VOLUME 11-NO 9 PRtCE :) 0 Cents (U. S.) or 6 Pence (U. K.) I OCTOBER, t949.

8

THE RIGHTS

OF MAN

The ( (Universal Declaration of Human. Rights)) adopted by the General

Assembly of the United Nations,meeting in Paris, on 10 December,

1948, was the fourth historic Act of itskind, proclaimed by a free Assembly or reluc-Jantly accepted by a reigning sovereign, within'a period of seven and a quarter centuries.« Magna Carta » was signed by King Henry IIIof England in 1225 A. D. Nearly 600 yearslater the « Bill of Rights ? was embodied in theConstitution of the United States of America,and the « Declaration of the Rights of Man Hwas incorporated in that of the French Republic.

Now, after a second World War in which theflame of human liberty came perilously nearto extinction, the age-old refusal of enlightenedpeoples to submit to tyranny finds expressionin a new Declaration, signed and proclaimedthis time not by a monarch, a group of citizensor a national assembly, but by the representativesof 58 nations, united in defence of democracy.

*

In spite of the lapse of centuries, the fundamen-tal principles underlying these successive

charters of human freedom have not chang-d. The very similarity of their languageproves how constant is the need for vigilance

if the rights of the individual are to be preserved.The complexity of this ancient problemin modern times may be gathered from thesymposium on Human Rights prepared by Unescothis year. Let us quote some passages :

Personal liberty can. be made secure only byþolishing the abuse of power altogether. Unescois engaged at present in facilitating the taskof mitigation ; but it is in the fortunate positionof being able to proceed, if it so desires, to theincomparably more important task of prevention,of the radical removal of present impediments toliberty. This is primarily an affair for the scientificsection of the Organisation. »

« it is vital for the future of the world thatintense animosities and hatreds be allayed. Thiscannot be done solely by social and psychologicalstudies... The immediate objective of the scientistshould be to ensure that all branches of societyin all nations are freed from economic anxiety. »

( The common goals inherent in the ideal of therights of man can only be attained as programmesof education and instruction are based on therealization that there is no national culture whichdoes not owe for more than is usually admittedto the influence of the cultural heritage of manof all races and of all ages. »

Lastly, an opinion from Unesco House itself :( From the moment that information comes

to be regarded as one of the rights of man, thestructures and practices which make of it an in-strument for the exploitation, by alienation of theminds of the masses, for money or for power,can no longer be tolerated. »

science, Education, Information-each of theexperts has his own point of view, but allof them, in effect, give the same warning

to mankind. The Rights of Man must be defendedcollectively, with every weapon in the armouryof peace. « Freedom of speech, freedom ofreligion, freedom from want, freedom fromfear M-and, ! et us add, freedom from ignorance- these are the conditions of emancipation.

( When we enumerate man's rights, we arealso enumerating duties to be accomplished. None

touches ups more nearly than the right to education.))t[ Only when these separate freedoms aretruly guaranteed can the world hope to see thedawn of a universal Freedom born of tolerance,justice and goodwill towards men.

UNESCO COURIER-Page 2

IN BRAZIL

EDUCATORS STIRRED

BY NEW APPROACH

TO CONTINENTAL

CAMPAIGN"

AGAINST ILLITERACY

Unesco-sponsored Seminar

launches I global'attack for

education of 70 millions

adult illiterates and

79 million children with-

: out schools in the Americas. 0"

THE mid-winter months of. July andAugust, the tourist books say, arethe most delightful periods tuvisit Rio de Janeiro. Fur a small

group of educators, who had come. toparticipate in the Inter-American Semi-nar on Literacy and Adult Education,the pleasant Br winter, however.was no holiday.

They began to arrive, mostly byplane, towards the end of Juhly. At theSantos Dumont airport in the heart ofRio, they werc bundled into high-powered, spacious taxis and whiskedthrough the Federal Capital past theSugar Loaf and Guanabara Bay. Twohours later, still breathless and dizzyfrom the winding, tortuous road tripthrough the Organ Mountains behindIso, they were deposited at the door ofthe sumptuous Hotel Quitandinha, nearPetropolis Here. they remained for tivcfull wseks. from July 27 to September2, to examine one of the most burningproblems of the entire.American conti-nent : 7 :. 0. 000. 000 adult illiterates and19. OOO. OOO. American children deprivedof s.

To the Inter-American Seminar, or-ganized jointly by Unesco, the Organi-zation of American States (OAS), and theBrazilian Government, came some ofthe most distinguished educationalleaders from the New and the Oldworld : the originator of Mexico's fam-ed « Cultural Missions >&gt; for literacyProfessor Guillermo Bonilla y Seguraknown throughout his country simplyas (< El Maestro >&gt; ; young, energeticIsmael Rodriguez Bou, educational re-searcher from Puerto Rico : witty Er-nrsto Nelson, statistical giant of Argen-tina : Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget :literacy primer specialist Ann NolanClark, of the United States ; and Colo-nel George Selwyn Simpson, bringingwith him 35 years experience in literacyteaching in the British Army.

For the occasion, the Brazilion Gov-

ernment called in some of its best. edu-

cational experts : Fernando Tude deSouza, Antonio AImeida Junior, MarioTeixeira de Freitas and Mario Paulo deBrito.

Dr. Lourenço Filho, directur of Bra-zil's hignly successtui 2 1/2 year cam-paign against illiteracy, left his desk.on the fourteenth floor of the ultra-modern Ministerio de Educacao e Saudeto take over leadership of the interna-lional seminar. with him were (uiller-mo Nannetti. 39-year old former Mi-nister of Education uf Columbia andspecial OAS representative, and DrFrederick J. Rex, eminent Americaneducator and Cnesco's field representa-tive, in Fundamental Education.

Fresh Ideas

And Techniques

In spile of this impressive team ofeducationists the Seminar soughtand achieved no miracles. The

70. 000. 000 adult illiterates still remain tohe integrated into the life-stream ofLatin-American communities and na-tions. But from the careful, five-weekexchange or ideas and experiences thereemerged a series or new ideas, newmethOds and techniques, which haveset the bases for the first co-ordinatedattack ever planned on a continentalscale against what Torres Bodet hastermed'"one of the most disquietingproblems of our century".

During recent years, a number ofLatin-American countries have madespecial efforts to combat illiteracyamong their urban and rural popula-tions. In spite of successful advancesin some regions, progress in most Latin-American Republics has been slow.what was needed, it was felt. was alinking up of forces, a pooling of ex-periences, the weading out of out-mod-

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Broadway, New York 27, NY.

THE SECOND ABOLITION. 102-year old Senhor Cequeira of the littie town ofGuaratingueta is a symbol of the desire of Brazilians to benefit from the nation-wide adult education campaign against illiteracy. (Photo « 0. Cruzeiro".S. Paulo).

ed methods and techniques, and afresher approach to the entire problem.

This the Unesco-sponsored Seminarat Quitandinha definitely provided.

II provided, above all, a freshapproach to the continental problem ofilliteracy by inspiring all participants,in all five groups, with the new con-cept-for Latin-, America-of AdultEducation, which aims at raising thegeneral living conditiuns of lite peuplethrough the improvement of health.agriculture, and family and communitylife, with literacy training as only onestep towards the accomplishment ofthat end.

In this respect. the inspired contribu-tion of Dr. Guillermo Nannetti, as lea-der of the working group on Literacyand Adult Education, won the admira-tion and enthusiastic praise of the en-tire Seminar. This vast and unexploredÜeld in Latin America, came alive in theshort space of five weeks and took onbreadth and force. By the end of theSeminar, 30 educators and experts,working under the guidance of Dr.Nannetti, had produced the first Hand-book on Adult Education ever to appearin Portuguese and Spanish. This 65-pagevolume, which represents the most am-bilious achievement of the Seminar cov-ers an extensive range of subjects.ranging from the role of the media ofmass communication and agriculturalextension in adult education to labourorganizations and co-operatives.

Most Heated

Debate of Seminar

PERHAPS ; the most important and cer-.tainly the most heated debate oftle Quitandindha Seminar was

touched off when the working groupstudying literaq'teaclling metllods, ldbv Dr. Frederick Rex, presented itsfindings and conclusions to the finalplenary session of the Seminar.

For five weeks, the group of educa-tors had studied and analYzed the dil1er-ent methods for teaching people toread and write. This included the metal-od most widely used and adapied inLatin-America and in other parts of theworld-the Laubach method-basedon the use of"picturahle words rela-ted to groups uf sounds". The educa-tors also made a detailed and carefulstudy of the "Global or Sentence Meth-ed"-based on the principle that thestudent first understands the meaningof a sentence or thought before heknows and analyzes its parts (i. e.words, letters and groups of sounds).In its conclusions the group went onrecord unanimously favouring the Glo-bal Method.

when these conclusions were pre-sented to the plenary meeting of theSeminar the "battle of the methods"

raged for over three hours. Tempers

rose, nerves were frayed. But in theend, the Global Method was upheld byan overwhelming majority of Seminarparticipants, who agreed that :

Concerning the problem of method, theSeminar wishes to go on record that Itaccepts the scientific evidence in favourof the sentence or global method forteaching children to read. On the ba-sis of objective data and corroborativeevidence of the psychology of aduits,of their interests and ways of teaning,the Seminar recommends the same me-thod for the teaching of adult illite-rates until such time as the results ofresearch and controlled experimentsprove the contrary. This preferencedoes not suggest, in any way, the in-advisability of extensive experiments tostrengthen, modify, or change the me-thodological position expressed by theSeminar.

Teacher of the

Americans

IT way fitting that Dr. Lourenco Filho,whose work as leader of Brazil'ssucccsful literacy campaigns has

won him international recognition.should have taken over responsibility ofone of the most important workinggroups of the Seminar on The Organi-zation of Literacy Campaigns. At theend of the five weeks, Dr. Lourenco,with the aid of his small group, hadcompleted a series of basic paperswhich will be invaluable to any govern-ment or Organization seeking to under.take or improve a eompaign for literacyin an y given part of Latin-America.

For his leadership at the Inter-Ameri-can Seminar, for his unselfish devotionto the cause of education, not only inhis own country but in all the Ameri-can Republics, every member of theSeminar acclaimed Lourenço Filho as"El Maestro de las Americas".

Already, the influence of the Inter-American Seminar has left its mark.During the final days of the plenarymeetings, the State Representatives ofthe Brazilian Literacy and Adult Edu-cation Campaign met at the Hotel Qui-tandinha for their annual conference.As a result of their direct contact withthe participants at the Seminar they vot-ed tu put into application immediatelyone of the final resolutions passed call-ing for the organization of nationalseminars whose aim would be to studYthe application in each country of theconclusions reached at the Rio de Ja-neiro Seminar. The first national semi-nar to be held in the Americas will takeplace next month in the city of SaoPaulo.

Finally, the participants unanimoushvoted a recommendation calling for thecreation of a Centre to train writersand illustrators from different coun-tries to prepare basic, supplementaryand general reading materials, as wellas a Centre to train teachers uf adulleducation.

Page 3-UNESCO COURIER

CONCENTRATED PROGRAMME'

For Unesco Urged

by Delegates To 4 the

General Conference

THIS issue of the « Courier >&gt; covers only the openingand first days of the UNESCO General Conferencenow meeting in Paris. Our last month's number,

containing 32 pages, gave a comprehensive preview of thesubjects to be discussed. Full details of the results andconclusions reached at the conference as well as reportson the 3-day debate scheduled to open at the Maison de laChimie in Paris on September 27 will be found in our nextnumber.

Some of the 250 delegates and ob-ervers (above) at the General Con-ference. Right, Mr U Ba Lwin, head

of the Burmese Delegation.

ISRAEL

and PAKISTAN

Join UNESCO

AFTER travelling to Mexico Citywin 1947 and to Beirut in 1948,Unesco's General Conference"came home"to Paris, this year,

for its Fourth Session which on Septem-ber 19 opened in Unesco House-only afew steps away from the historic Archof Triumph.

Into the plenary hall, on Monday

morning, filed over 250 delegates andobservers under the'''fire''. of world

press and film photographers who arereporting the conference.

Sharply at 10. 30 a. m. the noise andtalking in the crowded assembly stoppedas H. E. Ahmed Bey Daouk, head of theLebanese Delegation, advanced to the

speakers platform, which had as itsbackcloth the flags of Unesco's 50 Mem-ber States, and declared the Fourth Ses-sion open.

Following the Unesco tradition, itsGeneral Conference is opened by the

representative of the country whichprovided the chairman of the previousConference. This tradition, Ahmed BeyDaouk remarked,'''brings to my mindthe ceremonies of the Olympics ofancient Greece in which runners, handing

on a flaming torch, carried it finally tothe altar of Prometheus".

Later in the morning, Dr. E. Ronald

Walker, head of the Australian Delega-tion, was unanimously elected chairmanof Unesco's fourth annual conference.Previous chairmen have been : M. LeonBlum in Paris (1946), H. E. Don ManuelGual Vidal in Mexico ICity (1947) andM. Hamid Bey Frangie in Beirut (1948).

M. Georges Bidault, former Prime

Minister and head of the French Dele-

gation, who had been proposed aschairman of the Paris Conference haddeclined, stating that as Unesco wouldnow meet in Paris every two years, itcould not be expected that a French

delegate be chairman every other year.

THE first days of the conference,which this issue of the COUR-RIER is reporting, were taken up

almost entirely with the presentationand discussion of the annual report ofthe Director-General. Presenting this

report, Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,recently appointed Indian Ambassadorto Moscow and Chairman of Unesco'sExecutive Board, warned delegates thatUnesco' mission could be fulfilled only

T"TWO countries which recentl,'g, lin-ed their independence-Pakis-tan and Israel-joined UNESCO onthe eve of its Fourth General Confer-ence and thus brought the totalnumber of its member countries to so.

Delegations from both these coun-tries have been present at the Confer-ence. Israel's being led by the IsraeliMinister in Paris, Mr : \Iaurice Fisherand Pakistan's by M. S. M. Sharif.

if governments and National Commis-sions played their full part."Unfortu-

nately", he said."the activity of manymember states does not extend beyondattendance at sessions of the GeneralConference. It is obvious that atthena-tional level, there is a breakdown in themeans of im1Jlementation of Unesco'sprogramme."

The second day of the conference wasmarked by a British proposal to alterthe agenda so as to a)) ow the conference

immediately to fix a ceiling for Unesco's1950 budget. This proposal, coming24 hours after news of important cur-rency devaluations in Great Britain andother countries, provoked liyely opposi-tion from delegates of a dozen nations.and was fina)) y withdrawn.

In some respects, the Paris conferencediffers from previous ones. In principleit was to have been"a short business

session", but it has come to be definitelymore important than was at first expectedbecause of vital discussions on Unesco's

participation in the UN plan for techni-caul assistance to underdeveloped areasand the interest already aroused in the''Duties of the State"debate,

Some'of the latest technical facili-ties and equipment have been mo-bilized to bring the conference's

message to the public. Thus, for thefirst time in international conference

practice, the speeches of delegates arenot being set down in shorthand but arebeing registered on magnetic-wire record-ing apparatus. Sound recordings of theFourth Session are being made at UnescoHouse studios for French, Belgian andother radio networks and are also beingf ! own to Lake Success for broadcast on

special UN radio programmes. Similarrecordings will also be made for theinternational debate beginning on Sep-tember 2ï which will be placed at the

disposal of broadcasting systems through-out the world.

THERE MUST BE NO QUESTION

OF A DEVALUATION OF UNESCO

Dr G. Zook (United States), on left, explains a point to Dr F.Bender (Netherlands) and Sir Ronald Madam (Great Britain),

seated.

THE General Conference of Unesco is morethan a crowd of people invading the ( trainqmlity.) of Unesco House, and more than

mere academic Or diplomatic discussions. It isa meeting of men and women who have cometogether for a short time to give to the worldliving proof of the work of Unesco. With thepresence of delegates from all over the world,Unesco's different projects, experiments andinvestigations take on a greater human interestand warmth.

An educational mission to the Philippines orto Afghanistan for example might appear to beof limited interest. It seems very different,however, when the Afghan representative tells ofthe hopes his country places in the work of theUnesco mission there, or when the delegate ofthe Philippines in her striking butterfly-wingdress expresses the thanks of her war-devastatedcountry for the help sent to schools, laboratoriesand libraries.

But above all a Unesco general conference is asign of hope, perhaps one of the few real hopesfor peace that still remain for mankind. ThIsvery idea was expressed by India's representativeSir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. when, in mov !', gwords, he said : « Look at the condition of tne

world ten years after the beginning of the lastwar. four years after the victory was won. Oneafter another the illusions which we havechenshed are disappearing. We thought that thesense of community would resolve all class dis-tinctions. as it did during the period of thewar. It has not happened. We thought again thatthe United Nations would be the beginning of anew world. Well. again it has not happened. Wethought that the allies who fought the war andwon the victory would stand united and win thepeace-that has not happened"

Sir Sarvepalli ended with an urgent appeal todelegates : « these days are big with fate Theissue of war or peace haunts us ; there is anatmosphere of gloom ; conflict is creeping slowlyand steadily. Is it not possible under such cir-cumstances for all our leaders, for those whostand up for the great ideals, to get together ?For, say half a dozen of them-two from Asiatwo from Europe, America and Russia, to gettogether, not for achieving any political results,but for breaking down this blinding mist ofmisunderstanding, breaking through this moun-tain \"31'of prejudice and trying to understand

(C c) N TIN U E DON P AGE 4)

UNESCO COURIER-Page

we are real lovers of peace. Is it impos-sable ? We are meeting in this greatcity, a city of artists, scholars, scien-tists. writers, a city of a gay, copra-geous and inspired people, a city whichhas seen so many revolutions, born ofdistress of mind of anxiety itself. Well.can't we. from this city, in the name ofUnesco. send forth a message, askingthe leaders to listen to the cry ofanguished humanity, asking them tobuild peace, not on the bloodshed ofthe peoples of the world in the battle-fields of earth, water and air, but ontruth and justice, built into the mindsand consciences of human poop, e. Can'twe do that ? >&gt;

Building trJth and justice into theminds and consciences of human peop. eis what Unesco is seeking to do in itsday to day work. But the work is toooften hampered by all sorts of difficul-ties. Like all other efforts of man,Unesco cannot claim perfection.

That is why. for Unesco. the GeneralConference serves as a means'of shelf.examination. It forces Unesco to takestock of the efforts made as comparedwith the results achieved. At the sametime it enables Unesco's friends notonly to support it, but to offer an ever-watchful and cC'ìstructive criticism.And, in fact, such suggestions or criti-cism concerning Unesco's workingmethods, were frankly voiced by the37 speakers who addressed the Assem-bly during the discussions of the Direc-tor-Gsnerat's annual report. Space,however, permits us to quote only afew of the many important views ex-pressed during the first four days ofthe Conference.

In Our Own Right

M R. George v. Alien, Head of theUnited States delegation, tookthe view that Unesco should

work more closely with the United Na-tions. <&lt;Unesco exists >&gt;, he said « tostrengthen the system of the UnitedNations. How can Unesco best serve theUnited Nations ? I hope that thisquestion w, ll be thoughtfully consideredby evety delegate who proposes a pro-ject to be undertaken by Unesco, orwho votes a budget item during thisconference >&gt;.

M. Georges Bidault, Head of theFrench delegation, speaking a fewhours later, took the opposite view andasked that Unesco should preserve a

As PART of its Paris Conference this year, Unescohas decided to bring before the general public

I an important international debate touching on

one of the great problems of our times : the

duties of the State in the modern world. In this

debate the very conception of the role of the State

will be examined, and with it the role of man and

his rights as a member of society.

It is this close relation between human. rigllts and

the duties of the State, and the need for defining

States'duties so as to safeguard man'siJni'lersa/

rights, which has led Unesco to undertake the greatdebate which will be open to the Pub/icin Paris, and

which will bye heard by radio listeners

the world through specially prepared r

Each evening from September 27 to 29,

THE DUTIES

OF THE STATE

In regard to

Education

Science

and

Culture

AN INTERNATIONAL DEBATE ON

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL

PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT AGE

SPEAKERS INCLUDE.

Georges BIDAULT (France)Reinho. d NIEBUHR (U. S. A.)Bertrand RUSSELL. (U. K.)Jean PIAGET (Switzerland)F. HERCIK Czechoslovakia)Alf SOMMERFELT (Norway)Antonio CASTRO LEAL (Mexico)Tara CHAND (India)

ent world personalities will present their points of

view on the following question : « What are the duties

of the State in regard to education, science and culture

for the purpose of ensuring a better understandingbetween peoples, and what practical steps should be

taken in order to discharge those duties ?))

After the three speakers, five or six ( deboters »

from different countries, particularly representative

of their culture, will take part in a prolonged discussion

of the themes.

degree of independence : ( (... Let usop2rate)). he said « in our own right,in accordance with the essential prin-ciples we share with the United Na-tions, as one of its Agencies, closelyconnected to it, but as an organiza-tion which nevertheless has its ownlife, its own goats, its own intentionsand desires and. be it added, its ownduties').

Nazi speakers stressed the need forUnesco to « concentrate its pro-gramme K. Above all, stated M. PauloCarneiro. head of the Brazilian de : e-gation. <&lt; so that the Secretariat canreally give full thought to each pro-blem H. Other reasons were given byMr Hardman, representative of theUnited Kingdom : « We here at thisConference'\ he said, <&lt; who are learn-ed and intelligent individual men andwomen have a special responsibility asrepresentatives of our Commissions andgovernments. The responsibility is, Ithink, to see that thinking and public.city become action. to ally thoughtwith the doing of things. As it would

be expressed colloquially in parts of mycountry. <&lt; Cut the cackle to a mini-mum and get on with the job". Turn-ing to certain of Unesco's specific acti-pities. Mr Hardman went on : « Whenone thinks that some forty million pa-ges of cyclostyled memoranda and doc-uments in a single year have ema-nated from the Organization, surely itis reasonable that we should ask our-selves. is all this really necessary ?Pursuing the same-one of thought, helater said* : «... the kind of questionsthis business conference must ask it-self is this' « How many people havewe taught to :-ead for the first time intheir lives, since the Beirut Confe-rence ? and not'how many cyclostyl-ed pages of memoranda and luxuryeditions have we published ?.))

mHESE detailed discussions of) Unesco's activities have not meantthat no delegates have tried to

find solutions to the fundamental prob-lems facing mankinct today. Thus, forexample, Mr Mev Yi Chi. the delegate

of China, conc'uded his speech withthese words : <&lt; For mutual understand-ing and appreciation between the Eastand the West, it seems that much ofthe best of the two cultures, in lite-rature, in art and in philosophy, shouldbe brosght out as complementing fac-tors for what we hop2 eventually to ar-rive at-the birth of a world culture.The West is making great strides inthe advanc of modern civilization, butfor an ultimate solution of the situa-tion arising from conflicting ideas andattitudes as we have to-day, we mayneed to search seriously into the phi-losophies of the East and the West,perhaps more of the East.

The Polish delegate, M. Putrament,voiced strong opposition to any Unescoactivities in Germany, thereby differ-ing completely with M. EI Hashimt,the de. egate of Iraq, who had com-p. ained that Unesco was not duingenough there.

At the close of the discussion, theDirector-General ot Unesco replied tothe various speakers. To those who hadcomp. ained that Unesco's programmewas too broad, M. Torres Bodet said :« Instead of asking for resources ap-propriate to secure the aims of the pro-gramme. the programme can bebrought down to the level of the re-sources. But I wou. d point out that theprogramme of which you compiain isnot my programme ; I had it irom youin Beirut, still warm with the enthu-siasm of your discussions. It is, there-fore, you own work that you want toreduce. You are certain. y entitled to do,, 0, but, gentlemen, I b2g yoa to thinkcarefully before you do it, and not toallow yourselves to be guided sole. y byfinancial considerations. Do not let thecurrency devaluation which, in certaincountries, has coincided with this Ses-sion of the Conference, be a sign ofthe deva : uation of Unesco ! >&gt;

Holding out Hope

M TORRES BODET then quoted aletter which he had receivedfo. Iowing his opening speech atthe General Conference. The letterhad stated that it was not « boastfulpropaganda>&gt; to make Twentieth-Cen-tury man familiar with Unesco's aims,but « a way of holding out hopex. « Arewe to be prevented from holding outhope'). asked M. Torres Bodet. « Dowe wish to hold up Unesco's develop-ment in its fourth year of existence atthe very moment when it is becomingfirmly established, when it is beginningto give tangible signs of its resolve andof successful achievement, by deferringfurther progress to a later date ? Or doWè wish to push ahead with yet moreenergy and larger resources ? I do nothesitate to state my conviction that ifwe defer progress to later, it will betoo late. We shall have foundered inapathies. Life is a constant effort. Hewho does not go forward drops back ;he who drops back is lost. There canbe no hesitation btween a great anda little Unesco, between a Unesco which'tands stil. 1 and a dynamic Unesco, es-specially at this ear. y stage in its his-tory, this moment in the world'S his-Mry. Unesco must be a great force ornothing. Our Constitution commits usto greatness. Gentlemen, you no doubtrea. izethisasc. earlyasldo. andlhope In all earnestness that your dis-cussions will make this clear beyond adoubt".

Page 5-UNESCO COURIER

T live Paris exhibition on Human Rights, which

on opens at the Musée Galliéra on October 1, isthe most important achievement to date inH Unesco's plan to publicize the story ofmankind's age-old fight for freedom, so as to

encourage modern man to respect and defend the rightson which it is founded.

The largest public exhibition which Unesco has yetorganized, it has required months of research and pre-paration, and, above all, close collaboration between theUnesco Secretariat in Paris and the Governments andNational Commissions of Unesco's Member States.

Undoubtedly the most striking proof of this success-ful collaboration is that Unesco has been able toassemble a remarkable collection of authentic histo-rical documents upon which are founded the laws andguarantees now enjoyed by citizens of differentcountries.

Loaned by the governments of these countries fordisplay at the exhibition, these origin : J I documents-charters, declarations and drafts-not only advancedthe progress of human rights in their countries oforigin, but were a source of inspiration to people inother land also struggling to achieve freedom.

Documents such as the French Constitution of l7tlfand Lincoln's early draft of the Emancipation Procla-mation which freed the slaves in the United States, bothof which are among those on display, illustrate thefight for human rights throughout the centuries andtheir acknowledgement across the world.

BU. T, tllf'. p ; qn p[J['puse of the exhibition is not simplyto two historic documentary evidence on theprogressive recognition of human rights in different

countries. Primarily, it aims to show the debt thatmankind to-day owes to the"fighters for freedom"ofthe past and that the task they began will only becomplete when the Universal Declaration of HumanRights has been converted into fact.

Emphasizing the universal nature of the responsibi-

lity for achieving and defending human rights and thusbringing out a"world task"theme for the exhibition,the first exhibit at the J\lusée Galliéra is a planetarium.Through its window, visitors will see the earth turningin space-an earth whose political divisions have sym-

Man conquering his FreedUm

bolieally lJeen lefl UlHnHr'ked, And ; as theylook into the window, they will heap arecorded voice repeating the texts of the firstthree articles of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights.

With this spoken prologue in their minds,they can next take a"pocket tom"of man-kind's history from prehistoric times downto the present âay. Illustrated panels andpanoramas show man's slow emancipationand his gradual mastery of nature and him-self : the first tools, the first forms of cultiva-tion, the first affirmations of moral laws andthe later conquest of civic and political rightsillustrate the contributions of all peoples,nations and civilizations to the sum total ofHuman Rights.

nero, having told the story of how manyof the rights. were achieved, the exhibi-tion shows in a series of illustrations

how these rights were abused and violated hytotalitarian states, a state of affairs which ledto the Second World War. A fresh series ofphotographs shows the struggle of the demo-cracies to re-assert the rights and, the even-tual establishment of the United Nations tofound a peace based on the principles laiddown bv President Roosevelt, in his famous"Four Freedoms"message of January 6,1941.

This pictorial"history book"of the last

two Jec : ades leads visitors iuto a second ! jailwhere 14 pillars illustrate episodes relatingto one or more of the 30 articles of the Uni-versal Declaration of Human Rights adoptedby the General Assembly of the United Na-tions on December 10, 1948.

One side of each pillar shows the periodsin history when the rights concerned wererespected and, lower down, when the rightswere violated or ceased to exist. Illustra-tions on the other side of the pillar showsteps in the fight for human rights and theresults achieved in the struggle.

It is hoped in this way to bring home theextent of the debt owed by humanity to thosemen and women whose efforts and sacrificesbuilt up the existing heritage while at thesame time making clear the practical impor-tance of their achievements.

Having told the background story of thefight for Human Rights, the exhibition thenshows some of the"milestones"on the roadto their universal recognition-origina !historic documents from France. Belgiumand the United States.

The last part of the exhibition is devotedto the duties which each person must fulfìlif Human Rights are to become and remaina reality for all, special emphasis beinglaid on the responsibility for creating a betterworld for children.

To show the measure of responsibility forsafeguarding the rights of future genera-tions, a number of ingenious devices havebeen used. One, showing the average numberof children being born in the world duringeach minute is set at zero each morning, and,by the time the exhibition closes in theevening, something like 20, 000 births willhave been registered.

IT is very fitting that the words of Mahat-ma Gandhi, one of the greatest defendersof human rights who ever lived, should

have been chosen as an"epilogue"for visi-tors to read as they leave the exhibition.

In a letter which Gandhi wrote in 1947 toDr Julian Huxley, at that time Director-General of Unesco, he said :"I learnt frommy illiterate but wise mother that all rightsto be deserved and preserved came fromduty well done. Thus, the very right to live'accrues to us only when we do the duty ofcitizenship of the world. From this one fun-

. damental statement, perhaps it is easyenough to define the duties of Man andWoman and correlate every right to somecorresponding duty to be first performed.Every other right can be shown to be an usurpation hardly worth fighting for".

The Human Rights exhibition will be opento the general public from October i untilDecember 31 and arrangements are beingmade for thousands of French school chil-dren to visit it.

Unesco also hopes that it may be possibleto provide Member States with materials fororganizing in European capitals some sim-plified replica of the Paris Exhibition. It isalso hoped that photographic reproductionsand plans of the exhibition may be sent tocountries far from Paris so thaI they too maybe able to hold exhibition :- ;'lltÌ I'P IheÙ.people some idea of what has h.... tl i,,'l1ieved.

In the « Deep South a an old « mammy » waves a handful01 cotton which for so many years was the material symbol01 her people's servitude. In abolishing slavery, the worldwas to learn how to ensure the triumph of human rights :by lulliling a duty that was both national and international.

THE RIGI :

Black slavery continued to flourish until almost the close of the 19th century. For years courageous men fought against thisvicious exploitation of man by man which had begun in the lEth century. An enlightened public opinion finally resulted in inter-national conventions putting a stop to this inhuman tragic (shown above) followed by total emancipation in one country after another.

HOMO HOMINI LUPUS.-Thus Plautus expressed his idea that man is a wolf to his fellow men. Seventeencenturies later. Hobbes voiced the same idea : in our times, it even became the principle of a criminal statepolicy, for which a new word « {genocide)) had to be coined. Does this mean that « the more it changes themore it's the same thing ?)) And yet we have advanced far along the road since the « code)) of King Ham-mourabi, of Babylon, who coldly condemned to death the son of the architect when a house collapsedand killed the landlord's son... since the disillusioned statement of Plautus... since the revolt caused by thequartering of Robert-Francois Damiens (engraving upper left) for having struck King Louis XV with a pocketknife. It is this increasing struggle of the human conscience which will one day testify that « no one shall

be subjected to torture, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment)).

Mars. Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the

United Nations Human Rights Com-

missions, following the adoption of theUniversal Declaration of Human

Rights, declared :"A great satisfaction should permeate the

thoughts of all men, for the great documents

declaring man's inherent rights and freedo : nswhich in the past have been written nationally,

are now merged in an international universal

declaration."To the right, some of the national Documents of

Freedom which have marked the fight for human

rights during the past thousand years.

We must never forget recent scenes suchas these if we wish the Declaration of HumanRights to be anything but an expression ofgood intentions which could again pave theway. to the hells of concentration camps.

FIGHTERS

for

FREEDOM

Six Leadèrs A. Tnollg the

Countless Thousands

lL'ho have det'oted their

Lives to the Cause ofé. :, 3

GROAT BRITAIN

MAGNA CART A (1215),

ONE of the outstanding European landmarks inthe constant struggle for individual liberty,the Great Charter has been a source of inspiration10 many who, in lale.-years, dedicated themselves: 0 the cause of freedom. It defined the condi-

<- ; !'OM unr ! f.'/ ! : c/t tax'M ! / : t 6e/f ! ,/or&eï' : ions under which taxes might be levied, forbadeillegal imprisolllnent or seizure of property.

-"".",'J :., ;,'.

MAGNUS

LAGABOTERS LANDSLOV (1275)

F RO. ; W early times, every free man could speakat the lawmaking councils of Norway and

before the law all men were equal. The Landlovwas a re-codification by King Magnus theLaw-Mender of earlier provincial codes and

defines the powers of government and the sanc-tity of man's person. It expressly forbids trialm ! !/ ! OMf M procM ! o//a ! U aM MrM/ ! 0rtywithout due process of law and assures liberty

of the [-ress and of trade.

(NEMINEM CAPTIV ABIMUS ACTI

(1430)

THIS charter which may be compared withthe British Habeas Corpus Tact, expresslyforbids the imprisonment of any individualwithout fair trial and thell only in accordance withoro ! !/ ! tmprt ! OMMMf o/an_y : ? ! ! t) : Ma/<f/ ! OMf/a !'r : r ! o/ aM r/ ! H on/y t'M accordaMM ! f !'t/ !the laws of the land.

THE DECLARATION

OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) \

LARG EL Y the composition of Thomas Jef-ferson, the Declaration set forth in powerful

prose the rational 18th century concept of the"natural rights"of míw. As its author pointed

out, it was not intended to express any boldly novelthought but rather to crystallize the prevailingsentiment of the time. Its eloquence and force

produced a profound impression on {eoples of othernations.

mmD

DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS

OF MAN (1789)

DURING the first summer of the French Re-volution, Frenchmen produced this state-

ment of t he liberties to which an Ùldividentitled. It maintains that men are born freet1/id equal, proc ! aÙlls free-don ; G : f speech, se. : urityand defense àgainst uppression,. it maintains thatlaws are the expression of the general will of the

people, that no individual can exercise authorityover his fellow men unless elected by the peopleand defines liberty as power to do anything thatdoes not injure others. This document was one

of the chief sources of inspiration 10 people inother lands also srruggling to achie'L'e freedom.

EQUALITY OF THE SEXES-After a longi. struggle, women in many parts of the world

have won equality with men. Today, women aredistinguishing thèmselves in business prafes-sions, the arts, the sciences, medicine andpublic hairs. Research workers, doctors, am-bassadors or musicians, women are henceforthon am equal footing with men... : 7. Times"hote.',. j

INFERIOR BEING....,Slave or goddess, treated-either as a simple child or as an animal,women for centuries have sought to win recognitionof their own human worth and dignity. The lawestablished the inequality of the sexes-and manremained the master. <&lt; Thy banjo. nall feel themeasure of my blows 9 says the French text ofthe engraving reproduced above.

HTS OF MAN

THROUGH THE AGES

UNESCO COURIER-Page 8

]M UnioJlAlJ. f : Ú

(/)cAxA

Now therefore the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and allnations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping thisDeclaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education topromote respect for these rights and freedoms...

ARTICLE I.-Right to equolity.

ARTICLE 2.-Freedom from discrimination.

ARTICLE 3,-Right to life, liberty, personal security.'ARTICLE 4.-Freedom from slavery.

ARTICLE 5.-Freedom from torture, degrading treatment.

ARTICLE 6.-Right to recognition as a person before the law.

ARTICLE 7.-Right to equality before the law..ARTICLE 8.-Right to remedy by competent tribuna/.

ARTICLE 9.-Freedom from arbitrary arrest, exule.

ARTICLE 10.-Right to fair public hearing.ARTICLE «.-Right to be considered innocent until proved guilty.

ARTICLE l2.-Freedom from interference with privacy, ramify, home, correspondence.

"The task is not finished. We should be less generous than prehistoric man it.in our turn, we did not work to ensure for our children a more secure andbetter life than our town."", :

Anatole France.

In. Brief

ARTICLE 13.-Right to free movement in and out of any country.

ARTICLE 14.-Right to asylum in other countries from persecution.

ARTICLE 15.-Right to a nationality and freedom to change ft.

ARTICLE/6.-Right to marriage and family.

ARTtCLE f7.-Right to own properly..ARTICLE I8.-Freedom of belief and religion.

ARTICLE 19.-Freedom of opinion and information.

ARTICLE 20.-Right to peaceful assembly ond association.

ARTICLE 21.-right to participate in government, and in freeelection..

ARTICLE 22.-Right to social security.

ARTICLE 23.-Right to desirable work and to join trade unions.

ARTICLE 24.-Right to rest and leisure.

ARTICLE 25.-right to adequate living standard.

ARTICLE 26.-Right to education.

ARTICLE 27.-Right to participate in the cultural life of community.

ARTICLE 28.-Right to social order assuring human rights.

ARTICLE 29.-Community duties essential.

ARTICLE 30.-Freedom from State or personal interference in theabove rights.

« Everyone has theright to education."Yet even to-day,two-thirds o'theworld's childrenstill lack the schoolsand the teachers tohelp them to playtheir rightful partin the community.

Page 9-UNESCO COURIER

TT T is nine months since I took up my duties as Director-General. Nincmonths is a short time in the history of an organization, and oftenno more than an episode in a man's life. But no period is short for onewho must use every single moment for the maximum amount of

action.As I drafted the report you are about to discuss, I thought at every

stage of the seriousness of this occasion ; in which I meet the GeneralConference of Unesco face to face. And so this will be on my part an actof self-examination ; Unesco would be but a mere bureaucratic mechanismif it did not also provide the opportunity for frank and fruitful exchangebetween those who have faith in its future.

unseen dividend

I will not here reiterate my report. You will, in looking through it, havebecome suffìcienllv aware of our endeavours and of our failures.I might dwell on the former, but feel it my task rnther to stress the

tatter, so as to conceal nothing of the obstacles we have so far failed toovercome.. This is, of course, scarcely the usual way for a managingdirector to give an account of his stewardship to his board ; but Unescois no commercial undertaking. Investments in this venture-the contri-Imlions of your peop) es, the work of our Secretariat-have as theirsingle purpose to assure to every man access to education, culture andscience, to the end that every man may in this way reach true personalfultilment ; thus understanding others better, and be enabled in more en-lightened fashion to serve the cause of human brotherhood.

Such benefits are not reckoned in francs ordollars or pounds ; and yet, without this unseendividend, how precarious is the signilicance ofthe others ! These material attributes of peace,war can destroy at a stroke ; even in peace theymay be endangered should a mechanical inter-dependence of material forces prevnil over afaith and a hope based upon the moral solida-rity of mankind and free cho-operation of men'sminds.

Facing these prospects, which Unesco mayonly ignore at the cost of wif-alJdicat ion, youwill understand Why I am less struck by resultsachieved than by obstacles not yet overcome.woe must act quickly if we are not only toreach our nearest goals, but to strengthen themoral authority of our Organization.

In the course of my various travels this yearI met many who knew nothing of Unesco. Theywere forthright and honest men who would notwish to judge us with the elegant scepticismadopted by certain high priests of culture ; theywere modest, vulllPI'aiJle men like ourselves ;our brothers, for whom Unesco was created-and yet to whom our very purpose is unknown ;men to whom we have not stretched out ourhands to draw them to us, though they wouldbe our most devoted and ardent helpers andfriends, if they could only be made aware ofour existence.

This, gentlemen, is my real report to you. Thedocument you have in your hands details ourwork in these past months (1) ; it is the Direc-tor-Generat's account. But I am now adding myreport to you as a man ; and this I can do in a

handful of words : Unesco is still for the mostpart a blueprint, and to bring it to full andselective fruition vve must redouble our efforts.

Each year in conference we trace anew onlhe blueprint the outlines of the building,we adjust some detail of the fabric or theplan, we debate the niceties of departmentalfunctions, we sum up what the Secretariat hasachieved and regret that it has been unable todo more. But Unesco is not a Secretariat alone ;il is an institution whose influence must extendover the whole world, the Secretariat being nomore than as it were the nerve centre. Ofcourse it has its own part to play ; but first ofall it should help the other participants, aboveall the Member States, to play their parts. Itstasks are to receive and pass on the views ofthe National Commissions, to see to it that norequests and no replies go astray. We cannotconch : vie a nerve centre, except in terms of theliving organism whose cohesion and action itensures. Yet in our case it is often as though,my some strange physiological paradox, the ner-vous system were still in search of its physicalorganism.

BIueprÍnt and Fabric

r-]'HERE an'already, it is true, a number ofJ. National Commissions. But how manyof them meet regularly ? How many have

attempted to start local branches ? How man'answer our enquiries, or endeavour to carryout our programme ? Observers may say thatwe are asking too much ; that our question-naires are too numerous and end by becominga burden. And there is no doubt that we muststill improve the methods of work of the Se-cretariat. Our documents would gain by beingmore concise, and vve should allow more timefor answers to reach us. I will do my best tobring about these improvements. Tlie Secre-lariat should keep in constant touch with thosebodies which are the sources of its strengthand authority. Where National Commissionsare active and powerful, Unesco has begun tobreak down the blank wall of general indiffe-rence. Where Commissions do not exist, orare out of touch with the realities, Unesco isno more than a token.

The very nature of this Organization demandsthat the peoples of all its Member States makea similar effort-though graded to theirmeans-to participate in our work. Hence Ifeel it my duty at the outset of this FourthSession of the General Conference to make anappeal to you. Your discussions will give meguidance and lines of policy. lour decisionson the most important items on the agenda,such as programme priorities-which governthe distribution of the budget-the total ofthe budget itself, the plan for technical assis-lance for the economic development of the lessfortunate countries, will be of exceptional im-portance for our future.

But the fundamental problem remains un-touched : how are we to breathe purposeful andvaried life into these various nationat Unescosin the several countries, whose steady partici-pation can alone enable the international Unes-co to develop ? You are about to examine theduties which fall upon the State in regard toeducation, science and culture, for the purposeof ensuring a better understanding betweenpeoples. May I here stress once again what Iwrote at the end of the Report which is before

(1) A summary of this report'U'as published in thespecial 32-page Conference issue of the Courier last1/month.

you, and say onceagnin how much benefitUnesco may draw from your debates on thistheme ?. '"

No Laboratory of Illusions

OF two truths I am convinced, and neitheris.. COllplet yitheut he other :. of thehistoric mission of Unesco, and of thesincerity of the countries which have under-taken to carry out that mission. I hope there-fore that no one will misunderstand thefrankness with which I underline weaknesseswhich are temporary and remediable. I trustrather that you will mark in this outline ofmine, far from any pessimism which I woulddeny, my concern for objectiveness.

I have a deep faith in Unesco, and that iswhy I will not have it regarded as a collectionof symbols and a laboratory of illusions. Theidealism expressed in our Constitution is nota smoke-screen, designed to conceal the hardfacts of reality from the simple-minded. Weare not merchants of day-dreams. The cam-paigns we have launched against the economicobstacles which impede the free circulation ofprinted material is not an abstract strugglewaged with phrases and speeches, but a concreteundertaking employing concrete means, namely,international agreements submitted to govern-ll1ents for signature... Our Book Coupon Scheme, designed to enable

soft-currency countries to obtain books andperiodicals published in hard-currency coun-tries, is hardly a metaphysical speculation. Oureducational missions to the Philippines and toThailand have had-just as the one now inAfghanistan-to get hold of the human truthsunderlying the problems they were sent to solve.Whether or what action will be taken as aresult of their findings is not for us to deter-mine. But the eager and trustful welcome ac-corded to these missions in these countrieswhich had asked for them encourage us, sinceit demonstrates that frontiers are not alwaysimpassable barriers tao'positive internationalaction.

Mere Symbolist

THERE is nothing illusory, either, in the workof our scientific cooperation oflìcf's. Therequests for information and for advice

which they receive, the facts they have provided,t the contacts they have established, are all rea-listic and beneficial achievements. And wliatcould be more practical than our effortsto increase the number of fellowships,than our surveys of technical needs ofpress, film and radio, than our endeavoursto improve the techniques of fundamental edu-cation, or to mobilize private organizations onbehalf of the rebuilding of devastated countries ?Without claiming undue credit for such emer-gency help as woe have ourselves been able toafford, I should like to remind you that thisvery year, thousands of Arab and Greek chil-dren have learnt to utter the name of Unescowith affection.

Thus we do not \york in the abstract. Andyet we must acknowledge that, through inade-quacy of means, our action is sometimes sore ; ; : t ricted a ; ; : to appear merely symbolic.In an undertaking such as ours, worldwidein scope, quantity is often the pre-condi-

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

UNESCO COURIER-Page 10

AN ACT OF SELF-EXAMINATION

-

There is here a living presence which governs all our

tasks : Twentieth Century Man. His presence, though

unseen, is our spur It spurs us because it commits us ; and

committing US, will judge us'

(Continued from page 9)

tin both of quality and of reality. Slated inanother way, tne question we face in our workis not so much that, of taking initiative, as orhaving the means-means in terms of men.technicians and experts, in terms of finance.cash and materials. without a concurrent andcombined increase in all these means, what wecall the concentration of our programme couldnot but lead to sheer surrender. To concen-trate is not to contract ; even less is it to para-lyse..

I should not forgive myself if I allowed theslightest doubt to exist as to my view of thismatter. I am in favour of concentration of our

programme ; we have been straining for monthstowards that end. Even if we should concen-trate all our projects into a single resolution- for example, for the provision of fundamen-

tal education, which hundreds of millions ofmen and women still lack-Unesco's existencewould still be justilied. But it would no longerbe justified if, having confined ourselves to thissingle field, we further limited ourselves, aswe have far too often had to do in other partsof our work, to the drafting of memoranda, thedespatch of prospectuses and bulletins, thesending hither and thither of experts unprovi-ded with the means to carry out the education-al campaigns draw up on paper. We need onlythus reduce the notion of concentration of

programme to its absurd conclusion (0 see howvital it is to give Unesco's work firm roots, and

II believe in the future

to go to the heart of situations which we havehitherto done hardly more than catalogue.

There are still not very many fundamentaleducation. specialists,. some may object. But itis not for us to direct the necessary funda-mental education campaigns on the nationallevel. This requires a political authority whichwe du not possess, and linanclal means to whichwe cannot aspire. what is expected of us onthe international plane is that we should helpin planning campaigns, in perfecting techniquesand above all in increasing the number of spe-cialists. That is indeed our purpose. Before theEconomic and Social Council's resolution of4 March 1949, we had already devoted muchtime and a not inconsiderable part of our re-sources to technical assistance tasks. Yet if weare to train qualified experts in sufficient num-bers to avoid a Iragie failure to meet the world'sneeds, we must prepare for immense efforts,have the necessary time, and hp given increasedlinancial resources.

The deeper we go into the problem whichat first we had to be content merely to skim,the more clearly we realize that if L'nesco is toserve the cause of peace, it must concentrateon mankind's concrete needs. It must heneither an academy preaching the virtues oftheoretical pacifism without considering the

ways of attaining peace, nor an institutiunwhich, in the name of the primacy of the in-tellect, regards culture as end in itself, ar-lilicially set apart from the economic and socialfactors which govern its growth.

Our mission then is both militant and prac-tical. It rules out all « conformism ». There is

nothing less conformist than the programmeof our Organization. Is our aim to enable allmen to read and write a conformist one ? Orour effort to make the Rights of Man knownin every teaching establishment ? Or our cam-

paign in favour of the free circulation of ideas' ?If there is such a thing as a cultural force ofsocial change, then we are indeed the instru-ment of that force. If there is a bold courageouskind of peace-the antithesis of a peace ofresignation-then it is indeed that heroicpeace prescribed for all men in the Final Artsigned in London in 1945 not a truce imposedhy weariness, but. a real peace, based on justiceand understanding. a peace built on the senseof responsibility of each and all.

Let me dwrll on this point. The concordwhich it is our duty to cement through educa-tion, science and culture will be as nolhing ifthe peoples of the wOrld do not found it on

freedom- freedom for all men, But can weimagine effective freedom unless all men areinvested with genuine responsibility ? Letothers dangle before the unknowing the illusionof freedom unearned, of rights without duties,of

of such deceit. For our duty of all duties is IIunderstand, and to make it understood. that allthe problems of mankind merge into the one

/,/'II1, lI'lII of man's freedom ; and hat every free-dom implies. whether for the community or theindividual. inescapable responsibilities. It wasin Paris under siege that the aged Miechele

repeated, with all The conviction of his youth,his is famous utterance, that admirable profession

of faith in the fertilily of fl'ee will and. eIf-decision : <&lt; I I believe the future. becauseI make it >&gt;.'

But how can we inspire in every man theconsciousness of his responsibilities, if we donot ourselves begin with a definition of thosewhich fall to this our own Organization ?

All those assembled here know and feel hownecessary Unesco is. More than ever before, theclauses of the Constitution acquire the strengthof commandments. Neither politics nor ambition.nor even the thirst for knowledge nor love ofthe arts have brought us together. What bindsus together is the betief that the peoples mustunderstand and help one another. But it is vitalthat this belief should remain continually livewithin us and should inspire all our views and

policies.Unesco, which will one day become the

living Republic of Minds, the organic hond be-twern all men serving truth consciously, isas yet in many respects no more than a pieceof administrative machinery. We know the dan-get that has always beset all administrations.They all too easily degenerate into soullessmechanisms, where life is stifled ; where wordsswallow up meaning, the letter destroys the

... because

I make it'

Michelet

spirit. other men's faces fade into mere conceptsthe most moving experience dissolves into aspeech, into vague and lifeless affirmations.Our first duty, in this mission which is assi-gned to us is vigilance. We fighl against theforce of habit. The vigil on the eve of battleis doubless often an occasion of austere gran-deur. bul nobler still is the determination ofthose who are conscious, as we'must all beconscious, of taking part in the'night-watchthat precedes true peace.

Not from Olympus

Our eyes must remain wide open. Everyitem in the programme must remainliving, a fraternal inspiration, it is

in that spirit that the United Nation adop-ted the Universal Declaration of the rightsof Man. The authors of that documentsdid not sec themselves as historians. sub-mitting for the applau"e of peciailists asurvey of our legislative inheritance. Theythrew down a challenge ; and in that challenge,though in thi language of lawyers, lives thecry of man. Every right is a basic demand ofthe individual, or of society ; it is an act ofdefiance to the forces of injustice. These rightsdo not flow down from Olympus as mysterious

gifts of benevolent lawgivers. They spring fromthe peoples'needs. They voice the peoples'deepest, desires.

when we enumerate man's rights, we are also

enumerating duties to be accomplished. Nonetouches us more nearly than the right to edu-cation. Who can remain unmoved on readingArticle 26 of the Declaration :

« Everyone has the right to education.... Edu-cation shall bc directed to the full developmentof the human personality and to the strengthen-ing of respect for human rights and funda-

ing. tolerance and friendship among all na-tions...»

To these words, in our conscience othersecho : two-thirds of all men are illiterate, two-thirds of the children alive today still awaitschools and teachers to help them to become

responsible citizens, to make them free. Theystill await the time when the right to education,which now they ar unable to claim in writing,

To Concentrate is not to contract,

even less to paralyze

Human Rights and education go hand in hand. ThePreamble to Unesco's Constitution proclaims that"wide diffusion of culture and the education of

humanity for justice and liberty and peace areindispensable to the dignity of man".

ceases to be a phrase and becomes a reality.Perhaps the) look to Unesco for just this Only,it must be clearly underslood that this Unescoto which the eves of mankind are turned is nota house in the Avenue Kleber, nor a team oftechnicians, nor a gathering of learued people,nor an academy of thinkers :-it is, first andforemost fifty governments.

What is true for education is similarly truefor culture and science.

« Eecl"yune >&gt;, stateS Artlicle 27 of the Decla-ration, ( has the right freely to participate inthe cultural life of the community, to enjoy thearts and to share in scientific advancement andits benefits.

Culture and Bread

Mex need culture in fact as much as theyneed bread. They want their share ofmankinds spiritual inheritance, they de-

sire themselves to live its change and growth,to attempt to enrich it. That must cume to

pass it they are tu be, in the full sense, men,it the culture of their countries is to bp some-Ihing Jibing. The future historian may admireour puets, our painters, our musicians ; but itis to be feared that he will add : thee greatwen were isolated individuals, living apart,unknown of the people-of the <&lt; masses » asthe saving was. Those ( « masse » were born.worked and died without sharing in a culturefor the sake of which they were neverthelessasked from time to time to surrender theirpossessions and their lives.

As to science, it is true that research hasblossomed impressively in certain lands andbrought them a plemtude of well-being andpower. But it is far from having developedequally everywhere. There are other lands inwhich all that is knawn of modern science isthe havoc which its wrongful use can cause.The task is therefore in the first place to spreadthe benefits of science everywhere, and stillmore to foster the desire for science every-where, to nurture the scientific spirit, to buildthe foundations of science everywhere. To dothis, it is not enough to distribule manufacturesand to familiarize people with mere techniques.What matters is that all peoples should beable to equip their own laboratories and li-braries, train their own specialists, inspire theirown research workers. Until these aims areachieved, there can be no talk of the equalityof men before science.

What are you going to do, gentlemen, tomeet such great needs and such high duties ?I can only listen to your debates with tense

expectancy. But, this expectancy will be moret. han the natural concern felt bv evry inter-national official for the future of his organiza-tion : it will be the anxiety born of the faithwhich I have placed in the will of the peopleand the respect I hold for the indomi-table hope that fills men's hearts. There aredoubtless hundreds of millions of men whoknow nothing of the aims of this Conferenceor of the verb purposes of Unesco. But it isdemanded of (his Conference, as it is demandedof Unesco as a whole, not to answer thesemiHions'unknowingness by knowing them not.

There is here a living presence which governsall our tasks : Twentieth-Century Man, for whomwe must open the path of intellectual andmoral solidarity, which our Constitution pro-claims as the essential foundation of worldpeace. His presence, though unseen, is our spur.It spurs us because it commits us ; and com-

mitting us, will judge us.

Page IT-UNESCO COURIER

GRLEK REFUGEES MUST HAVE AID

EACH member of a Greek refugee

family receives 1, 000 drachmaef. (l0 cents) and 115 grammes ofbread per day. Only a miracleof moral and physical resistance

has so far enabled these masses ofhuman beings to survive in the condi-tions to which they have been subject-ed. Il the refugees are not resettle

by next winter, it is to be feared thatunder-uourishment will be followed byserious epidemics.

The gravity of the refugee situationin Greece and the urgent need forrelief measures on an internationalscale were brought home to Unesco's

Executive Board on September 15, byfacts such as these, contained in a

report on Greece made by ProfessorPaulo de Berredo Carneiro, of Brazil,

following a special mission to the war-wracked country in July.

After hearing the report, the Exec-utive Board submitted a resolutionfor the approval of Unesco's General

Conference, now meeting in Paris,

recommending that a world appeal bemade to raise the S 47, 500, 000 requiredfor Greek educational and culturalreconstruction. It also suggested thecreation of a special fund, underUnesco's administration, and intowhich contributions in response toUnesco's appeal would be paid.

Professor Carneiro emphasized that

any educational reconstruction pro-gramme would also require the solu-tion of the larger problem posed bythe re-settlement of 700, 000 refugeesdriven from their homes in NorthernGreece. The Executive Board there-fore suggested that Unesco should callon the United Nations to study the

possibility of providing internationalhelp for this re-settlement work, forwhich a total of S 93, 000, 000 is still

required.

IF the general situation in Greece istragic that of the refugee childrenis particularty pitiful ; most havenever known any other way of life

than that of war and semi-starvation.Professor Carneiro reports that 338, 000

boys and girls, one third of themunder six years of age, have emigratedfrom the Northern provinces.

BEFORE THE WINTER

« nearly all these children are,

together with their families, refugeesin camps or communal dwelling)},he says. ( (I have been able from mycontacts with them and from further

information... to gauge the fuli extentor their phYJ ! cal misery and moraldtstress.

( Their only food consists ot asmall ration of milk in the morningand soup and bread during the day.

Owing to the lack of space, they livein clæe quarters-width the adults, intents or rooms accommodating any-

thing between 6 and 10 persons.« (Their extreme emaciation, pale

faces and terror-stricken look createan extraordinary impression. Fromdawn till dusk, these phantom chil-dren wander hungrily around their

camps barefoot, with their clothes inshreds, and their elders looking yon

compassionately but powerlessly...« The little orphans and stray

children are looked rafter by the Organ-ization that Her Majesty the Queen

of Greece has set up to assist them.It is responsible for 18, 000 children,wtco are accomodated in 52 colonies

(Paldopolis).( (It is a moving thing to see the

ìlhys ; cal and mental transformationwhich the children admitted to thesecolonies undergo)}, adds ProfessorCarneiro.

DEALING with the general problem ofrefugees and its repercussions, Pro-fessor Carneiro stresses the extre-

me difficulty of the economi con-dltions facing the Greek Government.

(\ The total number of men, womenand children who are refugees...amounts to somewhat over 700, 000, or10 % of the population. >&gt;, he says.« (Thf' immediate result of their exoduswas a deep economic depression...

Impoverishmg about 1, 000, 000 : nhab :-tants elsewhere.

«In all, 34 % of the population

today live on appropriations from twnational budget... showing it is

impossible four Greece of itself to meetthe claims on its financial resources.

« The maintenance of these 700, 000

refugees has solar cost the GreeTi ;Government a sum equivalent to

: : ; 85, 000, 000. If this state of thingswere to continue, there would be no

hope of securing such internationalassistance as would save Greece From

irreparable catastrophe. >&gt;« rhe po ! : t ! cc s : tMat : 07t o : ues( (The political. situation gives

grounds for hope that the refugeeswell gradually be able to return totheir fields and villages. This process,

however, will be extremely costly. The

refugees will be largely returning toa scorchEd earth area ; they will haveto be gwen new homes, cattle, farm

buildings, clothing and agricultural

implements. Until the next harvestthe State will have to feed them.'

{ the total sum required to carryout the resettlement IS $ 138, 000, 000.Such is the economic and financial

problem that faces the GreekGovernment and that it must settleat an early date if worse is not to

befall. A sum of $ 50, 000, 000 has beenset aside from Marshall Plan funds asa reserve for this purpose, but itremains to find $ 93, 000, 000. >&gt;

« It would be useless to try to'

improve present educational and cur.tural conditions in Greece before thematerial recovery of the country as awhole hand been brought about >&gt;, says

Professor Carneiro, { (If Unesco wantsto accomplish anything useful, sitmust first obtain from the UnitedNations and its Specialized Agenciesthe necessary help for the technical

re-equipment and resumption otGreece's agricultural and industrial

product n, >&gt;

THE Greek crisis, which is due tothe international troubles thatnave tragically affected the

country's political and economic lifesince 1940, will only be solved with theassistance of a world that is conscious

of its duties.« It is in the name of culture that

Unesco must issue its appeal to thewhole world on behalf of Greek chil-dren >j, concludes Professor Carneiro.« Unesco is a cultural organizationand cou ; d therefore find no better

patrons for : ts enterpr : se than thetowering shades of those illustriousGreeks who gave fresh impulse to art

philos') phy and science.( (The little Greek who for threr

years has been a refugee in a camp tunEpirus or Macedonia is the descendantof this liTle of leaders that ushered tna new era for mankind.

« (Unesco will remind the children

of the world, who daily delight in thesongs af Iliad and the Odyssey,contemplate the beauty of Greekstatuary, take their first lessons insreometry or astronomy, or revive thedebates of the Academy or the

Lyceum, that this mount at whichthey quench their athirst has its source: 7t the same Greece that asks of them.

to-day, a gesture of gratitude andfriendship. »

-,

SA VING

OUR

RESOURCES

by

Eleen

SA1Jl

PEOPLE uften think uf <&lt; prutectiun

of nature>&gt; as cuncerned onlYwith natiunal parks and reserves.and the preservation of animal

and plant species threatened with extinc-tion. But this Is only a limited part ofnature protection which Is concernedwith man's entire natural environment,Including the earth's renewable natu-ral resources. That these natural re-sources are not inexllauslible is nu lung-er in doubt. The problem is how toutilize nature's resources for man'shenetlt and at the same time maintain abalance between human demands andthe earth's productivity.

This is the problem which broughttogether at Lake Success for threeweeks in August and September morethan six hundred scientists, engineersand technologists from nearly sixty dif-ferent countries and a score of interna-tional organizations. Tile'were attend-ing the United Nations Scientific Confer-ence on the Conservation and Utilizationuf Resuurces (UNSCCUR) and the Inter-national Technical Conference on theProtection of Nature. The second confer-ence was convened juintly by UNESCOand the International Union for theProtection of Nature. As Mr. FairfieldOsborn, President of the ConservationFoundation, said in one of the meet-ings, the earth's resources are unim-portant in themselves : man is depen-dent on them, and it is his business tosee how they are used and how theyare distributed. But utilization in itselfcreates other far-reaching problems.

T lIUS, while the economists and tench-nicians of UNSCCUR were ex-clranging information on new

techniques fur wresting more wealthfrom the earth's resources, the biolo-gists and other scientists attending the

\a ! ure Protection Conference deliho'-ated. uver the 1>o., siblr cun, equences luIIII' ! Jalance of nature, tllat is to suynature's natural state, of the e. L'ploil-aliun of furmerly undat !/o]Jed region".Tiley daoted three of their elaen spe-('iali ; ed meetings to discussing the bestlecllltiques to be used in educating child-ren and adults alike to a greater a]J) J/>e-/"iation of nature, and to au ; areness o {Ilteir responsibility to {uture generatio/l,'for sa {eguarding nature's resources.

To exploit a natural resource in orderto get tile highest economic)"ip1--/with-out considering the total biologicaleffect on the regions concerned andperhaps eventually on the world, isirresponsible and shortsighted. That iswhy questions as to the effects of « pian-ned enterprises on the balance ofnature, the possible consequences onnatural associations of the generalizeduse of anti-parasitic products (DDTetc.), and of the uncontrolled introduc-tion of exotic species, were given spe-cial attention. Several of the Resolutionswhich the conference passed dealt withthe basic problem of keeping the ba-lance of nature where interference byman has also brought about destruction,and protecting rare species from be-

coming extinct. This is one reason whyit is essential to maintain as wide avariety as possible of representativenatural communities and environments.They are a means of helping us to un-derstand how to manage animal andplant life, and how to apply scientificknowledge in our social economic andi I) d ustrla I life.

THE different aspects of nature pro-j tectiun are so varied-eduea-tiunally, seientit1call\", aesthetical-

ly,-that tI ; ey clearly enìer within theinterests of other United nations Specia-sized. agencies, such as \\"HO anù F, \O.besides UNESCO. Thus one resolutionof the Conference calls on \VHO, FAOand UNESCO to investigate the esta-blishment of a Permanent Joint Com-mission on Pesticides to deal with theeffective regulation of the use of insectand other pest killers.

The significance of these two confer-ences. front)) ie human point of view,was illustrated by M Antoine Gilding.LX. Deputy. \,, istJnl-Secretary-Gene-ral for Economic Affair,, who stressedtheir importance for the United Nationsprogramme of technical assistance.<&lt; I Jill afraid >&gt;, he said, <&lt; that we shallcome lip against failures and seriouscome up against failures and seriousdifficulties if the human aspect of thisgreat programme is not examined withcare... I am sure that the results ofyour work'sill he of great use to me. >&gt;

CARTOONS'ANI)'FILMs

IN

CHINA

A TEACHING technique which hasproved its value in education Isthe use of audlo. visual mate-

rials such as films, filmstrips, radioand charts. Such materials, capableof conveying basic ideas and knowledge without the use of written words.are of special use in fundamentaleducation.

There is, however, a grpat shortageof materials suitable for this branchof education and it was this need thatprompted Unesco, towards the end 011948. to launch n project for the pre-paration of sample audit-visual materials for fundamental education.

In view of the promising workalready carried out in this field byChina. Unesco asked Mr Hugh Hub-bard, its regional representative there,to discuss the project with the Chineseauthorities.

The original plan was to make theexperiment a joint enterprise betweenUnesco and three Chinese agencies-the Chinese Mass Education Move-ment, the Kiangsu Provincial Collegeat Wusih and the Audio-Visual Centreof Nanking University.

EARLY this year, however, comma.E nieations between Eastern andWestern China became extremely dif-ficult owing to the war in China andit was decided to carry out the projectin the experimental"field"of theMass Education Movement at Pehpei,about 25 miles north of Chungking.

Here, in West China, virtually cutoff from the coast where most of thetechnical facilities are situated, theproject team is forced to work withvery limited equipment and facilities.

The purpose of the project was toprepare sets of filmstrips and posters,slides, cards, plays or other dramatic

Mr Norman McLaren. o (Canada's National Film Board, recently arrive) nChina to join Unesco's Audio-Visual Project team. Above, he applies hisoriginal technique of drawing cartoons directly on film. (C : NFB rhot,,).

at Huang Ke Chen where a campaignfor vaccination, without the use ofvisual aids, was launched by the MassEducation Movement a few weeks be-fore the experiment. As a result ofthe use of audio-visual aids, manymore people came in and asked to bevaccinated.

To test the effectiveness of the newmaterials, two local areas, Shih TzeHsiang and Kuang Ke Chen havebeen chosen, each having a popula-tion of about 11, 000 people. Thesurveys in these areas will be carriedout by the sociology department of theCollege of Rural Reconstruction atPehpei, which co-operates closely withthe project activities.

Although the material limitationsl1h'an hardship for the staff, the valueof the project gains by the fact thatthe experience obtained will be usefulill the future, for technical facilitiesare likely at best to be rudimentaryIII most"fundamental education"arenas.

The audio-visual project will pro-bably be completed by the end of 1949,after which a report on the work willbe published and samples of the mate-rials produced made available to thegovernments of Unesco's MemberStates.

media with human or puppet actors,recordings for broadcasts and a short16 mm. animated cartoon film.

As one of China's greatest needs is"education for-health", the topicchosen for the project's productionswas"A Healthy Village"so as to illus-trate, simply but vividly, to the Chi-nese peasants the rules of hygiene andmeans of protection against disease.

Later, it was decided to preparematerials on such subjects as smallpoxand vaccination, trachoma, safe drink-ing water and food, the use of D. T. T.,health habits and tetanus.

By the end of May, the team hadproduced three hand colouredfilmstrips ; four wall posters, hand-

bills and a connected plctun'on vac-cination ; five sets of drawings for Himstrips, posters, handbills and a picturestory on trachoma. Work is nowbeing done on the subjects of safedrinking water and food.

In August, Mr Norman McLaren,head of the Animation Department ofthe National Film Board of Canada,flew to China as a special technicaladviser to the project staff, whichincludes six Chinese artists. Duringhis four months'assignment, Mr Mc-Laren will train the artists in anima-tion techniques for the eventual pre-paration of a cartoon film.

The first practical application of thematerials already prepared was made

OF HUMAN RIGHTSUNIVERSAL DECLARA

ARTICLE I All hUman, beings, are born. freeall equal In dignity and rights.

They arc endowed with reason and conscience<lnd should act towards one another in a spirit

of brotherhood.

ARTICLE 2 l. Everyone is entled to all therights and freedoms set forth in

Unis Declaration, without distinction of any

kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, reli-

gion, political, or other opinion, national or so-cial origin properly, birn or other status

. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made

on the basis of the political, jurisdictionnal

or international status of the country or terri-

lury to which a person belongs, whether it be

independent, trust, non-self-governing or under

any other limitation of sovereignty.

ARTICLE 3 Everyone has the right to life,

liberty and security of person.

ARTICLE 4 No one shall be held in slavcry or servitude ; slavery and the

slave trade shall be prohibited in all their

forms.

No one shall be subjected tor-ture or to cruel, inhuman or

degrading treatment or punishment : \lllllg

ARTICLE 6 Everyone has the right to recog-nition everywhere as a person

before the law

ARTICLE 7 All are equal before the law and arc entitled without any discri-

munation to equal protection of the law. All

are entitled to equal protection against any dis-

crimination in violation of this Declaration and

against any incitement to such discrimination.

ARTICLE 8 Everyone has the right to aneffective remedy by the compe-

tent, national tribunals for acts violating the

fundamental rights granted him by the constitu-tion or by law,

No one shall he subjected to ar- bitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Evcryunc is entitled in full

equality to a fair and public

hearning by an independent and impartial tribu-

nal, in the determination of his rights and

obligations and of any criminal charge againsthim.

ARTICLE II. Everyone charged with a pe-

nal offence has the righL to be

presumed innocent until proved guilty accor-

ding lu law in a public Lrial at which he hashad all the guarantes necessary for his de-

fence.

2. No one shall he held guilty of any penal

offence on account of any act or omission which

did not constitute a penal offence, under national

or international law at the time when it was

COMPLETE TEXT ADOPTED ON 10 DECEMBER 1948 BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF UNITED NATIONS,)

AT THE PALAIS DE CHAILLOT PARIS

2. Everyone has the right, of equal access tu

public scrvicc in his country.3. The will of thc people shall be the basis

of the authority of government ; this will shall

be expressed in periodic and genuine elections

which sllall be by universal and equal suffrage

and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent

free voting procedures.

Iveryune, as a member of socio-

ty, has the right (0 social secu-rity and is enl idcd to realization, through na-

tional elIort and intcmational eo-opcration und

in accordance with the organization and re-

sources of each State, of the economic, social

and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity

and the free development of his personality.

ARTICLE 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employ-

ment, to jusl and favourable condilions of workand to protection against unemployment.

2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has

the right to equal pay for equal work.

3. Everyone who wurks has the right to just

and favourable remuneration ensuring for hun-

self and his family an existence worthy of hu-

man dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by

other means of social protection.

4. Everyone has the right to form and to

join trade unions for the protection of hisinterest.

ARTICLE 24 Everyone has the right to rcst and leisure, including reasonable

limitation of working hours and periodic holi-

days with pay.

ARTICLE 25 I. Everyone has the right to astandard of living adequate for

till) health and well-being of himself and of

group unit of society and is entitled to protec-lion by society and the State.

ARTICLE 17 t. Everyone has the right to own

property alone as well as in as-sociation with others.

2. NO one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his

property.

Everyone has the right to free-ARTICLE 18 dom of thought, conscience and

religion ; lids right includes freedom Lo changehis religion or belief, and freedom, either alone

or in community with others and in public or

private, to manifest his religion or beiief in

teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Everyone has the right, to free-dom of opinion and expression ;

this right includes freedom to hold opinions

without interference and to seek, receive and

impart information and ideas through any me-dia and regardless of frontiers.

ARTICLE 20 . Everyone has the right tofreedom of peaceful assembly

and association

2. No one may be compelled to belong to an

association.

I. Everyone has the right to take

part in the government of his

country, direclly or through freely chosen rep-resentatives

committed. Nor shall a heavier penally be impo-

spd than the one that was applicable at the

time the penal offence was committed.

ARTICLE 12 No one shall be subjected to ar-

bilrary interference with his pri-

vucy, family, nome or correspondence, nor toattacks UpOn his honour and reputation. Every-

one has the right lo the protection of the

law against such interference or attacks.

ARTICLE 13 I. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and resi-

dence within the borders of each State.

2. Everyone has the right to leave any coun-

try, including his own, and to return to his

country.

L Everyone has the right toseek and to enjoy in other coun-

Lries asylum from persecution.

2. This right may not be invoked in the case

of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-

pobtical crimes 0r from acts contrary to the

purpose and principles of the United Nations.

ARTICLE 15 1. Everyone has lhe right lo a

nationality."2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his

nalionalily nor denied the right to change his

natiotiaiity.

ARTICLE 16 I. Men and women of full age,without any limitation due to

race, nationalily or religion, have the right to

marry and to found a family. They are entitledto equal rights as to marriage, during marriage

and at its dissolution.

2. Marriage shall be entered into only with

Lhe free and full consent of the intending

spouses.3. The family is the natural and fundamental

his family, indudiug food, clothing housing

and medieal eare and necessary social services,

and the rigllL to security iu the event of

unemployment, sickness, disability. widow-

hood, old age or other lack of livelihood incircumstances beyond his control

:. 2 Motherhood and childhood are entitled to

special care and assistance. All childrenwnethers born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoywnether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy

the same social ; protection

ARTICLE 26 I. Everyone has the righL toeducation. Education shall be

free at least in the elementary and funda-

mental stages. Elementary education shall be

compulsory. Teehnical and professional educa-tion shall be made generally avaible and higher

education shall be equally accessible to all on

one basis of merit.

2. Education shall be directed to the full

development of the human personality and to and toune strengthening of respect for human rights

and fundamenal freedoms It shall promote

understanding, tolerance and friendship amongunderslanding, tolerance and friendship among

all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall

further the activities of the United Nations for

the maintenance of peace.

3. Parents have a prior right to choose the

kind of education that shall be given to their

children

ARTICLE 27 1. Everyone has the right freelyto participate in the cultural

life of the community, to enjoy the arts and

lu share in scientific advancement and its

benefits.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection

of the moral and material interests resulting

from any scientific, literary or artistic produc-

tion of which he is the author.

ARTICLE 28 Everyone is entitled to a socialand international order in which

the rights and freedoms set forth in this

Declaration can be fully realized

ARTICLE 29 I. Everyone dulies to thecommunity in which atone the the

free and full development of his personality is is

possible.2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms,

everyone shall be subject only to such limita-tions as are determined by law sotety for the

prupose of securing due recognition andrespectfor the rights and freedoms ofothers and of

meeting the just requirements ofmorality

public order and the general welfare in a demo- in a demi-cratic society.

3. These rights and freedom may in no case

be exereised contrary to the purposes and

principales of the United Nations.

ARTICLE 30 Nothing in this Declaralion may be interpreted as implying for

any State, group or person any right to engage

in any activity or to perform any act aimed at

t the destruction of any of the rights and

freedom set, forth herein.