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Animal

PlantAnimal Cells

Plant Cells

Mitochondrion

9-1 Chemical Pathways (Metabolism)

___________ serves as a source of raw materials and energy for cells in the body.

_______________ refers to all of the chemical _____________ that take place in an organism or cell. Each reaction may handle materials or ____________ and is catalyzed by an enzyme.

Metabolism has two parts:1. ___________________ = Breaking down2. ___________________ = Building up

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Cellular Respiration (Catabolism)What is cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis is an ______________ process, using energy from the sun to build carbohydrates (___________). Cellular respiration is a ________________ process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of ________________ (aerobic).

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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Chemical Energy and Food

One gram of glucose (C6H12O6), when _____________ in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 ______________ of heat energy. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 _______ of water ___ degree Celsius.

Note: What is reported as a “calorie” on food packages is actually a ______calorie.

All important... GLUCOSE!

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The Mighty Mitochondria!

____________ ______________ ___________________ space

____________ ______________

_____________

Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they __________________ release the energy from glucose and other compounds.

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, the ___________ cycle, and the _______________ transport chain make up cellular respiration. Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the ____________ energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ______.

Cytoplasm

Pyruvicacid

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2

Glucose Glycolysis

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step in __________ aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic __________. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose, a ___-carbon compound is broken in half, producing two molecules of ____________ acid, a ___-carbon compound.

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Glycolysis: ATP & NADH Production

The Advantages of Glycolysis

1. Glycolysis is so ________ that cells can produce thousands of ______ molecules in a few milliseconds.

2. Glycolysis does not require _____________.

If there is oxygen (aerobic), _________ carries electrons to the electron ___________________ chain in the mitochondria __________ membrane.

Glucose

2NAD+ 2 Pyruvicacid

4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP

2

Steps 1 & 3 Steps 6 & 9

Step 5

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When oxygen is not present (____________), glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called __________________. During fermentation, cells recycle NADH to ________ by passing high-energy electrons back to ___________ acid (pyruvate). This action gets rid of pyruvic acid by turning it into either ___________ or ___________ allowing glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ______. What's the problem??

1. pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

2. pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+

Fermentation

____________ ______________

____________ _______ ___________

9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are _________.

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in _______________ passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the _______ cycle.

During the ________ cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into ____________ ____________ in a series of energy-extracting reactions. The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvic acid enters the __________________.

The Krebs Cycle

Citric acid

Pyruvic acid enters the _______ cycle by a “transition reaction” in which one carbon atom is removed, forming _____, and ____________ are removed, changing NAD+ to NADH.

Coenzyme A joins the remaining 2-carbon molecule, forming __________-______. This adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound, forming _________ acid.

The Krebs Cycle

Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound, then into a 4-carbon compound. Two more molecules of _____ are released and electrons join NAD+ and ______, forming NADH and _________ In addition, one molecule of ____ is generated. The electron carriers go on to the ______________ transport chain where most of the ____ is generated.

The energy tally:(including the transition reaction)

• ___ NADH

• ___ FADH2

• ___ ATP

Electron Transport

In the presence of oxygen, those high-energy electrons can be used to generate huge amounts of ATP!! Active Art Summary

The Totals

On average, each ________ of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to produce ________ molecules of ATP from ADP.

Glycolysis produces just ___ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of ____ molecules of ATP.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

On a ________ scale, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposites:

•The ___________ flows in opposite directions.

•Photosynthesis removes _________ __________ from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.

•Photosynthesis releases ____________ into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.