8th Science Kc

T.E.T Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;T

vl;lhk; tFg;G ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay;

ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;

(PAPER I AND II)

Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah;fSf;fhf

“fy;tpr;Nrhiy” JizAld;

ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc,

B.T. ASST.,

PANCHAYAT UNION MIDDLE SCHOOL,

CHOKKANATHANPATTI,

KADAYAM (UNION),

TIRUNELVELI (DIS) CELL : 9952329008

E.MAIL : [email protected]

www.kalvisolai.com - 1 of 15.

Xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay;Xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay;Xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay;Xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay;

1. vjpnuhspj;jy; : xsp nghUspd; kPJ gl;L gpwF jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; epfo;T 2. fjph; : xsp nry;Yk; ghij 3. ,izf;fw;iw: xspf; fjph;fs; ,izahf nry;Yjy; 4. tphp fw;iw: fjph;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J tphpe;J nry;Yjy; 5. gLfjph; : vjpnuhspg;G jsj;jpy; gLfpd;w xspf; fjph; 6. vjpnuhspg;G fjph; (tpyF fjph;) : vjpnuhspg;G jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J mNj

Clfj;jpy; jpUg;gp nry;Yk; fjph; 7. Fj;Jf; NfhL : vjpnuhspg;Gj; jsj;jpy; gLGs;spapd; kPJ tiuag;gLk;

nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL 8. gLNfhzk; : gLfjpUf;Fk; Fj;Jf; Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; 9. vjpnuhspg;G Nfhzk; : vjpnuhspg;G fjpUf;Fk; gLGs;spapy; tiuag;gl;l

Fj;JNfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; 10. vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfs; :

m) gLfjph;, vjpnuhspg;G fjph; kw;Wk; Fj;Jf;NfhL Mfpa %d;Wk; xNu jsj;jpy; mikAk; M) gL Nfhzk; kw;Wk; vjpnuhspg;G Nfhzk; rkk;

11. xOq;fhd vjpnuhspg;G : gsgsg;ghd gug;gpy; elf;Fk; 12. xOq;fw;w vjpnuhspg;G : nrhunrhug;ghd gug;gpy; elf;Fk; 13. rkjs Mbapy; Njhd;Wk; gpk;gk; : xU nghUSf;F xU gpk;gk; kl;LNk Njhd;Wk; 14. gpk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;G : 360360360360/Nfhzk; Nfhzk; Nfhzk; Nfhzk; ---- 1111 15. mjpf gpk;gq;fisg; ngw : fz;zhb ,izahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 16. gd; Kf vjpnuhspg;G elf;Fk; fUtp : nghp];Nfhg; (,U rkjs Mb), fiylh];Nfhg; (3rkjsMb) 17. xsp tpyfy; : xsp xU Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;F nry;Yk; epfo;T 18. ePUf;Fs; itj;j ngd;rpy; tistJ Nghd;W Njhd;WtJ : xsp tpyfy; 19. xspfjph; mlh;Fiw Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh; kpF Clfj;jw;F nry;Yk; NghJ : nrq;Fj;J Nfhl;il Nehf;fp tpyFk; 20. xspfjph; mlh;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh; Fiw Clfj;jpw;F nry;Yk; NghJ : nrq;fj;J Nfhl;il tpl;L tpyfp nry;Yk; 21. ePr;ry; Fsj;jpy; Mok; Fiwe;jJ Nghy; Njhd;WtJ : xsp tpyfy; 22. epwkhiyg; gw;wp Kjypy; $wpath; : Irf; epA+l;ld; 23. epwg;gphpif : nts;nshsp Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; topNa nrd;W 7 epwq;fspy; gphpAk; epfo;T 24. khWepiyf; Nfhzk; : tpyF fjph; gphpjsj;jpd; topNa tpyfp nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; (900) 25. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G : gLNfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G khWepiyNfhzj;ij tpl mjpfkhdhy; xsp mlh;kpF Clfj;jpNyNa vjpnuhspf;Fk; ,JNt KOmf vjpnuhspg;G vdg;gLk; 26. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gl epge;jid m) xsp mlh;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh;Fiw Clfj;jpw;F nry;yNtz;Lk; M) gLNfhz kjpg;G khWepiyNfhzj;ij tpl mjpfk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 27. fz; jf mikjy; : njhiyTf;F Vw;g tpopnyd;R jd; FtpaJhuj;ij khw;wp mikj;J nfhs;tJ ( cjtp: rpypahp jir) 28. njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyT : 25 nr.kP 29. fz;zhb xsp ,io : - nkype;j tisAk; jd;ik nfhz;l fz;zhb jz;L - KO mf vjpnuhspg;Gj; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb ,aq;Fk; - nra;jp njhlh;G iriffs; kw;Wk; ekJ - clypd; cs; cWg;Gfis glk; vLf;f cjTk;


Xypapay;Xypapay;Xypapay;Xypapay;

1. mjph;TWk; nghUs;fs; xypia Vw;gLj;Jk; 2. xyp jplg; nghUs;fspy; Ntfkhf guTk; 3. xyp gut VNjDk; xU Clfk; Njit (fhw;W, ePh;); 4. kzp FLitr; Nrhjid – xyp ntw;wplj;jpy; guthJ vd ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid 5. Mz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 20 kp.kP 6. ngz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 15 kp.kP 7. xypia ehk; Nfl;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk; cWg;G – nrtpg;giw 8. miyTfs; - mjph;tilAk; nghUspd; Kd; gpd; ,af;fk; 9. ,irf;fit – cNyhfj;jhy; MdJ Nkw;gFjp (Gaq;fs;), fPo;gFjp (jz;Lfs;) 10. mjph;ntz; - mjph;tilAk; nghUs; 1 nehbapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; miyTfspd;

vz;zpf;if (myF - n`h;l;];) 11. miyTf; fhyk; - mjph;tilAk; nghUs; xU KO miyTf;F vLj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; fhyk; ( myF - nehb) 12. tPr;R – rkepiyg; Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J mjph;tilAk; nghUs; milAk; ngUk

,lg;ngah;r;rp (myF - kPl;lh;) 13. miyTf; fhyk; (T) =1/mjph;ntz; 14. xypapd; Kf;fpa gz;G – tPr;R kw;Wk; mjph;ntz; 15. xypapd; kjpg;G – tPr;irg; nghUj;jJ 16. nrtpAzh; xypapd; mjph;ntz; - 20 n`h;l;]; Kjy; 20000 n`h;l;]; tiu 17. nrtpAzuh xypapd; mjph;ntz; - 20 f;F cs; (Fw;nwhyp) 20000 Nky; (kPnahyp

(ntsthy;)) 18. 20000 n`h;l;Rf;F mjpfkhd mjph;ntz; nfhz;l kPnahypia Nfl;Fk; tpyq;F

– eha; 19. ,iwr;ry; - xyp %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; Njitaw;w ,dpikaw;w xyp

kpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpaykpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpaykpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpaykpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpay ; 1. kpd; epiyak; - fhw;W, ePh, ; ntg;gk; Nghd;w Mw;wy; %yq;fspy; ,Ue;J

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;Fk; ,lk; 2. vspa kpd; Rw;W – kpd; fyd;, kpd; tpsf;F, kpd; nghj;jhd; Nghd;wit xU

flj;jpapd; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;l mikg;G 3. njhlh; Rw;W – xU kpd; tpsf;fpd; Kid kw;nwhU kpd; tpsf;fpd;

KidNahL ,izf;fg;gLjy; - kpd;Ndhl;lk; xNu jpirapy; nry;Yk; - xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; - xU kpd; tpsf;F gOJ gl;lhy; kw;wit xspuhJ

4. gf;fr; Rw;W – kpd; tpsf;Ffs; jdpj;jdpNa kpd; fyj;jpd; ,U KidfNshLk; ,izf;fg;gLjy; - ntt;NtW msT kpd;rhuk; ghAk; - ve;j tpsf;F gOJgl;lhYk; kw;wit vhpAk; - tPLfspy; ,e;j tif gad;gLfpwJ

5. kpd; flj;jpfs; - fhg;gh;, mYkpdpak;, ,Uk;G, jq;fk; Nghd;w cNyhfq;fs; 6. xsp ckpo; ilNahL – LED Fiw flj;jp nghUshy; nra;ag;gl;lJ

- xsph;tjw;F kpff; Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lk; NghJk; - ,U fhy; Nghd;w mikg;G cz;L - rpwpa fhy; vjph; KidNahLk;, nghpa fhy; Neh; KidNahLk;

,izf;fg;gLk; 7. kpd;Ndhl;lk; flj;Jk; jputq;fs; - mkpyq;fs;, fhuq;fs; my;yJ cg;G

fiuryhf ,Uf;Fk;


8. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; Ntjp tpisT – jputq;fspy; (kpd;dhw;gFg;G) 9. kpd; tha;fs; - fiurypd; (kpd; gFsp) cs;Ns itf;fg;gl;L

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;jg;gad;gLk; jfLfs; (ck; fhg;gh; jfL) 10. kpd; gFsp – kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; fiury; (ck; fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;) 11. kpd;dhw;gFg;G – kpd; gFsp topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; NghJ kpd; gFsp

fiury; madpfshf gphpifailAk; epfo;T Neh; kpd; madp – vjph; kpd; jfil milAk; vjph; kpd; madp – Neh; kpd; jfil milAk;

12. kpd; G+r;R – kpd; flj;Jk; gug;gpd; kPJ kpd;dhw;gFg;G Kiwapy; kw;nwhU cNyhfj;ij nkypjhd mLf;fhf gba itj;jy; kpd; G+r;R Njitg;gLk; cNyhfk; - vjph; kpd;thahf nray;gLk; G+r;R nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - Neh; kpd;thahf nray;gLk;

13. fhy;tidRL ,Uk;G – (GI) Jj;jehf %yhk; G+rg;gl;l ,Uk;G (JUg;gpbj;jiy jLf;Fk;)

14. Jj;ehf %yhk; G+Rjy; - ,Uk;G (vjph; kpd; tha;) Jj;jehfk; (Neh; kpd;tha;) Jj;jehf ry;Ngl;(kpd; gFsp)

15. nts;sp %yhk; G+Rjy; - ,Uk;G (vjph; kpd; tha;) nts;sp (Neh; kpd;tha;) nts;spiel;Nul; (kpd; gFsp)

16. jq;f %yhk; G+Rjy; - nts;sp (vjph; kpd;tha;) jq;fk; (Neh; kpd;tha;) jq;f FNshiuL (kpd; gFsp)

17. epiy kpd;dpay; - kpd; flj;jhg; nghUs; xd;wpd; Gwg;gug;gpy; kpd;Dhl;lk; NrUk; epfo;T

18. xU mZtpy; cs;s Jfs;fs; - vnyf;l;uhd;fs; (vjph; kpd; jd;ik) - GNuhl;lhd;fs; (Neh; kpd; jd;ik) - epA+l;uhd;fs; (kpd; Rik mw;wJ)

19. mZ - kpd; eLepiyj; jd;ik cilaJ - vnyf;l;uhd;fs;, GNuhl;lhd;fs; vz;zpf;if rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; - vnyf;l;uhd;, GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if rkkpy;yhj NghJ kpd; jd;ik Vw;gLk; - GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhdhy; Neh; kpd; jd;ik Vw;gLk; - vnyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhdhy; vjph; kpd; jd;ik Vw;gLk; 20. kpd;Ndhl;lk; - ,U tifg;gLk; Neh; kpd;Dhl;lk; kw;Wk; vjph; kpd;Dhl;lk; - kpd;Dl;lq;fSf;fpilNa tpir cs;sJ - xNu kpd;Dhl;lk; tpyf;Fk;, ntt;NtW kpd;Dhl;lk; <h;f;Fk; 21. fz;zhbj; jz;il gl;by; Nja;f;Fk; NghJ cUthtJ – Neh; kpd;Dhl;lk; 22. gpsh];bf; jz;il fk;gspapy; Nja;f;Fk; NghJ cUthtJ – vjph; kpd;Dl;lk; 23. nghUs;fs; kpd;Dhl;lk; ngWk; Kiw m. cuha;T M. flj;Jjy; ,. Jhz;Ljy; (,e;epfo;tpy; kl;Lk; vnyf;l;uhd;fs; khw;wk; ,y;iy) 24. kpd;Dhl;lq;fhl;b – kpd;Dl;lq;fis fz;lwpaTk; mjid msf;fTk; cjTk; fUtp 25. kpd;dy; - ngUksT kpd;Dhl;lk; xU Nkfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU Nkfj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ jiuf;Nfh ghAk; epfo;T 26. Nkfq;fs; - Nky; gFjp Neh; kpd;Dhl;lq;fs;, fPo; gFjpapy; vjph; kpd;Dhl;lq;fs; mike;Js;sd. 27. ,b – kpd;dyhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf fhw;wpy; Vw;gLk; ngUk; mjph;T 28. ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;fspd; - kpd;dy; vd;gJ kpd;dhw;wypd; tpisT vd epUgpj;jth; kw;Wk; ,bjhq;fpia fz;L gpbj;jth;


30. ,bjhq;fp - $h;ikahd xU Kidiaf; nfhz;l cNyhfj;jz;L kw;nwhU Kid Gtpapizg;G nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; 31. ntg;gk; - cah; ntg;g epiyapy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J jho; ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUSf;F ghAk; xU tif Mw;wy; 32. ntg;g tpisT m. ntg;gepiy cah;T – xU nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ntg;gepiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; - ntt;NtW nghUs;fSf;F xNu msT ntg;gepiyia cah;j;j ntt;NtW msT ntg;gk; Njit M. epiy khw;wk; - nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjd; epiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; - jplg;nghUs; jputkhf Njitg;gLk; ntg;gepiy (cUFepiy) - jputk; thAthf khw Njitg;gLk; ntg;gepiy (nfhjpepiy) ,. ,aw;gz;Gfspy; khw;wk;

- fhe;jk; ntg;ggLj;Jk; NghJ fhe;j jd;ikia ,of;Fk; <. Ntjp khw;wk; - tpiuthf elf;Fk; c. tphptiljy; - nghUs;fs; ntg;ggLj;Jk; NghJ tphptilAk, ; Fsph;tpf;fg;gLk; NghJ RUq;Fk; 33. Fz;L – tisar; Nrhjid – jplg; nghUspy; Vw;gLk; tphpit fhl;Lk; Nrhjid 34. ntg;g tphpT – nghUis #LgLj;Jk; NghJ mjd; mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfs; tpyfpr; nry;Yk; ,jdhy; nghUs;fSk; tphptilAk; c.k; 1. jz;lthsq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp 2. fk;gq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiyNgrp fk;gpfs; 35. jputq;fspy; Vw;gLk; ntg;g tpisT – gUk tphpthy; mwpayhk;

- jplg; nghUis tpl mjpfk; tphptilAk; 36. thAf;fspy; ntg;g tphpT - ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ thAtpd; fdmsT mjpfhpf;Fk; - jplg; nghUis tpl mjpfk; tphptilAk; 37. ntg;gk; guTjy; m. ntg;gf; flj;jy; - nghUs;fs; xd;iw xd;W njhlNtz;Lk; - %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fk; ,d;wp ntg;gk; guTk; M. ntg;g rydk; - %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fj;jhy; elf;Fk; - gha;kq;fspy; elf;Fk; ( jputk; kw;Wk; thA) ,. Ntg;g fjph tPry; - vt;tpj gUg;nghUs; ClfKk; ,d;wp guTk; Kiw

- c.k; #hpa fjph; G+kpf;F tUjy;

38. fhw;W tPRjy; - fhw;wpy; Vw;gLk; ntg;g rydk; fly; fhw;W – fly;; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J epyk; Nehf;fp tPRk; (gfy; Neuk; elf;Fk; epyg;gug;G fhw;W tpiutpy; #lhtjhy; elf;Fk;) epyf; fhw;W – epyg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J fly; gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRk; (,uT Neuk; elf;Fk; epyg;gug;G tpiutpy; Fsph; miltjhy; elf;Fk;)


tpirAk; mOj;jKk;tpirAk; mOj;jKk;tpirAk; mOj;jKk;tpirAk; mOj;jKk;

1. tpir – xU nghUspd; epiyia khw;w my;yJ khw;w Kaw;rpf;Fk; tifapy;

mjd; kPJ nra;ag;gLk; js;Sjy; my;yJ ,Oj;jy; nray; - (myF - epA+l;ld;) - kw;w myFfs; ild;, fpNyh fpuhk; tpir, gTz;l; tpir - tpir nghUspd; Ntfj;ij khw;Wk; my;yJ ,aq;Fk; jpiria khw;Wk;

my;yJ ,uz;ilAk; khw;Wk; 2. njhLtpir - nghUis njhLtjd; %yk; tpiria nrYj;jp mjd; ,af;fj;jpy;

khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ - m. jir tpir – Nkiria js;Sjy;, ghidia Jhf;Fjy; - M. cuha;T tpir – vg;NghJk; ,aq;Fk; nghUSf;F vjph; jpirapy;

mikAk; ,af;fj;ij jLf;Fk; 3. njhlhtpirfs; - xU nghUspd; kPJ Neubj; njhlh;gpd;wp nray;gLk; tpir

- fhe;j tpir - Gtp <h;g;G tpir - epiy kpd; tpir

4. epiykpd; tpir - kpd;dpiyapay; tpir - kpd;Dhl;lk; ngw;w nghUs; kpd;Dhl;lk; ngw;w my;yJ kpd;Dhl;lkw;w

nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLj;Jk; tpir - c.k; njhiyf; fhl;rp ngl;b mUNf if nry;Yk; NghJ Kb vOk;GtJ

5. tpirapd; tpisT – mJ nray;gLk; gug;ig nghUj;jJ 6. mOj;jk; - xuyF gug;gpy; nray;gLk; tpir

- mOj;jk; - tpir/tpir nray;gLk; gug;G - myF - ep.kP -2 my;yJ gh];fy; (pa)

7. ghy;]p gh];fy; - g;uhd;]; ehl;L fzpjtpayhh; mOj;jj;jpd SI myF ,th; ngauhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ

8. mOj;jk; - jpz;kq;fspy; - vg;NghJk; fPo; Nehf;fpa mOj;jk; - gha;kq;fs; (jputk; kw;Wk; thA) – midj;J jpirfspYk; ,Uf;Fk;

9. ePh;kq;fspy; mOj;jk; - ePh;;kq;fspd; mbg;gFjp mOj;jk; me;ePh;kj;jpd; nkhj;j cauj;ij

nghUj;jJ - ePh;kq;fs; mit cs;s fydpd; gf;fq;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; - ePh;kq;fs; xNu Moj;jpy; xNu msT mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; - ePh;kq;fspy; Mok; mjpfhpf;f mOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk; - ePh;kq;fspy; mOj;jk; mtw;wpd; mlh;j;jpia nghUj;jJ

10. mOj;jj;ij mstpl cjTk; rkd;ghL P=hdg 11. thAf;fspy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jk;

- tsp kz;ly mOj;jk; - fhw;W kz;lyk; Gtpapd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; mOj;jk;

- fly; kl;l mstpy; tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpd; kjpg;G = 1,00,000 ep/kP 2 (10 5 ep/kP 2 )

- NkNy nry;y nry;y tsp kz;ly mOj;jk; FiwAk; 12. tpz;ntsp tPuh;fs; rpwg;G cil mzpaf; fhuzk; (mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; cil)

- tpz;ntspapy; fhw;wOj;jk; ,y;iy ,jd; fhuzkhf cly; ntbj;JtpLk;

13. ghukhdp – tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij mstpl cjTk; fUtp 14. lhhpnry;yp – Kjy; ghjur ghukhdpia fz;Lgpbj;j ,j;jhyp mwpQh; (1943) 15. mdpuha;L kw;Wk; ghh;bd; ghukhdp – tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij mstpl cjTk;

gpw fUtpfs; 16. gh];fy; tpjp - %lg;gl;l epiyapy; xU jputj;jpd; xU gFjpapy;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; mOj;jk; mjd; midj;J gFjpfspYk; rkkhf flj;jg;gLk;


17. cuha;T tpir

- ,U nghUs;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W efUk; NghJ cUthFk; - nrhunrhug;ghd gug;gpy; mjpfk; cs;sJ - epiw kw;Wk; gug;gpd; jd;ik ,uz;Lk; cuha;it ghjpf;fk; fhuzp

18. tstsg;ghd rhiyapy; kzy; kw;Wk; Jhshf;fg;gl;l fw;fis JhTk; NghJ cuha;T mjpfhpf;Fk;

19. cuha;itf; Fiwf;f cjtk; nghUs;fs; - fphP];, vz;nza;, rf;fuq;fs;, cUz;il jhq;fpfs;

20. cUz;il jhq;fp gad;gLk; fUtpfs; - $iu tprpwp, kpjptz;b, Nkhl;lhh; tz;b

mstpay;mstpay;mstpay;mstpay; 1. gd;dhl;L myF Kiw

- SI myF Kiw - 1971 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - 7 mbg;gil msTfs;, 22 top msTfs; cs;sd

2. mbg;gil msTfspd; myFfs; - ePsk; - kPl;lh; - m - epiw – fpNyhfpuhk; - kg

- fhyk; - tpehb - s - ntg;gepiy – nfy;tpd; - k - kpd;Ndhl;lk; - Mk;gpah; - A - nghUspd; msT – Nkhy; - mol - xspr; nrwpT – Nfz;byh – cd

3. nfy;tpd; - ePhpd; Kg;Gs;spapy; ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; ntg;gepiyapy; 1/273.16 gpd;dgFjp

4. ePhpd; Kg;Gs;sp – njtpl;L ePuhtp, Jha ePh;, cUFk; gdpf;fl;b Mfpa %d;Wk; rkepiyapy; cs;s ntg;gepiy

5. -2730c ntg;gepiy - jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiy - ePhpy; %yf;$Wfs; xa;T epiyapy; cs;s ntg;gepiy - (-2730c = 0K & 273k =00c)

6. Mk;gpah; - kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;fhd SI myF - xU kPl;lh; ,ilntspapy; itf;fg;gl;l Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f FWf;F gug;G

cila ,U Kbtpyh ePsq;fs; cila ,izf; flj;jpfs; topNa xU kPl;lh; epsj;jpy; ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; mt;tpU flj;jpfSf;fpilNa 2x10-7 epA+l;ld; tpiria Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mk;kpdNdhl;lk; xU Mk;gpah; MFk;

7. Nkhy; - 0.012 fp.fp fhh;gd; 12y; mlq;fpAs;s mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfspd; my;yJ madpfspd; msT.

8. Nfz;byh – xsp %yk; xd;W ckpOk; 540x1012 n`h;l;]; mjphntz; cila xw;iw epw fjphtPr;rpd; nrwpT xU Fwpg;gpl; jpirapy; xU ];bNubaDf;F 1/683 thl; vdpy; mj;jpirapy; xspr;nrwpT xU Nfz;byh

- vhpAk; nkOFth;j;jpapypUe;J ntsp tUk; xspr;nrhpT xU Nfz;byhTf;F rkk;

9. NubadNubadNubadNubad; - SI myF Kiwapy; jsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myjsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myjsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myjsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myFFFF - tl;lj;jpd; Muj;jpw;F rkkhd ePsk; nfhz;l tl;ltpy; mikf;Fk;

Nfhzk; 10. ];bNubad;];bNubad;];bNubad;];bNubad; - SI myF Kiwapy; jpz;kf; nfhzj;jpd; myFjpz;kf; nfhzj;jpd; myFjpz;kf; nfhzj;jpd; myFjpz;kf; nfhzj;jpd; myF

- r MuKs;s Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; A gug;Gs;s mf;Nfhsj;jpd; Gwg;gug;gpd; xU gFjp Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk;. (,q;F A=r2)


11. jpz;kf;NfhzKk; jsf;NfhzKk; 1995 tiu Jiz msTfshf ,Ue;J gpd;G top msTfshf khwpd

12. nlrpgy; - xypapd; msit msf;f gad;gLk; yhfujkpf; myF 13. hpf;lh; - epyeLf;fj;jpid msf;f gad;gLk; myF 14. thdpay; myF – Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fSf;f ,ilNaahd njhiytpid

msf;f cjTk; myF 15. 10 nlrp.kP vd;gJ 1kP my;yJ 100 nr.kP 16. 10 kP vd;gJ 1nlfh.kP 17. 10 nlfh.kP vd;gJ 1n`.kP my;yJ 100 kP 18. 10 n`.kP vd;gJ 1 fp.kP my;yJ 1000 kP 19. 100 r..nr.kP vd;gJ 1 r.nlrp.kP 20. 100 r.nlrp.kP vd;gJ 1 r.kP my;yJ 100 kp.kP 21. 100 r.kP vd;gJ 1 r.nlfh.kP my;yJ 1 Vh; 22. 100 r.nlfh.kP vd;gJ 1r.n`.kP my;yJ 1n`f;Nlh; 23. 100 r.n`.kP vd;gJ 1 r.fp.kP

24. jput gUkdpd; myF 10 kp.yp 1 nr.yp 10 nr.yp 1nlrp.yp my;yJ 100 kp.yp 10 nl.rp.yp 1 yp my;yJ 1000 kp.yp 1 yp 1 nlfh.yp 10 nlfh.yp 1n`.yp my;yJ 100 yp 10 n`.yp 1 fp.yp. my;yJ 1000yp

25. gUkdpd; myFfs; 1000 f.kp.kP 1 f.nr.kP 1000 f.nr.kP 1 f.nlrp.kP 1000 f.nlrp.kP 1 f.kP my;yJ

1 000 000 f.nr.kP my;yJ 1 000 000 000 f.kp.kP

26. epiwapd; myFfs; 10 kp.fp 1 nr.fp 10 nr.fp 1 nlrp.fp 10 nlrp.fp 1 fp my;yJ 1000 kp.fp 10 fp 1 nlfh.fp 10 nlfh.fp 1 n`.fp my;yJ 100 fp 10 n`.fp 1fp.fp my;yJ 1000 fp 1000 fp.fp 1 nkfh.fp my;yJ 1 nkl;hpf; ld;

27. SI myF Kiw kuGfs; m. FwpaPLfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOj rpwpa vOj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; M. mwpQh;fspd; ngah;fspy; cs;s FwpaPlhf ,Ue;jhy; nghpa vOj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; ,. mwpQh;fspd; ngah;fNs FwpaPLfshf ,Ue;jhy; KOikahf rpwpa vOj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; <. myFfspd; Kbtpy; epWj;Jf; FwpaPl;il gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ c. FwpaPLfis gd;ikapy; vOjf; $lhJ


epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;

1. vhp nghUs; - fhw;wpy; vhpe;J ntg;g Mw;wiy jUk; nghUs; - vhpaf; fhuzk; mjpy; cs;s i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;fs;

2. Gij tbt vhpnghUs; - ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; - G+kpf;F mbapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLk; - c.k; epyf;fhp, ngl;Nuhypak;, ,aw;if thA

3. epyf;fhp - 1774 y; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; epyf;fhp vLf;fg;gl;lJ - ,e;jpah 3tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ (epyf;fhp ntl;b vLg;gjpy;) - rJg;G epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; epyf;fhpapy; ry;gh; cs;sJ

4. epyf;fhp tif - ypf;idl; - gOg;G epyf;fhp (25 Kjy; 35% fhh;gd; cs;sJ) - gpl;Lkd; - nkd; epyf;fhp (46 Kjy; 86% fhh;gd; cs;sJ) - Me;jpuirlMe;jpuirlMe;jpuirlMe;jpuirl; - fbd epyf;fhp (87 Kjy; 97% fhh;gd; cs;sJ)

(mjpf ntg;g Mw;wy; cs;sJ)(mjpf ntg;g Mw;wy; cs;sJ)(mjpf ntg;g Mw;wy; cs;sJ)(mjpf ntg;g Mw;wy; cs;sJ) 5. epyf;fhpia fha;r;rp tbj;jy; - epyf;fhpia fhw;wpy;yh epiyapy; #lhf;Fk;

epfo;T

6. epyf;fhp gFjpg; nghUs;fs; epyf;fhp thA rikay; vhpthA mk;Nkhdpah jputk; cuq;fs; jahhpg;G Jfs; fhh;gd; kpd; tha; jahhpg;G fy;fhp vhpnghUs; kw;Wk;

v./F jahhpg;G fhpj;jhh; nefpop, tz;zg;G+r;R,

ehg;jypd;, ntbg;nghUs;fs;

7. 1000 fp.fp epyf;fhpapy; ,Ue;J fpilg;gJ

- 700 fp.fp fy;fhp - 100 yp mk;Nkhdpah - 50 yp fhpj;jhh; - 400 kP 3 epyf;fhp thA

8. ngl;Nuhypak; - gy kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; tho;e;j jhtu, tpyq;Ffs;

mOj;jk;, ntg;gk; fhuzkhf ngl;Nuhypakhf khwpd - G+kpapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ngl;Nuhypak; frL vz;nza; MFk; (fUik

epw vz;nza;) - ,jd; gFjp nghUshf ngl;Nuhypak; thA, ngl;Nuhy;, Bry;, caT

vz;nza;, ghugpd; nkOF cs;sJ - gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; ,it gphpf;fg;gLk;

9. gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; - ntt;NtW nfhjpepiyfis cila jputf; fyitia ntg;gg;gLj;jp Fspur;nra;J gphpf;Fk; Kiw


10. ngl;Nuhypaj;ij gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbf;Fk; NghJ fpilg;git

400c ntg;gepiyf;Fs;

ngl;Nuhypa thA tPl;L vhpnghUs;

40 - 600c ngl;Nuhy; thfd vhpnghUs;

160 - 2500c kz;nzd;nza; n[l; tpkhdk;, mLg;G vhpnghUs;

250 – 300 0c Bry; fduf thfd vhpnghUs;

300 - 3500c caT vz;nza; caTg; nghUs;

350 - 4000c vhp nghUs; vz;nza;

fg;gy;, kw;Wk; kpd; epiya vhpnghUs;

4000c f;F Nky; ghugpd; nkOF nkOF kw;Wk; thrypd; jahhpg;G

filrpahf fpilg;gJ

gpl;lnkd; ngapz;L kw;Wk; rhiyfs; Nghl

11. fUg;G jq;fk; - ngl;Nuhypak; fUg;G jq;fk; vdg;gLk; 12. ngl;Nuh nfkpf;fy;]; - ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thAtpy; ,Ue;J gy

gad; jUk; nghUis ngw Kbtjhy; mit ngl;Nuh nfkpf;fy;]; vdg;gLk; 13. ,aw;if thAtpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; i`l;u[d; thA cuq;fs; jahhpf;fg;

gad;gLk; 14. ,aw;if thA

- rJg;G epyj; jhtuq;fs; kl;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; - rhf;fil fopTfspy; ,Ue;Jk; cUthFk; - epyf;fhp Ruq;fk;, ngl;Nuhypa fpzWfspYk; cs;sJ - 90% kPj;Njd; thA cs;sJ - jphpGuh, ,uh[];jhd;, kfhuh ;̀buh, kw;Wk; Me;jpugpuNjrk; (Nfhjhthp

fpU];zh) jkpo;ehL (fhtphp nly;lh) ,lq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; 15. ,aw;if thA

m. mOj;jg;gl;l ,aw;if thA (CNG) - mjpf mOj;jj;jpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; thA - Fiwe;j nrytpy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; - Fiwe;j msNt khRgLk; - Nehpilahf gad;gLj;jyhk; Foha;fs; %yk; vLj;J nry;yyhk; M. ePh;kkhf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if thA (LNG) - cah; Fsph;e;j epiyapy; cs;s ePh;kk;

16. ,aw;if tsk; fpilf;Fk; Mz;Lfs; Njhuhakhf - epyf;fhp – 148 tUlq;fs; - vz;nza; - 40 tUlq;fs; - ,aw;if thA – 61 tUlq;fs; kl;LNk fpilf;Fk; 17. khw;W vhpnghUs; m. gNah Bry; - Nrhah gPd;];, Mkzf;F, kf;fhNrhsk;, #hpafhe;jp, gUj;jp ney;ckp Nghd;wtd;wpd; vz;nzapy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ M. fhw;whiyfs; - faj;jhW, Muhy;tha;nkhop, gy;ylk;, Fbkq;fyk; ,lq;fspy; cs;sd; ,. #hpa Mw;wy; - #hpa vjpnuhspg;ghd;, #hpa ntg;g%l;b kw;Wk; #hpa kpd;fyk; Mfpa %d;W topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ


18.ehisa vhpnghUs; - i`l;u[d; - cah; ntg;g Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk; - mZf;fU ,izT Kiw ( ,Nyrhd mZf;fspd; cl;fU cah;ntg;gepiyapy; ,izAk;) - Fsph; ,izT Kiw – (,Nyrhd mZf;fspd; cl;fUf;fs; miw ntg;gepiyapy; ,izAk;) -Ez;Zaphpfs; %yk; fopT ePh; rpijf;fg;gLk; NghJ kPj;Njd; cUthFk; (cld; fpilf;Fk; khR fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L kw;wk; i`l;u[d; ry;igL)

19. LPG – ePh;kkhf;fg;gl;l ngl;Nuhypa thA - mjpf fNyhhp kjpg;G cilaJ - rhk;gy; Gif cUthfhJ - GNuhg;Ngd; kw;Wk; gpA+l;Nld; cs;sJ

20. ngdprpypNtdpah – 1859 y; Kjd; Kjypy; ngl;Nuhypak; vLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;sJ

21. kf;Fk; - 1867 ,e;jpahtpd; m];]hkpy; ngl;Nuhypak; fz;lwpag;gl;l ,lk; 22. ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fk; ,lq;fs;

- cyf mstpy; - Fitj; <uhf; ngh;~pah u~;ah nkf;]pNfh mnkhpf;fh - ,e;jpa mstpy; - m];]hk;, F[uhj;, Kk;ig, Nfhjhthp, fpU~;zh

fhtphp, Mw;Wg; gLif

mZ mikg;GmZ mikg;GmZ mikg;GmZ mikg;G

1. mZ – fpNuf;f nkhopapy; “cilf;f Kbahjit” vd;gJ nghUs; 2. nlNkhfphpb]; - gUg; nghUs; mZf;fshy; Mdit vdf; $wpath;

- fp.K 400 Mk; Mz;by; tho;e;j fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdp 3. Ntjpf;$Lif tpjpfs;

- nghUs;fs; mZf;fs; gw;wpa mwpQh;fspd; nghJthd fUj;Jfis cs;slf;fpaJ

m. nghUz;ik mopah tpjp M.khwh tpfpj tpjp ,.jiyfPo; tpfpj tpjp <.ngUf;fy; tpfpj tpjp c.NfYrf;fpd; gUkd; ,izg;G tpjp

4. . nghUz;ik mopah tpjp - ytha;rpah; (1774) fz;lwpe;jhh; - “,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; khw;wk; Kiwapy; epiwia cUthf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ” - “Ntjp tpid elf;Fk; Kd; cs;s nkhj;j epiwAk; Ntjp tpidf;F gpd; cs;s nkhj;j epiwAk; rkk;”

4. khwh tpfpj tpjp - g;nus];l; (1779) fz;lwpe;jhh; - “xU Jha Ntjpr; Nrh;kk; vk;Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mjpy; cs;s

jdpkq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l khwh epiw tpfpjj;jpy;jhd; $bapUf;Fk;” - c.k; ePh; vk;Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mjpy; cs;s i`l;u[d;

kw;Wk; Mf;]p[dpd; mZepiw tpfpjk; 2:16 my;yJ 1:8 5. [hd; lhy;ld; mZf;nfhs;if

- ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L 1803180318031803 – 1807 - gUg;nghUs;fs; gphpf;fKbahj kpfr;rpwpa Jfs;fshd mZf;fshy;

MdJ - mZf;fis Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ - xU jdpkj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fs; xNu khjphp ,Uf;Fk;


- ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; KO vz; tpfpjj;jpy; ,ize;J %yf;$Wfis cUthf;Fk;

- Ntjp tpidapy; <LgLk; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs; mZ - Fiwfs; ( jdpkq;fspd; NtWghLfs;, Nrh;k mZf;fs; cUthFk; tpjk;,

mZf;fSf;fpilNa cs;s ,izf;Fk; tpir, kw;Wk; mZ %yf;$W NtWghL Nghd;wit gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ,y;iy)

6. ikf;Nfy; ghuNl – gUg;nghUspd; kpd; jd;ik gw;wp Kjypy; ep&gpj;jth; - kpd;rhuk; vd;gJ “kpd; mZf;fs; vd;w Jfs;” vdf; $wpath;

7. rh; tpy;ypak; F&f; - 1878 y; kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohia gad;gLj;jp vjph;kpd; fjphfs; (NfNjhL

fjph;fs;) gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;jth;. - ,th; gad;gLj;jpa kpd;dpwf;ff; Foha; F&f; Foha; (CRT fjph; Foha;)

8. N[.N[. jhk;]d; - vnyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; INrhNlhg;Gfis fz;Lgpbj;jth; - gFjpasT ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l vjph; kpd;dpwf;ff;Foha; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - kpd; tha;fSf;fpilNa 10000v kpd;dOj;j NtWghL jug;gl;L NfNjhL

fjph; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ gpd;dh; ,J vnyf;l;uhd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. 9. rpq;f; ry;igL

- xspUk; jd;ikAs;s Ntjpg;nghUs; - fz;Zf;F njhpahj fjph;fs; ,jpy;gLk; NghJ fz;Zf;F GydhFk;

fjpuhf xspUk; 10. vjph; kpd; tha; fjph;fs;

- epiw kw;Wk; ,af;f Mw;wy; cz;L - fhe;jGyj;jpy; tpyf;fk; milAk; - kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohapd; cs;spUf;fk; thAtpd; gz;ig rhh;e;jJ ,y;iy

11. Nfhy;L];Bd; - GNuhl;lhid fz;lwpe;jhh; (Neh;kpd;tha; fjph;) - kpd;dpwf;ff;Fohapy; Jisaplg;gl;l vjph;kpd; tha; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohapy; i`l;u[d; thA gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ

GNuhl;lhd; ngwg;gl;lJ. - xU i`l;u[d; mZtpy; ,Ue;J xU vnyf;l;uhid ePf;Fk; NghJ 1

GNuhl;lhd; fpilf;Fk; 12. Neh;kpd; tha;f;fjph; - gz;Gfs;

- epiwAila Jfs;fshy; MdJ - Jfspd; epiw kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohapy; cs;s thAtpd; mZ epiwf;F

rkk;. - kpd;dpwf;ff; Fohapy; cs;s thAtpd; jd;ikia nghUj;J mikAk;

13. jhk;rd; mZ khjphp - mZ Neh; kpd; Rik nfhz;l Nfhsk; vnyf;l;uhd;fs; mjpy;

Gije;Js;sd. - mjpy; cs;s Neh;kpd; Jfs; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; Jfs; rkk; vdNt mZ

kpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikAilaJ - cyh; jpuhl;ir Gl;bq; khjphp my;yJ xOq;fhd khjphp vdTk;

miof;fg;gLk;

ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrh;kq;fsek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrh;kq;fsek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrh;kq;fsek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrh;kq;fs ;; ;;

1. Jhag; nghUs; - ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gphpf;f Kbahj epiyahd ,iaG kw;Wk;

epiyahd gz;Gfis nfhz;lJ - mlh;j;jp, cUFepiy, xsptpyfy; vz;, kpd; flj;J jpwd;, ghfpay;

jd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L milahsk; fhzyhk;. 2. jdpkk;

- ghapy; $w;Wghapy; $w;Wghapy; $w;Wghapy; $w;W – ve;j xU Jhag; nghUis Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; NkYk; gphpf;f KbahNjh mg;nghUs; jdpkk;


- ytha;rpahytha;rpahytha;rpahytha;rpah; - ve;j xU njhlf;f epiyapYs;s gUg;nghUisr; rpwpa nghUshf cilf;f KbahNjh mJ jdpkk;

- jw;fhy mZf; nfhs;ifjw;fhy mZf; nfhs;ifjw;fhy mZf; nfhs;ifjw;fhy mZf; nfhs;if – xNu tifahd mZf;fshy; MdJ jdpkk;

3. jdpkj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs; mZ. xNu tif mZf;fshy; my;yJ ntt;NtW tif mZf;fshy; MdJ %yf;$W.

4. ,J tiu fz;lwpag;gl;l nkhj;j jdpkq;fs; - 118 - mjpy; ,aw;ifapy; fpilg;git – 92 - Ma;tfj;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gLgit – 26 - mjpfhug;G+h;tkhf FwpaPL ntspaplg;gl;l jdpkq;fs; - 112 - Gtpapy; mjpfk; cs;s jdpkk; Mf;]p[d; (46.6) rjtPjk; - Gtpapy; mjpfk; cs;s ,uz;lhtJ jdpkk; rpypf;fhd; (27.7) rjtPjk; - kdpj clypy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; (Mf;]p[d;, fhh;gd, ; i`l;u[d;,

iel;u[d;, fhy;rpak;, gh];gu];) - kdpj clypy; mjpfk; cs;s jdpkk; Mf;]p[d; mLj;J fhh;gd; - mz;lk; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; i`l;u[d;, P̀ypak; - ePhk; epiyapy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; nkh;Fhp (cNyhfk;) kw;Wk;

GNuhkpd; (mNyhfk;) - 300c ePh;k epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; jdpkk; rPrpak;(Cs) kw;Wk; fhypak; (Ga)

5. thA epiyapy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; - i`l;u[d; (Kjy; jdpkk;) - iel;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; - FNshhpd; kw;Wk; GShpd; (`hy[d;fs;) - P̀ypak, ; epahd;, fphpg;lhd;, uhlhd;, kw;Wk; nrdhd; (ke;j thAf;fs;)

6. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s jdpkq;fspd; rjtPjk;

- Mf;]p[d; - 65 - fhh;gd; - 18 - i`l;u[d; - 10 - iel;u[d; - 3 - fhy;rpak; - 2

7. cNyhfq;fs; - ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; 92 jdpkq;fspy; 72 cNyhfq;fs; - fbdkhdit, gsgsg;ghdit, kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk; - c.k;. fhg;gh;, nts;sp, jq;fk; Kjypait

8. mNyhfq;fs; - 17 jdpkq;fs; mNyhfq;fs; - kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhJ, xyp vOg;ghJ

9. cNyhf Nghypfs; - cNyhfg; gz;G kw;wk; mNyhfg; gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sd - Nghuhd;(B), rpypf;fhd; (Si), nrh;khdpak;(Ge)

10. FwpaPLfs; - FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU jdpkj;ij Fwpf;Fk; vspa tbtk; 11. my;nfkp

- ,Uk;ig jq;fkhf khw;Wk; Kiw (goq;fhy Kiw) - ,t;thW khw;w KbAk; vdf; $wpath;fs; my;nfkp];l; (,urthjpfs;)

12. [hd; lhy;ld; - jdpkq;fspd; FwpaPLfis tiuglq;fs; %yk; nfhLj;jhh; (1808)

13. [hd; N[fg; ngh;rpypa]; - FwpaPLfshf Mq;fpy voj;Jfis gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh; (1813)

14. xU jdpkj;jpd; FwpaPL mj;jdpkj;jpd; ngaiuAk; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s mZf;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;


15. %yf;$W - xU jdpkj;jpd; %yf;$W vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l xNu

tifahd mZf;fisf; nfhzlJ - ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l xNu tifahd mZf;fis nfhz;l jdpkq;fs;

(XN]hd; (O3) gh];gu]; (P5) ry;gh; (S8))

16. Nrh;kk;

- ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpkq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiw tpfpjj;jpy; Ntjpapay; Kiwapy; ,ize;J cUthFk; Jhag; nghUs;

- xU Nrh;kj;jpy; cs;s gFjpg; nghUs;fis ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gphpf;f ,ayhJ

- xU Nrh;kk; cUthFk; NghJ ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;RjNyh my;yJ ntspapLtNjh epfOk;

- xU Nrh;kk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cUFepiy nfhjpepiyia ngw;Ws;sJ - Nrh;kj;jpd; gz;Gfs; mjd; gFjpg; nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfspy; ,Ue;J

khWgLk; - Nrh;kk; xU gbj;jhdit

17. Nrh;kq;fspd; tif m. fdpkr;Nrh;kk; - ghiw jhJf;fs; Nghd;w capuw;w %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J M. fhpkr; Nrh;kk; - jhtu, tpyq;F Nghd;w capUs;s %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J

18. %yf;$W tha;g;ghL – xU jdpkj;jpd; %yf;$iw Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

tha;g;ghL 19. ,izjpwd; - xU jdpkj;jpd; ,izaf; $ba jpwd;. 20. i`l;u[idf; nfhz;L ,izjpwd;

- xU jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; vd;gJ mj;jdpkj;jpd; xh; mZTld; ,izaf;$ba i`l;u[d; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

- c.k;. HCl ,jpy; Cl d; ,izjpwd; 1 - H2O ,jpy; O d; ,izjpwd; 2

21. FNshhpidf; nfhz;L ,izjpwd;

- xU jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; vd;gJ mj;jdpkj;jpd; xh; mZTld; ,izaf;$ba FNshhpd; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa mj;jdpkj;jpd ,izjpwd;

- KCl ,jpy; Kd; ,izjpwd; 1 - ZnCl2 ,jpy; Zn d; ,izjpwd; 2 - NaCl ,jpy; Nad; ,izjpwd; 1 - MgCl2 ,jpy; Mgd; ,izjpwd; 2

22. Mf;]p[id mbg;gilahf nfhz;l ,izjpwd; - xU jdpkj;jpd; xh; mZTld; ,izaf;$ba Mf;]p[d; mZf;fspd;

,ul;bg;G vz;zpf;ifNa mj;jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; - c.k;. CaO ,jpy; Ca d; ,izjpwd; 2 - MgO ,jpy; Mg d; ,izjpwd; 2 - ZnO ,jpy; Zn d; ,izjpwd; 2 - BaO ,jpy; Ba d; ,izjpwd; 2

23. ,izjpwd; G+[;[pak; cs;s jdpkk; - P̀ypak; kw;wk; epahd; 24. ehLfspd; ngahpy; cs;s jdpkq;fs;

- mnkh;rpak; (Am) – mnkhpf;fh - ANuhgpak; (Eu) – INuhg;gh

25. mwptpay; mwpQhpd; ngahpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Nehgpypak; (No) – My;gpul; Nehgy;

26. flTspd; ngahpy; cs;s jdpkk; - nkh;Fhp (Hg)


27. Nfhs;fspd; ngahpy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; - GSl;Nlhdpak; - GSl;Nlh - neg;bA+dpak; - neg;bA+d; - ANudpak; - Anud];

28. ,yj;jPd; kw;Wk; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; cs;s jdpkq;fs;

Nrhbak; Nel;hpak; Na nghl;lhrpak; Nfypak; K ,Uk;G /ngh;uk; Fe fhg;gh; Fg;uk; Cu rpy;th; mh;n[d;lk; Ag Nfhy;L Muk; Au nkh;Fhp i`l;uhh;[pak; Hg nyl; g;sk;gk; Pb Bd; ];Nldk; Sn Mz;bkdp ];bgpak; Sb lq;];ld; cy;/guk; W

29. tpohf; fhyq;fspy; gYd;fspy; epug;gg;gLk; thA P̀ypak; 30. xspUk; tpsf;F cUthf;fg; gad;gLk; thA fphpg;lhd; 31. tpsk;guq;fspy; xspUk; Foy; tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLk; thA epahd; 32. lq;];ld; tpsf;Ffspy; epug;gg;gLk; thA Mh;fhd; 33. mjpf xspuf; $ba tpsf;Ffspy; cs;s thA nrdhd; 34. gw;fis typikahf itj;jpUf;f gw;girapy; gad;gLk; thA GShpd; 35. ePr;ry; Fsj;ij Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;f gad;gLk; thA FNshhpd; 36. rhjhuz cg;gpd; Ntjpg; ngah; Nrhbak; FNshiuL 37. nuhl;b Nrhlhtpd; Ntjpg;ngah; Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; (jPaizf;Fk;

rhjdq;fspy; gad;gLk;) 38. ryitr; Nrhlhtpd; Ntjpg; ngah; Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; (fbd ePiu

nkd;dPuhf;Fk;) 39. ryitj; Jhspd; Ntjpg;ngah; fhy;rpak; Mf;]p FNshiuL (FbePh; Rj;jpfhpg;G) 40. Rl;l Rz;zhk;gpd; Ntjpg; ngah; fhy;rpak; Mf;i]L (fz;zhb rpkpz;L

jahhpg;G) 41. ePw;wpa Rz;zhk;gpd; Ntjpg; ngah; fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;i]L 42. Rz;zhk;Gf; fy;ypd; Ntjpg;ngah; fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;


8th Science Kc

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