9 Manufactured Substances

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 9 : Manufactured Substances in Industry

CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A : SULPHURIC ACID

Learning Outcomes

You should be able to: list uses of sulphuric acid explain industrial process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid explain that sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.

Activity 1 : SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the .Process.

2. Contact Process consists of three stages:(Complete the table below )

Stage 1 Preparation of (a) gas

Chemical equation : S + O 2 SO 2

Stage 2

Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

Chemical equation : (b). + .. .

Catalyst : (c)..

Temperature : (d).. oC

Pressure : (e).. atm

Stage 3

Production of sulphuric acid

Chemical equation : (f) + H 2SO 4 ..

(g). + H 2O .

3. State six uses of sulphuric acid.

i)..

ii)..

iii).. ..

iv).

v)

vi). ..

4. .gas from the burning of product manufactured

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from sulphuric acid can cause disease and rain.

5. Figure 1 below shows the waste product from a factory which affect the quality of theenvironment.

a) By referring to the Figure 1 above, state the following,

i) Types of waste products and their sources.

ii) How acid rain is formed and its effect.

Formation of acid rain:.

.

Effects on environment:..

iii) How does the toxic waste affect the environment and its effect

..

.

B : AMMONIA

Learning Outcomes2

Figure 1


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You should be able to: list uses of ammonia state the properties of ammonia explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia design an activity to prepare ammonium fertilizer.

Activity 2 : AMMONIA

1. Ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process by combining

gas and .gas.

2. (i). The reaction can be represented by the chemical equation

(ii) State the condition necessary to produce ammonia.

Catalyst : (a) ..

Temperature : (b) .

Pressure : (c)

Ratio N 2 :H2 : (d)

3. The following statements refer to the uses of ammonia. Fill in the blank with the correct words.

(a) To manufacture .. such as ammonium sulphate and ammonium

nitrate. The chemical equation for producing ammonium sulphate is given by..

(b) Ammonia is used as raw material to produce . in the Ostwald Process.

(c) Ammonia is also used as an alkali to prevent the of latex.

4. Listed below are three properties of ammonia. Fill in the blank according to the aspect given.

(a) Colour: Ammonia is a.. gas.

(b) Solubility: Ammonia is veryin water.

(a) Smell : Ammonia has a smell.

(b) Ammonia dissolves in water to produce an . solution.

5. Ammonium fertiliser can be prepared in the laboratory by adding ammonia solution andcertain acids as shown in the table below.

Neutralisation reactions

Alkali Acid

Name of ammonium salt (fertiliser)

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Aqueous + Phosphoric

ammonia acid

Ammonium phosphate

Formula:..

Aqueous + Nitric

ammonia acid

Ammonium nitrate

Formula:..

Aqueous + Sulphuric

ammonia acid

Ammonium sulphate

(c ) Formula:.

(i) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen found in each of the ammonium fertilisers.[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; P = 31; S = 32]

(ii) From the calculations in (b)(ii), deduce the type of ammonium compound that is mostsuitable for use as a nitrogenous fertiliser. Give reasons for your answer.

.

C : ALLOY

Learning Outcomes You should be able to:

relate the arrangement of atoms in metals to their ductile and malleable properties state the meaning of alloy state the aim of making alloys list examples of alloys list compositions and properties of alloys relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness relate properties of alloys to their uses.

Activity 4: ALLOY

1. What is alloy?

Alloy is a .......................of a pure metal with...................................in........ ..............quantities

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2. A pure metals contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and orderly

manner. Pure metal are .. and .

because the layers of atom when external force is

applied on them.

3. In an alloy, the foreign metal atoms . ...arrangement of metal

atoms and the layers of metal atoms are prevented from ......over each other easily.

4. Complete the sequences by drawing the arrangement of atoms in the box below.

+

5. Three aims of alloying a pure metal are :

a. to increase the . and .. of metal.b. to prevent or rusting.

c. to improve the . of metal surface.

6. Examples of alloy.

(Complete the table below)

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

(i)

99% Iron

1% (ii) ..

Hard Bridges, vehicles,

heavy machineryframework

(iii)

97% (iv)

3% lead andantimony

Hard and shiny Decorativeornaments,

souvenirs

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Pure metal Another puremetal

alloy

Figure 2


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Bronze

90% (v)

10% tin

Hard and shiny Decorativeornaments ,

art crafts

Brass 70% Copper

30% (vi)

Hard and shiny Decorativeornaments,

musical instrument

Magnalium 70% Aluminium

30% (vii)

Hard and light (viii)

D : POLYMERS

Learning OutcomesYou should be able to: state the meaning of polymers list naturally occurring polymers list synthetic polymers and their uses identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers justify uses of synthetic polymers in daily life.

Activity 5: POLYMERSFill in the blanks below.

1. Polymers are .... made up of many smaller and

identical separating unit called ..

2. is the process by which the monomers are

joined together to form a big molecule known as the polymer.

3. Give at least two examples of:naturally occurring polymers and at least two examples of synthetic polymers.

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Naturally occurring polymers Synthetic polymers


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Match the synthetic polymers with their respective monomer

Polyethylene Phenylethene

Polypropylene ChloroethenePolyvinylchloride Ethene

Polystyrene Propene

Perspex Tetrafluoroethene

Teflon Methylmethacrylate

6. Complete the table.

Synthetic Polymer Uses

Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polyvinylchloride

Polystyrene

Perspex

Teflon

E : GLASS AND CERAMICS

Learning OutcomesYou should be able to: list uses of glass list uses of ceramics list types of glass and their properties state properties of ceramics.

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Synthetic Polymer Monomer


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Activity 6: GLASS AND CERAMIC

Fill in the blanks below .

1. Main composition of glass is , (SiO 2).

2. Complete the table below.

Type of glass Chemicalcomposition

Properties Examplesof uses

(a)

.

Silica 99%Boron oxide1%

Very high softening point(1700 oC).Transparent to ultra violet andinfra red light.Difficult to be made into differentshapes.Does not crack with suddentemperature change.Very resistant to chemical attack.

Mirrors,Lenses,Laboratoryglasswares.

(b)

.

Silica 70%Sodiumoxide 15%Calciumoxide 10%Others 5%

Low softening point (700 oC).Breaks easily.Cracks easily with suddentemperature changes.Less resistant to chemical attack.Easy to make into differentshapes.

Bottles,Window,Light bulb,Bowl

(c)

.

Silica 80%Boron oxide

15%Sodiumoxide 3%Aluminiumoxide 1%

High softening points(800 oC).Does not crack easily with

sudden temperature change.Transparent to ultra violet light.Very resistant to chemical attack.

Laboratoryapparatus,

Cookingutensils,Electricaltubes.

(d)

..

Silica 55%Lead oxide30%Potassiumoxide 10%Sodiumoxide 3%Alimuniumoxide 2%

Low softening point (600 oC).High density.High refractive index.Reflects light rays and appearsshiny.

Decorativeitems,Crystalglasswares,Lens,PrismsChandeliers

3. are made from clay that is dried and then baked in a kiln at high

temperatures.

4. The main constituent of clay is .. . (aluminium oxideand silicon dioxide).

5 ... ...consists of hydrated aluminosilicate crystals. (Highquality white clay)

6. Complete the table.Composition Properties Examples of uses

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Aluminosilicate

(aluminium oxideand silicon dioxide)

(i) very hard and strong but brittle

(ii).

(iii).

(iv).

(v)..

Construction materials,

Tableware,

Insulators in electricequipments,

Refractories.

Flowerpots

Activity 7

1. Compare and contrast between glass and ceramic.

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Glass Ceramic

(a) Main components:

..

(b) Main components:

...

(c) 4 types of glass:

.

.

(d)Improved Glass:

......................

(e) 4 examples of ceramics:

..

...

..

..

(f) Improved Ceramics:

..(g) 4 common Properties of glass and ceramic

(i) very hard and strong but brittle

(ii)

(iii)

(iv).

(h) 2 differences:

(i)

(ii)


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F : COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Learning Outcomes You should be able to:

describe needs to produce new materials for specific purposes state the meaning of composite materials list examples of composite materials and their components compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original

components.

Activity 8: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. Composite material is a structural material that is formed by ..........or

different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.

2. Give three examples of composite materials.

(i)..

(ii)

(iii).

3. State the purpose of creating composite materials.

..

.

4. Photochromic glass is an example of composite material.

a) Compare to a normal glass, what is added to a photochromic glass?

..

b) State the special feature of a photochromic glass.

5. Complete the table below.

Example Composition Properties Uses

(i) (ii)

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Reinforcedconcrete

...

...

Strong but brittle,

Weak in tension

..

..

..

Superconductors

(iii)

..

..

..

Conducting electricity

(iv)

Fibre optic

(v)

..

..

..

Low material costs,

High transmission capacity,chemical stability,

Less susceptible tointerference.

Transmit data, voiceand image in a digital

format.

Fibre glass

(vi)

..

..

..

High tensile strength,

Easy to colour,

Low in density,

Very strong.

(vii)

..

..

Photochromicglass

(viii)

..

...

..

When it is exposed to light,silver chloride is convertedsilver and darken the glass

(ix)

..

..

..

Activity 9

1. (a) Bronze is an alloy of copper.

(i) Name the element that is added to copper to form bronze.

. .[1 mark]

(ii) Explain why bronze is harder than pure copper.

.

.. [2 marks]

(iii) Draw and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and bronze.

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Pure copper Bronze [2 marks](b) Synthetic polymers are widely used in our daily lives.

(i) Complete the table with the correct monomers.

Polymer Monomer

Polyvinylchloride

Polyethene

[2 marks]

(ii) State one example of polyvinylchloride commonly used n our daily lives.

[1 mark]

(c) Glass and ceramic have similar characteristics.

(i) State one similar characteristic of glass and ceramic.

[1 mark]

(ii) What type of glass is used to make laboratory glassware?

[1 mark]

2. Figure 3 shows the flow chart for the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid and theproduction of fertilizer Z.

V2O 5, 1 atm

Heat 450 oC-500 oC

Figure 3

Based on Figure 3, answer the following questions.

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Sulphur Sulphurdioxide

X

Fertilizer Z Sulphuricacid

Oleum

ConcentratedH2SO 4

Substance Y


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(a) Name the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid.

[1 mark]

(b) Name the substance X.

[1 mark]

(b) Substance X could react directly with water to form sulphuric acid.Explain why this step is not carried out in the industrial process.

[1 mark]

(c) Write the chemical equation when oleum reacts with water to form sulphuric acid.

..

[1 mark]

(d) Name the substance Y and the fertilizer Z.

Substance Y:

Fertilizer Z :...

(e) Write a chemical equation when sulphur dioxide reacts with rain water.

.

[1 mark ]

3 A student conducts an experiment to study the hardness of two metallic plates, R andS. He drops a steel ball on R a few times and each time, the diameter of the dent ismeasured. He repeats the same procedure on the S plate. The reading of the diameter of the dents made on each metallic plates are as follows,

Diameter of dent made (mm)I II III Average size

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The combustion of petrol in the engines of vehiclesproduce sulphur dioxide. This gas when dissolved

in rain water is corrosive.


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Plate

R 2.4 2.3 2.3

S 3.1 3.2 3.2

(a) Write the average size of the dents made by R and S in the table above.[ 2 marks]

(b) What are the differences seen in the two types of metallic plates based on their

(i) properties

(ii) composition

[ 4 marks]

(c) From the observation made in the given table above, which plate would bemade of (i) iron?

(ii) steel?

[ 2 marks]

(d) Give two uses of steel.

[ 2 marks ]

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