
ofrr
ade
siar
isri
e,th
ough
Iluc
ruat
—
wer
efa
vora
hle.
Rev
enn
efl
ows
toth
ece
nrra
lgo
verl
lmen
rste
fliai
jiiet
l sre
adv,
.iIlo
ving
for
the
expa
nSio
nO
tvari
&nis
soci:
1i
wel
fare
Pro
gra
ins
Bijt
ther
ew
asso
cin
eCn
no
miC
stra
tihea
rion
joal
ith
rer’
5I
A(t
)1?cIS
C1l
isti
)rv
n[
he
l3al
iieSt
ztes
.Stt
’Inod
ii!
frni
ible
citj
nic
’s.
iU
s—i940
untrjes
wit
hth
ejn
co
nie
gap
hetw
een
the
rteh
est
and
the
egni
eflt
Sct
the
po
pii
lati
on
exer
npiih
edby
resi
dent
iai
par
tern
anti
life
stvi
e;th
isdi
vino
nai
sct
had
anur
ban-
rura
Idt
men
sion
.\h
the
eyes
ofth
epn
litic
aiIe
Ftv
asa
rnaI
dis
trih
tIti
lof
wre
alth
renat.
aou
rCe
otits
pniit
ical
srrc
ngth
.th
otlg
hw
irh
the
erne
rgcn
ce(
th
autl
iori
tari
afl
pres
iden
cics
the
Iett
was
not
ahle
totom
snci
aidb
plr
ille
Sin
toei
eeto
ral
strc
lTgt
h.
Cti
lttl
rai
Ilow
ert
ng
and
CC
ofl
tllf
lIC
tleveo
pn1eI1
ttu
okp
iae
duri
n
hoth
deca
des
with
mth
efr
ante
wor
LnF
sta
tl0
Ua
imow
inbe
liel
amon
gel
ite
and
nuo-
elir
es
alik
eth
atth
eee
ntri
igo
vert
lmen
tsn
the
thre
est
ates
shou
ldhe
the
pmot
ecw
rs,t
hem
over
san
dsh
aker
s.an
dth
e
n-n
tlatO
rSti
tm
ajor
soet
alan
dC
CO
I1O
t1iI
Cpo
licy.
itw
asth
ece
ntra
i
gnve
rllm
ents
oblig
atio
flto
guid
e,di
reet
,in
terv
ene.
suhs
idi7
c,an
d
ontt
til.
fhis
eoii
ectv
tat
titu
degte
Wott
iot
the
ssar
time
vcar
s.
pers
iste
din
toth
eiq.o
s,an
dre
cciv
edth
est
rong
endo
rsen
ient
of
the
auth
orit
aria
flpr
esid
cnts
.T
he[r
ee-m
arke
tph
iios
oph.
thtn
nh
preS
eflt.
w.iS
loi
cent
rai
toth
ece
onon
hic
thin
king
ofpo
lieym
aker
s.
The
ulti
mat
ere
suit
was
that
thro
ugho
utth
ei
9L
0—
1940
peri
id.
unde
rth
epar
ii.i
men
tar
svst
ems
and
unde
rth
eauth
uri
tari
afl
pre
i
dent
s.m
jnis
trie
sen
larg
cdth
eir
staf
fs.d
evei
oped
mor
ees
pert
ise
inal
i
sectf
ltS
oFlif
e.an
dco
rrcs
pnnd
iiig
lyre
duce
dth
eth
eoF
the
pro
ate
sect
orw
itho
utcx
ling
uish
iiig
itei
itir
eiy.
Ofh
ciaI
dom
grew
II
soni
etim
esbe
eniis
eot
mer
ithu
tti
St
asFr
eque
ntly
,es
pci’
liY
unde
r
the
auth
orit
aria
flpr
esid
ents
.he
caus
eoF
pnli
tica
ipa
tron
age.i
the
19;o
s.ec
onom
icsu
cceS
SF
rer
1iienri
ym
eali
tfi
ndin
gth
eri
ght
mii
iist
Cr
iai
conn
ecti
ons,
)inin
giip
stal
esu
hsid
ies,
and
earn
ing
the
fis
or
o
tite
seat
the
erv
top.
Cti
nti
nhio
US
suhs
idiz
atio
not
the
lgrk4it
ura
i
seC
tOr.
the
conversio
not
shjk
ypt
ivat
cen
terp
rise
sin
tost
ate
ioof
llP
ithes
,po
htic
aliy
mnti
ated
capi
tal
flow
sFr
omst
ate
hank
sto
pri
vatC
jndt
vidu
ais,
and
.tde
term
inal
ion
rofa
vor
the
un
der
taL
i1i
0[
stonia
flS
,la
ntj
ns.
and
[.it
huan
iaos
(ove
tth
ctse
(1(ria
tinn
1o:i
it)r
ties)
heca
me
iner
casl
ngly
mor
ech
arac
teri
Sti
c01
ali
thre
eL
90
tCS
afte
rth
em
iddl
eo1
the
i9O
S.
Tho
ugh
tili
tqu
ite
statC
neit
her
svas
ita
sYst
ell
iih
at
inth
ere
alm
uf
iarg
e-s
eaie
un
dcr
ia1
1S
had
rnuc
hus
eFo
rco
tflp
eti
tio
flan
dni
erit
nera
cyC
onip
etit
ibn
‘.1
5le
II)
oper
ate
Frce
lvin
the
pri
vate
seet
ornf
snia
ll-sc
aie
entcrP
°an
d
I-eta
iisto
res.
Ali
this
prod
iice
dvery
mic
dce
onol
iiieS
asW11
min
dset
iii
liic
htr
ust
was
laced
ince
ntra
tgo
veri
lifle
hlts
the
righ
td
eCIS
tOu
StI
)al
inea
tere
suu
rues
inan
ptim
aim
anne
ran
d
look
aEte
rth
ew
elfa
reof
ali.
Whn
teve
rin
tern
alpn
iicie
sw
ere
beiti
gir
npie
men
ted
iii
listo
nia
.
r.ar
via,
and
l.itF
uani
afr
omth
emi
d—i9
os
onw
ard,
how
ever
.su
cbm
easu
res
had
noeh
anee
otaf
tect
ing
the
F.ur
opea
nst
ate-
syst
emtri
whi
chex
pans
ioni
stm
wes
hM
usso
iini
’sIt
aiy
and
1 Iitl
er’s
Ucrm
anv
wer
eef
lcnu
nter
iflg
tew
ohst
acie
s.En
addi
tion
tnhi
late
ral
agre
erne
nts
aire
ady
eiite
red
into
wirh
hirg
est
ates
,th
esm
aii
stat
esof
the
litto
ra)
5ought
nthe
rs—
rrad
cpa
cts,
non-
aggr
essi
onag
rcer
nent
,an
dto
rnia
)
and
info
rma)
aiiia
nee.
sof
vari
ous
kind
s—
teth
ehe
iief
that
the
pro—
ijfer
atio
nof
sueh
ties
atx
om
pan
ied
hth
ere
quis
itedi
pitn
natic
nice
ties
and
sign
edtr
eati
es,
wou
ldassrt
reev
erv
on
eih
atE
ston
ia,
Lat
via,
and
Lit
huan
iain
tend
edto
live
peic
efu
iiy
and
he
tric
nds
to
ali.
The
se,
iii
fact
,tv
ere
the
niai
nte
nets
otth
eto
reig
npo
hcv
nFth
e
tbre
eli
ttor
alst
ates
inth
ese
enit
dha
ifot
the
io
s:
eX
Cep
tfo
r
Litb
uani
a’s
wan
tmg
tore
gain
the
Vil
inus
terr
itor
yFr
nrn
Poia
nd,
they
inte
nded
teke
epth
ebo
rder
sth
e’ha
dan
dco
neeri
ith
erns
elve
s
onh’
wit
hin
tern
aldc
veiu
pine
nr.
Neu
trah
tvse
emed
tolie
wci
rkin
gto
rSw
irze
rian
d(a
snia
iist
ate)
and
the
Sca
ndii
iavi
anco
unrr
ies
(iar
gete
rrit
oria
ilv
btit
smal
ldem
ogra
phic
aii
v),
and
the
hupe
that
the
Bai
ric
stat
esin
the
norr
heas
ter
oco
rncr
ofth
eeo
ntin
ent
coui
dai
sust
eer
eiea
rof
the
anta
gotl
ism
shovi
appe
arin
gon
the
cont
inen
rai
inai
nian
d.T
hepu
blic
inoo
din
the
thre
eco
untr
ies
appe
ared
tohe
asst
iagc
dby
apo
hcy
ofne
utra
hty,
but
rlew
spap
ers
in1
ithua
nia
expr
csse
dth
ein
ost
wor
ryab
out
the
futu
re.
Hitl
er’s
dete
rmio
otio
nte
inco
rpor
ate
ali
Ger
man
sin
toa
grea
tG
erm
any
dire
ctiv
affc
cted
Kia
iped
a(V
lem
el)
over
whi
cht.
ithu
anij
had
acqu
ired
sove
rcig
ntv
0192.4
with
the
agre
enle
ntof
the
wes
tern
aihe
s.T
hepn
pula
tion
ofth
eK
laip
.da
tern
tory
svas
abou
t40
perc
ent
Ger
tflj-
and
1liti
erw
asho
und
tem
ake
ita
ta-a
crju
stas
hew
as{.
alre
ady
)hy
1937)
taki
ngai
mat
the
Ger
man
popt
ilatit
inot
the
Sude
teni
and
inC
zech
oslo
vaki
a.T
heeaste
rnl3
altic
iitt
orai
,in
othc
rW
Ord
sw
asno
tas
imm
une
asa
polic
ynf
neur
raht
yw
isiie
dto
iiiak
eit
.
On
thej
rth
eE
ston
ian
and
I.at
viai
igo
vern
men
tsge
nera
iivoid
edth
esu
bect
sof
Kla
ip&
daan
dth
eV
iiniu
ste
rrit
orw
hen
l&ie
ader
sm
et;
thes
esu
b;cc
isw
ere
ctin
side
rtd
tnhe
1ith
iian,
a’s
Pr0
hie