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PetroConsult, through its alliances with specialists in the field of charge modellingand detection of hydrocarbons is able to offer the industry integrated studies in thisfield.Prediction of hydrocarbon chargePetroConsult offers studies in the prediction of hydrocarbon charge. Through themapping of hydrocarbon occurrences and their migration pathways through time andspace, and its integration with charge modelling, we can offer a more 'observational'approach. All observational data of hydrocarbons are mapped and explained withinan understanding of the known source rock distribution, their modelled generationand expulsion and the migration pathways through time.

DeliverablesBroadly speaking, the main product of such a study should be prediction of thehydrocarbon migration front for the different exploration plays. Maps showing

these migration fronts would be produced for each carrier bed, integratinghydrocarbon shows in well and seismic data and showing the occurrence ofhydrocarbons on the surface from geochemical survey and remote sensing data. Asa lot of this data is based on subjective interpretation each occurrence ofhydrocarbons should be flagged with an estimate of its validity. A report would beprovided. In addition, estimates of hydrocarbon charge volume and type, andprobability could be provided on a prospect level. Hierarchy of Hydrocarbon shows

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Hydrocarbon shows from well data Mud-log well data (in-house reports and floppy discs) GC, GC-MS (MS) data from oil-sample analyses (contractor reports) Analyses of biomarkers; biomarker applications for typing work and

migration pathway mapping (contractor and specialist reports).

Seismic anomalies related to hydrocarbons DHI amplitude anomalies, flat-spots, gas chimneys, gas trains etc (use

existing regional maps and seismic interpretation reports or do a regionalinterpretation on a workstation)

Secondary features e.g. bioherms or pock marks related to seepages(interpreted on workstation)

Geochemical surveys Sea bottom surface geochemical anomaly data (contractor reports) Water column sniffer data (contractor reports) Ground truthing data skimmer samples (contractor reports)

Remote sensing data Airborne data Aerial photographs Microwave or radar data Ultra-violet or infra-red data

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Fluorescence methods Passive Active (including ALF data)

Satellite data Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Landsat data

Source rock information TOC and Rock-Eval data (contractor reports) SR from well-log data SR distribution and thickness (existing company reports)

Maceral data (microscopy work) on source rock samples (contractor reports) Calculate initial source rock quality (in-house reports?) Maturity measurements (contractor reports) Source rock quality determinations

Thermal modelling data and generation / expulsion prediction AFTA and ZFTA measurements and existing data

MethodologySecondary migration HC pathways mapping through time (regional seals andreservoirs, faults and fractures). This may exist in company reports, or may be

collated from regional studies it is also possible to provide seismic interpretationservices for the study.Determine fault and fracture distributionMap Surface seeps and slicksSurface seeps that generate oil slicks cannot be produced by migration direct from agenerating source. They are related to the escape of hydrocarbons from a trap,albeit perhaps economically insignificant. Integration with geology, geophysics, andmapping of migration pathways is critical to understand the occurrence of seeps atthe sea surface. It is important to incorporate mapping of seismic anomalies. Oil onthe sea surface originates from natural seeps on the sea floor, which passes through

the water column as a thin coating on gas bubbles. These gas plumes are oftenvisible on high-resolution seismic data. Gas effects, such as pock marks, gas trainsand chimneys are often visible on conventional seismic data.

Nuclear Magnetic Resources

Distinguish between producible fluids and irreducible water and providepermeability estimates on a foot-by-foot basis. The MRIL data, which is

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acquired simultaneously with other logging services on the

MRIL Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log Service

ECLIPSSM acquisition system, provides not only improved reserves andproducibility estimates, but also a mineralogy-independent effective porosity(MPHI) in addition to estimates of reservoir pore- and grain-size distribution.

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