9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

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9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007

Transcript of 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

Page 1: 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

9.00 Introduction to Psychology

t.konkle

11 april 2007

Page 2: 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

Announcements

1) Final exam is May 23rd

- if you can’t make it, email your issues to barbara ([email protected]) by FRIDAY

2) Review Session for Exam 2- Wednesday 7:30pm

3) Exam 1 Corrections- See me after class and I’ll update

your exam scores

Page 3: 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

PAPER FEEDBACK

• I’m going to upload the paper grading rubric on stellar

• I want you to use this as your peer editing structure. So, in the email type something like this:

Page 4: 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

Sample peer editing email

Overall comments: your paper was easy to read. I think you would be most benefited by making sure each paragraph has a clear relationship to your position. [one good thing, one thing that needs the most improvement]

- 1/1 explanation of the topic- it is defined clearly, but the positions could be described more concisely

- 3/4 supporting evidence- you could use more reference to the texts to support your claims, so they are

not based on personal opinions- 1/3 organization

- make sure each paragraph has a clear point. I had a hard time understanding what evidence you were using to support your claim…

- 2/2 grammar- no grammar errors, excellent.

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quiz

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Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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Mental Images

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A Demo of the classical study….

you will see two tetris-like objects

your task: determine whether they are they same shape or not

when you’ve got it: say out-loud “same” or “different”

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Mental RotationShepard and Metzler, 1971

Shepherd and Cooper, 1982-different stimuli (letters, polygons), -continuous path of internal representations (not just a longer time to compute a larger transformations)

Bundesen and Larson (1975)- zooming also is continuous

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What should you know about mental imagery?

• from the text book:– it has spatial extent– it has limited space

(edges)– it has a grain (or

resolution limit)

• from previous lectures– imagery is perception run

backwards– imagining activates the

same areas as perceiving

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Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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What’s the difference between

DEDUCTION and INDUCTION?

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DEDUCTION

Socrates is a man

All men are mortal

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Socrates is mortal

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INDUCTION

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“striped and three borders”

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2 striped circles with 3 borders

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+_

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2 striped circles with 3 borders

2 striped circles with 3 bordersx xx

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+_

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2 striped circles with 3 borders

Striped with 3 borders

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+_

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2 striped circles with 3 borders

Striped with 3 borders

Striped with 3 borders

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let’s do another one…

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“black or crosses”

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illustrates:

disjunctions are harder than conjunctions

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The objects of planet Gazoob

“tufa”

“tufa”

“tufa”

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Induction in everyday reasoning

• Generalizing from examples.

Given: Squirrels can get avian flu.

How likely is it that…

Mice can get avian flu?

Gorillas can get avian flu?

Robins can get avian flu?

Bees can get avian flu?

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What’s the difference between

DEDUCTION and INDUCTION?

Using rules of logic and premises to arrive at a conclusion

CANNOT be wrong

Using examples to generalize to a overarching rule

can lead to an improper inference or real

(interested: take 9.660)

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Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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Prototypes

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“dog” “banana” “tree”

collie?

fruit

pine?

basic level

super ordinate

subordinate

Categories

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demo

• http://www.ebaumsworld.com/magic/choosenumber.html

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what’s going on?

categories are organized aroundprototypes

(the most typical instance)

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Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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Reasoning Errors

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There are the reasoning errors we talked about in class and which are discussed in the book:

• Affirming the consequent

• Confirmation bias

• Framing effects

• Representativeness heuristic.– Base rate rule

• Availability heuristic

• “it’s sunny so hector is wearing a hat.”

• if there’s a vowel on the front, there’s a number on the back

• number of deaths / number of lives saved

• prototype effects / stereotype effects

• _ _k* vs. k*

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who is subject to reasoning errors?

• children?

• anyone who hasn’t taken statistics?

• people with low IQ’s?

• doctors?

• everyone else but not me?

... everyone.

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Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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So taker-of-intro-psych:tell me about IQ…

is it a good measure?”

Do psychologists ‘believe’ in IQ?

What do you say?

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well…

there are many different kinds of intelligence…and different theories…

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Intelligence

[defn] the ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex material

spearman’s

“g”

gardner’s

multiple intelligences

cattell and horn’s

fluid &crystallized

a single intellectual capacitythat underlies the positivecorrelations between manyintelligence tests

8 forms of intelligence:linguistic, spatial, musical, logicalbodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal,interpersonal, naturalist, existential

fluid – solutions to new problemscrystallized – knowing facts and having the ability to combine them

Page 43: 9.00 Introduction to Psychology t.konkle 11 april 2007.

Agenda

1) mental images

2) deduction vs induction

3) prototypes

4) reasoning errors

5) theories of

intelligence

6) theories of emotions

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What are emotions?

Moods?Feelings?

TimeSeconds Hours Days

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Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

Emotionalinvoking Stimuli

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Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

EmotionalReaction

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Theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

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Theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

Event

Reaction

Interpretphysiological

response

Emotion

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Theories of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

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Theories of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

Event Reaction

Emotion

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Theories of emotion

Cognitive Theory

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Theories of emotion

Event

Reaction

Interpretthe context

Emotion

Cognitive Theory

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Theories of emotion

The emergent synthesis

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Theories of emotion

The emergent synthesis

Event

Reaction

Emotion

Interpretation

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Reminders for next week…

mon tues wed thurs

Email your peer editing feedback

(CC me) by MONDAY at 10pm

No Class Tuesday

Study Session for the exam is Wednesday, 7pm, 46-3002, though check stellar for the exact room and time, just in case

Paper 2 due Thursday in SECTION.

We still have section before the exam. I’ll go over emotion and personality.

Exam 2 Thursday in class