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ljZjsf dlxnfn] dlxnf ;dfg clwsfƒ, ;dfg dtflwsfƒ, ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnfnufot y'k|} k|sfƒsf clwsfƒsf nflu ;+3if{ uƒL pknlAw klg xfl;n uƒ]sf 5g† . tƒ, d oxfF * dfr{sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld ƒ dxTjafƒ]df dfq pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' .

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k|efljt lyof] . o'ƒf]ksf dlxnf g]tfx¿sf] ;dfhjfbL jfdkGyL ljrfƒwfƒaf6 k|efljt lyP . klƒ0ffd‚j¿k ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngnfO{ hGd lbP . ;g†† !&&( b]lv a]nfotdf d]ƒL pN;6f]g qmfkm†6n] dlxnf ;dfg clwsfƒsf] s'ƒf p7fpg ;'? uƒ]sf] eP tfklg ;g†† !*^% ltƒ cfOk'Ubf dfq dlxnf d'lQm cfGbf]ngn] ;+ul7t ¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 .

;g†† !*%)–^) df cd]lƒsfdf k'FhLjfbsf] tLj| ljsf; -oGqsf] ljsf;_n] zfƒLlƒs sfdnfO{ lj‚yflkt ub}{ clglZrt 3G6f sfdsf] af]em, dflnssf] x}sd ƒ zf]if0fn] dhb'ƒsf] hLjg cToGt si6k|b lyof] . o;lj?4df * dfr{ ;g†† !*%& df cd]lƒsL ;'tL sk8f sfƒvfgfdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfn] sfdsf] ;do sd uƒfpg cfGbf]ng uƒ]sf lyP .

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o'ƒf]kdf dfq xf]Og, cGo b]zdf klg k|efj kg{ yfNof] . * dfr{ !()* df cd]lƒsfsf] Go'of]s{df >lds dlxnfn] dtflwsfƒsf nflu k'gM ;+3if{ uƒ] . To‚t} uƒL * dfr{ !()( df cd]lƒsfsf] l;sfuf] ;xƒdf dlxnfsf] 7"nf] ;Ful7t zlQmn] dlxnf clwsfƒsf lglDt ljleGg 7fpFdf x8tfn, v'nf;ef ƒ ;8sdf pq]ƒ ljzfn h'n'; k|bz{g uƒ] .

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;f] k|‚tfjnfO{ ;xefuL ƒfi6«sf dlxnfn] ;j{;Ddltn] kf; uƒ] ƒ ;g†† !(!! b]lv * dfr{sf lbg cGtƒf{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; lgƒGtƒ dgfOFb} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf hfuƒ0fsf] oxL nxƒn] o'ƒf]knufot ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf klg ;dfg dtflwsfƒnufot cGo dlxnfsf xs–clwsfƒ klg k|fKt x'Fb} uP . o;k|sfƒ …hlt ;+3if{ plt clwsfƒ k|flKtÚ eGg] s'ƒfsf] k'li6 x'Fb} uof] .

ljZjsf dlxnfsf] lgƒGtƒ ;+3if{kl5 ƒ k|of;kl5 dlxnfsf] cfjfh ;+o'Qm ƒfi6«;+3df klg k'Uof] . klƒ0ffd‚j¿k ;g†† !(^& df ;+o'Qm ƒfi6«;+3sf] dxf;efdf dlxnf e]befj ƒ zf]if0flj?4 k|‚tfj kflƒt eof] . dlxnf hfuƒ0fsf] nxƒsf sfƒ0fn] ljZj

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ePotf * dfr{nfO{ slxn]b]lv s;ƒL dfGg yflnof] eGg] olsg tYof+s geP klg l56k'6 n]v–ƒrgfsf cfwfƒdf lj;+ )!^ b]lv gfƒL lbj;sf ¿kdf dfGg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . -uf]ƒvfkq_ tƒ * dfr{sf] dxTj ƒ ulƒdfnfO{ a'em]ƒ dlxnf clwsfƒ cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]eGbf klg >f4 ug]{ lx;fan] dfq uƒ]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]iftM )#%÷)#^ sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 dfq * dfr{sf] dd{ ƒ efjgfcg'¿k ƒfhgLlts kf6L{ ljz]iftM jfdkGyL kf6L{sf elugL ;Fu7gn] dgfPsf] kfOG5 .

k~rfotsfnLg cj‚yfsf ] t s 'ƒ } 5f8f } F hgdt;Fu|xkl5sf] tTsfnLg ;Qfn] c¿ ƒfhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf] ;fy;fy} ;+o'Qm ƒfi6«;+3n] g} dfGotf lbPƒ dgfpFb} cfPsf] ƒ dfr{sf] cGtƒf{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;;d]t dgfpg c3f]lift k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] . o;sf afah'b klg Psfltƒ g]kfnsf ƒfhgLlts kf6L{;Fu ;Da4 dlxnf ;+3–;Fu7g ljz]iftM jfdkGyL

kf6L{sf elugL ;Fu7gn] Pstf, ;+3if{ ƒ ljho k|tLssf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfkm†gf ƒfhgLltsf ;fy} dlxnf ;dfgtf ƒ d'lQmsf cfjfh 3GsfpFb} * dfr{ dg-fpg] qmddf ƒfhwfgLnufot b]z}elƒ lgd{d bdg ug'{sf ;fy} luƒkm†tfƒ uƒL h]nsf] ;hfo;Dd lbg] uƒ]sf] lyof] . tƒ klg ;zQm 9+un] * dfr{sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] sfdnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cufl8 a9fpg 5f8]gg† eg] csf]{ltƒ k~rfotL Joj‚yfsf] elugL ;Fu7gsf ¿kdf ƒx]sf] g]kfn dlxnf ;Fu7g ƒ s]xL bƒaflƒof pRr 3ƒfgfsf dlxnfn] eg] gfƒL lbj;sf ¿kdf ;ƒsfƒL 9's'6Lsf] b'?kof]u ub}{ ef]het]ƒ ƒ ƒdemddf dgfpg] uy]{ . )$^ sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 eg] v'nf ƒ Jofks ¿kdf dlxnfsf ;d;fdlos d'2f ;d]6†b} dgfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 .

d'n'sdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ‚yfkgf eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df klg * dfr{sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj ƒ o;sf] ;fGble{stf plQs} 5 . ha;Dd dlxnfsf xs–clwsfƒ k"0f{ ¿kn] ‚yflkt x'Fb}g, ta;Dd o;sf] ;fGble{stf ƒlxƒxg]5 . l

d'n'sdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ‚yfkgf eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df klg * dfr{sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj ƒ o;sf] ;fGble{stf plQs} 5 . ha;Dd dlxnfsf xs–clwsfƒ k"0f{ ¿kn] ‚yflkt x'Fb}g, ta;Dd o;sf] ;fGble{stf ƒlxƒxg]5 .

cf7 dfr{ dfl;s

*

…;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnf ;dfg ƒf]hufƒ ƒ cj;ƒÚ sf] gfƒf lnPƒ dlxnf clwsfƒsf nflu n8†g] hd{gLsL dlxnf g]tf Snfƒf h]6lsgsf] ;Demgfdf dfr{ * nfO{ cGtƒfli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;sf ?kdf dgfOG5„ laZjdf s'g} klg b]zsf dlxnfn] cfkm†gf clwsfƒsf laifodf ;f]Rg] ;d]t guƒ]sf] ;dodf pgn] ;dfg clwsfƒsf] dfu uƒ]sL lyOg†„ cyf{t† ljZj dlxnfd'lQmsf] cfjfh lnPƒ klxnf]k6s cfGbf]ngdf cfpg] ;dfhjfbL g]t[ Snfƒf h]6lsg g} lyOg†„

;lbof}+b]lv ljZjsf dlxnfx?n] ;xb} cfPsf pTkL8g, bdg zf]if0fsf lj?4 klxnf] k6s v'n]ƒ} ljƒf]w ug]{ dlxnf of]4f Snfƒf h]6lsgsf] hGd ;g† !*&@ df hd{gsf] lnkluhdf ƒx]sf] Pp6f ;fdfGo klƒjfƒdf ePsf] lyof]„ pgsf] afa' cfdf lzIf0f k]zfdf ;+nUg lyP„ x'g] lj?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] em}+ pgL ;fg}b]lv ljb|f]xL ‚jefjsL lyOg†„ ;fy} lg8ƒ klg„ pgsf] afNosfn klg ;fdfGo ?kd} ljTof]„ k|fƒlDes lzIff xfFl;n ulƒ;s]kl5 pgL klg lzIfs algg†„ cfˆgf] k9fO{sf nflu cfkm}n] vr{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ afWotf pgdf lyof]„ k9fpFb} ƒ k9†b} uƒ} eP klg h]6lsgn] pRr lzIff k"ƒf ulƒg†„ Toltv]ƒ ljZjd} dlxnfx?sf] l‚ylt cToGt} gfh's lyof]„ clwsfƒsf nflu s;}n] v'n]ƒ af]Ng ;Sg] cj‚yf lyPg„

xHhfƒf}+ jif{;Dd pTkL8g ;x]ƒ a‚g afWo

hGdbftf Snf/f h]6lsg

* dfr{ !**( df k]lƒ;df >lds dlxnfx¿sf] cGtƒf{li6«o ;Dd]ng lyof]„ ljZjsf xhfƒfF} dlxnfx¿ ;xefuL ljzfn ;Dd]ngdf h]6lsg dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg clwsfƒsf] dfu uƒ]sL lyOg†„ Tof] g} dlxnfsf] clwsfƒsf] nflu cfjfh p7fPsf] ljZjsf] klxnf] 36gf lyof]„ To;}a]nf b]lv * dfr{nfO{{ xƒ]s jif{ dlxnf clwsfƒ ƒ dlxnf d'lQmsf nflu ulƒPsf] ;+3if{sf] lbgsf] ¿kdf ljZjeƒ ‚dƒ0f ulƒG5„

l cfj/0

f

cf7 dfr{ dfl;s

(

agfOPsf s]xL dlxnfx?df eg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof]„ pgLx? PSn} cfjfh p7fpg ;s]sf lyPgg†„

;lbof}+b]lv ;fdGtjfbL kƒDkƒflj?4 hd{gsf cu|ufdL dlxnfx?n] pTkL8glj?4 cfGbf]ng ;'? ulƒ;s]sf lyP„ pRrlzIff k"ƒf ulƒ;s]]kl5 h]6lsgn] hd{gdf ePsf] dlxnfd'lQm cfGbf]ngafƒ] yfxf kfOg†„ ;fg}b]lv dlxnfd'lQmsf nflu dlxnfx? g} n8†g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf af]s]sL h]6lsgn] pRrlzIff ;Sgf;fy hd{gdf ePsf] dlxnfd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ulƒƒx]sf cu‚tl;‚6nfO{{ e]6†g† uOg†„ cu‚tl;‚6nfO{{ e]6]kl5 h]6lsg klg dlxnfd'lQm cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eOg†„ ;fg}b]lv dfS;{ ƒ Pª†u]N;sf] ljrfƒaf6 k|efljt h]6lsgsf] cfGbf]ngsf] nIo ;dfhjfbL Joj‚yf g} lyof]„ ;dfhjfbL Joj‚yfdf dfq} dlxnfx?n] d'lQm kfpg] pgsf] wfƒ0ff lyof]„ To;}n] ogn] …;dfhjfbL kf6L{Úsf] ;b‚otf klg lnOg†„

Toltv]ƒ hd{gsf lgƒ+s'z zf;s lj‚dfs{n] c;fwfƒ0f sfg'g nfu' uƒL ;dfhjfbLx¿nfO{{ bdg ug{ yfn]sf lyP„ To;sf] lj?4df sf]xL kgL v'n]ƒ nfUg ;s]sf lyPgg†„ ljZjdf lkNl;Pƒ ƒx]sf cfd dlxnfx?sf] d'lQmsf nflu Ps ePƒ n8†g cfXjfg ub}{ h]6lsgn] lj‚dfs{sf] lgƒ+s'z zf;gsf] v'n]ƒ ljƒf]w ulƒg†„

cfGbf ]ngs}qmddf ?;sf qmflGtsfƒL o'jf cf]l;otf;Fu pgsf] e]6 eof]„ pgLx¿ Pp6} ljrfƒ lnPƒ lj‚dfs{sf] zf;glj?4 nfu]sfn] b'j} hgfnfO{{ ;g† !**) df hd{g ;ƒsfƒn] kqmfp u¥of]„ b'O{ jif{kl5 pgLx¿ lƒxf eP„ ;g† !**@ df b'a}hgf k|mfG;df uPƒ ljjfx aGwgdf afFlwP„ h]6lsgeGbf cf]l;of ;dfhjf-bsf lj1 g} lyP„ k]lƒ;df ƒxFbf h]6lsgn] cf]l;of;Fu ;dfhjfbsf] ljifodf ulxƒf] cWoog ulƒg†„ k]lƒ;d} pgsf b'Oj6f 5f]ƒf hlGdP„ ;g† !*** df cf]l;ofsf] cfsf‚dft† d[To' eof]„ pgsf] kltsf] d[To'kl5 h]6lsg cfˆgf b'O{ 5f]ƒfx¿ lnPƒ hd{g kmls{g†„ hd{g cfPƒ dlxnfsf ljifox¿ ;zQm ¿kdf p7fpgs} nflu dlxnf ;DaGwL klqsf lgsfn]ƒ cfkm}F ;Dkfbs eOg†„

* dfr{ !**( df k]lƒ;df >lds dlxnfx¿sf] cGtƒf{li6«o ;Dd]ng lyof]„ ljZjsf xhfƒfF} dlxnfx¿ ;xefuL ljzfn ;Dd]ngdf h]6lsg dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg clwsfƒsf] dfu uƒ]sL lyOg†„ Tof] g} dlxnfsf] clwsfƒsf] nflu cfjfh p7fPsf] ljZjsf] klxnf] 36gf lyof]„ To;}a]nf b]lv * dfr{nfO{{ xƒ]s jif{ dlxnf clwsfƒ ƒ dlxnf d'lQmsf nflu ulƒPsf] ;+3if{sf] lbgsf] ¿kdf ljZjeƒ ‚dƒ0f ulƒG5„ ;g† !()& df hd{gLdf ePsf] ;dfhjfbL dlxnfx¿sf] k|yd cGtƒf{li6«o

;Dd]ngaf6 pgL dxf;lrjdf lgjf{lrt eOg†„ ;g† !(!) df bf];|f] ;Dd]ng x'Fbf * dfr{nfO{{ …cGtƒf{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;Úsf] ¿kdf agfpg] k|‚tfj ƒflvg†„ Tof] k|‚tfjnfO{{ ;j{;Ddt¿kdf kflƒt ulƒof]„ To;kl5 ;g† !(!! dfr{ * b]lv …ljZj >lds dlxnf lbj;Ú dgfpg yflnof]„

k|yd ljZjo'4 rƒd ljGb'df k'u]sf] a]nfdf pgn] zflGtsf] cfjfh p7fPsL lyOg†„ zflGtsf nflu ;g† !(!% df hd{gLsf] jf]g eGg] 7fpFdf dlxnfx¿sf] ljzfn e]nf cfof]hgf ulƒPsf] lyof]„ To; ;Dd]ngdf ljZjeƒLsf xHhfƒf}+ cu|ufdL dlxnfx¿ ;xefuL ePsf lyP„ To; ;Dd]ngdf h]6lsgn] ƒfv]sf] zflGtk|‚tf j;j{;Ddtn] kflƒt ulƒPsf] lyof]„ pgsf] kxndf kflƒ ePsf] …zflGt k|‚tfjÚn] ljZjd} rrf{ kfof]„ k|yd ljZjo'4 rflnƒxFbf …zflGtk|‚tfjÚ kflƒt uƒ]sf] cfƒf]kdf hd{g ;ƒsfƒn] h]6lsgnfO{{ luƒˆtfƒ u¥of]„ pgsf] luƒˆtfƒsf] ljƒf]wdf ljZjeƒLsf dlxnfx¿n] cfGbf]ng uƒ]„ ;8s ttfP„ nfdf] cfGbf]ngsf] bafakl5 afWo ePƒ hd{g ;ƒsfƒn] pgnfO{{ d'Qm u¥of]„ pgL d'Qm ePkl5 pgL ;+nUg kf6L{leq} klg ljjfb pTkGg eof]„ kf6L{df oyfl‚yltjfbLx¿sf] ar{‚j x'gfn] ;g† !(!& df pgnfO{{ ;dfhjfbL kf6L{sf] s]GbL|o ;b‚otfaf6 x6fOof]„ xƒavt b]z ƒ hgtfk|lt ;dk{0f x'g rfxg] h]6lsgn] n]lggsf] ljrfƒnfO{ ;dy{g ub{} ;g† !(!* df hd{g sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ‚yfkgf ulƒg†„

…;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnf ;dfg ƒf]hufƒ ƒ cj;ƒÚ sf] gfƒf lnPƒ dlxnf clwfsfƒsf nflu n8†g] ljZjs} klxnf] dlxnf g]t[ Snfƒf h]6lsgsf] d[To' ;g† !(%@ df eof]„ pgn] To; a]nfdf p7fPsf dlxnf ;dfgtf ƒ ‚jtGqtfsf] k|]ƒ0ffn] ljZjsf ;a} cu|ufdL dlxnfx¿ d'lQmsf nflu nl8ƒx]sf 5g†„ pgn] b]vfPsf] af6f]nfO{{ k5†ofOƒx]sf 5g†„ l

n ozf]bf clwsf/L

l cfj/0

f

cf7 dfr{ dfl;s

!)

o'ƒf]kdf b]vfkƒ]sf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt;Fu} dlxnf cfGbf]ng ljZjsf ljleGg ƒfi6«df lj‚tfƒ eof]„ ljz]ifuƒL cd]lƒsL Pj+ o'ƒf]k]nL ƒfi6«x?sf dlxnf ljleGg xs, lxt ƒ clwsfƒsf lglDt hfu[t aGg k[['u]„ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ƒfhgLlts, z}lIfsnufot If]qdf cfkm†gf] kxF'r j[l4 ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;+3;+37g ‚yfkgf eP„ dlxnfsf] dfgjLo xslxtnfO{ cufl8 ;fb}{ ;g† !()* df cd]lƒsfsf] Go"of]s{cGtu{t sk8f ldndf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx? cdfgjLo gLltlgod ƒ zf]if0fsf] lj?4df pq]„

o;}uƒL !(cf} + ztfAbLdf ƒf]hufƒL, ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsfƒ, dtflwsfƒ cflb d'2fnfO{ cufl8 ;fƒL ljZjsf ljleGg If]qsf

dlxnf cfGbf]lnt eP„ tƒ tL ;a} d'2f tfTsfnLg ;dodf eg] k"ƒf x'g ;s]gg†„

jf‚tjdf ;g† !(^) df ;'? ePsf] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] bf];|f] wfƒn] ljZjsf ljleGg If]q ƒ kIfdf k|efj kfg{ ;kmn eof]„ ljleGg lj1fgn] dlxnfnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6nfO{ r'gf}tL lbb} ;dfhsf] j}slNks JofVof u¥of]„ k'?if k|wfg d"NodfGotf ƒ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ r'gf}tL lbof]„ o;n] ljZjJofkL dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof]„ kmn‚j?k ljleGg 7fpFdf dlxnf ;+37g ‚yfkgf eof]„ o;} wfƒdf ;dflxt pbfƒ dlxnfjfb, dfS;{jfbL dlxnfjfb, cfd"n dlxnfjfb, ;dfhjfbL dlxnfjfbh‚tf k|d'v jfb b]vf kƒ]„ log} jfbn] ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fdflhs,

cGtƒf{li6«o dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] cj‚yf

n uLtf kg]?

l cfj/0

f

cf7 dfr{ dfl;s

!!

;+f‚s[lts kIfnufot dlxnfclwsfƒ ƒ ;dfgtfsf] JofVof uƒ]„ o;} ;Gbe{sf ;g† !(^^df jfl;ª6g l8;Ldf B.friedan sf] cWoIftfdf dlxnfsf nflu dlxnf ƒfli6«o ;+u7g (national organization for women –now) sf] ‚yfkgf eof]„ o;sf] sfd dlxnfdf r]tgf Nofpg] vfnsf ljleGg sfo{qmd Nofpg] ƒx]sf] lyof]„ o;}uƒL older women liberation (owl) , (the coalition of labour union of women (cluw) h‚tf ;+‚yf ‚yfkgf eP„ oL ;+‚yfn] ljz]ifuƒL ƒfhgLlts, ;fdflhs lg0f{ok|lqmodf dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf, ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf, ;dfg lzIff, klƒjfƒ lgof]hg of]hgf, efiff Pj+ ;~rflƒs k|‚t'lt cflbnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP„ oL ljleGg ;+3;+‚yfn] cGttM dlxnfnfO{ ƒfhgLltdf ;lqmo agfpg, gfulƒs clwsfƒ, ƒf]hufƒL tyf >d zlQmdf kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;kmn eP„

cGtƒf{li6«o dlxnf cfGbf]ng ljleGg nIo ƒ ljifo;Fu s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5„ o;}qmddf sfdbfƒ ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ cfƒfd tyf ;'ljwf rflxG5 eGg] cfjfh Jofks ?kdf p7]kl5 ;g† !(&* df ‚yfkgf eP„ oL ;+‚yfx?n] ljz]ifuƒL ƒfhgLlt, ;fdflhs lg0ff{os k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf, ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf, ;dfg lzIff, klƒjfƒ lgof]hg of]hgf, efiff, ;~rfƒsf k|‚t'lt cflbnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP„ oL ljleGg ;+3;+‚yfn] cGttM dlxnfnfO{ ƒfhgLltdf ;lqmo agfpg, gfulƒs clwsfƒ, ƒf]hufƒL tyf >dzlQmdf kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;kmn eP„

pregnancy Disability Act cfof]„ To;}uƒL Now ƒ weal, ue{ktg (Abortion) ;DaGwdf tLa| ;+3if{ uƒ]kl5 ue{ktg uƒfpg] ljw]os klg cfPsf] kfOG5„ k|fl1s If]qaf6 ;d]t dlxnf cfGbf]ng hfƒL ƒx†of]„ ;dfhzf‚q, dgf]lj1fg, Oltxf;, dfgjzf‚q ljefu tyf ljZjljBfnodf dlxnf cWoog ƒ sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lbOof]„ ;dfhzfqcGtu{t ljleGg b[li6sf]0f ƒ ljrfƒ af]s]sf dlxnfjfbL hlGdP, h;n] dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;zQm ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]„ o;k|sfƒ klxnf] ƒ bf];|f] wfƒ ljz]ifuƒL ;dfg cj;ƒ ƒ ;zlQmsƒ0ftkm{ s]lGb|t ƒx]sf] b]lvG5„ klxnf] wfƒdf Hofnf, dtflwsfƒ, ;fj{hlgs ;dfg ;xeflutfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] wfƒdf ljleGg zf]if0f bdgsf] cGTo jf dlxnf ‚jfoQtfnfO{ cufl8 ;flƒPsf] b]lvG5„

oBkL oL b'j} cfGbf]ngn] dlxnfsf] ljleGg l‚ylt, wd{, ;+‚s[lt, ƒfhgLlt lg0f{ok|lqmof, ;fdflhs hLjgk4lt ƒ kflƒjflƒs hLjgdf klƒjt{g NofPsf] kfOG5„ tƒ t];|f] ljZjnufot cNkljsl;t Pj+ cljsl;t ƒfi6«sf dlxnfsf] l‚yltdf eg] s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 ;Gtf]ifhgs klƒjt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g„

;fy} ljsl;t elgg] ƒfi6«s} s'ƒf] ug'{ kbf{ t];|f] ljZjsf] t'ngfdf s]xL ;Gtf]ifhgs ƒx] klg 8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08, gj]{, g]bƒNof08h‚tf s]xL ƒfi6«afx]s cGo ;a} ƒfi6«df dlxnfsf] ƒfhgLlt ;Qf, ;ƒsfƒ lg0f{ok|lqmof, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pRrtxdf Go"g kxF'r cyf{t† #) k|ltztsf] xfƒfxfƒLdf ƒx]sf] 5„ of] tYon] cGtƒf{li6«o dlxnf cfGbf]ng cem} ;zQm ƒ k"0f{ ?kdf cufl8 a9†g g;s]sf] k|‚6 x'G5„

ctM ljZjdf dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] s'ƒf ubf{ k|yd OG6ƒg]zgn ;g† !*^* df sfn{ dfS;{n] …gfƒL ;dfgtfsf lglDt pTkfbg sfo{df pgLx?sf] ;+nUgtf lgtfGt cfjZos 5Ú eGb} ;dfg sfo{sf] c;dfg Hofnf, cltlƒQm >dsf] zf]if0f ƒ cg'Tkfbs >dsf] aGwgh‚tf s'ƒfaf6 d'Qm guƒL gfƒL hfltn] jf‚tljs cy{sf] cfTdlge{ƒtf of d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg† eGg] b[li6sf]0f cufl8 ;fƒ]kl5 c? ;zQm ePsf] kfOG5„ sof} dlxnf g]t[x?n] cGtƒf{li6«o ‚tƒdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] e]l6G5„ h‚t} ;g† !*&! df k]lƒ; sDo'gsf] hGd eof], hxfF >dhLjLju{n] &@ lbg dfq ƒfHo;Qf rnfP„ tƒ &@ lbgsf] ƒfHo;Qfsf] xfƒkl5 tfTsfnLg ;ƒsfƒn] lgd{d bdg ubf{ y'k|} dlxnfn] alnbfgL lbP, h;dWo] n'O; ldr]n gfdsL dlxnfn] !) jif{sf] h]nhLjg latfPsL lyOGf†„

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tyf ægfƒLTjsfÆ klƒefiffx¿nfO{ Ps csf{;Fu hf]8]ƒ x]g]{ ub{5„ pSt;dfhsf] j}rflƒs lIflthleq ‚qLnfO{ ;f+‚s[lts kƒDkƒfsf] laDasf] ?kdf lnOG5 eg] k'?ifnfO{ cfw'lgstfsf] ;lqmo stf{sf] ?kdf„ o‚t} uƒ]ƒ gfƒLnfO{ 3ƒleqsf] cfGtlƒs ‚yn;Fu hf]l8OG5 eg] k'?ifnfO{ 3ƒ aflxƒsf] ;+;fƒ;Fu„ csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ o; lsl;dsf] lkt[;QfTds ;f]r cg';fƒ gfƒLsf] zƒLƒ, dgf]efjgf ƒ Jojxfƒn] ƒfli6«o tyf kfƒLjflƒs b'j} lsl;dsf kƒDkƒfx¿sf] k|tLƒIff ug'{k5{„ k'?ifn] eg] tL kƒDkƒfaf6 aflxƒ lg‚s]ƒ gofF cfw'lgs klƒkf6L l;s]df s]xL kmƒs kb}{g„ k'?ifsf] sfd xf] 3ƒ aflxƒaf6 k};f sdfPƒ Nofpg' tyf æljb]zLÆ jf æaflxƒLofÆ cfqmd0faf6 ƒfi6« ƒ klƒjfƒsf] k|tLƒIff ug'{„ o; ljklƒt gfƒLsf] lhDd]jfƒL xf] 3ƒleq a;]ƒ kflƒjflƒstyf ;f+‚s[lts kƒDkƒfx¿sf] hu]gf{ ug'{„

kfyf{ Rof6hL{sf] egfO cg';fƒ cf}klgj]zjfb lj?4 nl8Psf] efƒtLo ƒfli6«o ;+3if{sf] ;dodf eg] o‚tf ljƒf]wfef;L dfGotfx? s]xL kmƒflsnf jf nlrnf ePsf lyP „ ƒfli6«o ‚jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] ;dodf y'k|} gfƒLx¿ 3ƒ ƒ klƒjfƒ aflxƒ lg‚sL ;8sdf cf]ln{Psf lyP„ gfƒLx¿ sf]dn ƒ efj's x'G5g† eGg] ;fdflhs k"j{wfƒ0ffnfO{ pN6fpFb} ;8sdf gfƒf nufpFb}, nÝLsf] lk6fO v]Kb}, ltgsf] ;+3if{ Ifdtf ƒ axfb'ƒLsf] k|i6 k|df0f lbPsf lyP„ csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ‚jtGqtf ;ª†u|fd bf}ƒfg ltgn] jLƒtf ƒ axfb'ƒL h‚tf æk'?iff]lrtÆ u'0f ƒ

‚jefjsf] k|bz{g uƒ]„ tƒ To; ;dodf eg] gfƒLx¿sf] o‚tf] æk'?iff]lrtÆ Jojxfƒsf] vf;} lgGbf ePg„ cem To;a]nfsf] efƒtLo ;dfhn] t emg† emfF;LsL ƒfgL tyf b|f}kbL h‚tf n8fs' tyf ljb|f]xL gfƒL kfqx¿sf] k|z+;f ub}{ gfƒLTjsf gofF dfkb08 ;d]t k]z u¥of]„ gfƒL eg]sf] 3ƒ, klƒjfƒ ƒ kƒDkƒfx¿sf] klƒrfos dfq} gePƒ ljb|f]x ƒ ‚jtGqtfsf] k|lts klg x'g;S5 eg]ƒ b]vfof]„

tƒ o; lsl;dsf] l‚ylt w]ƒ} lbg;Dd rNg ;s]g„ ;g† !($& df cf}klgj]zjfbL lj|l6z zf;gsf] cGt;Fu} ƒfli6«o ‚jtGqtf k|fKt uƒ]sf] efƒtdf PskN6 k'gM gfƒL k'?if ;DaGwL ltg} k'ƒfgf k"j{wfƒ0ffx¿ g} dhj't x'Fb} uP„ ægfƒLÆ sf] zƒLƒ ƒ ærlƒqÆ k'gM 3ƒ ƒ kƒDkƒfx¿sf] k|lts aGg k'Uof] eg] k'?ifsf] dl‚tis ƒ JolQmTj km]lƒ 3ƒaflxƒ rlnƒxg] cfw'lgstfltƒsf] bf}8;Fu hf]l8g k'Uof]„

;d;fdlos ;+;fƒdf 3ƒ alxƒ uPƒ sfdug]{ gfƒLx¿sf] ;+Vof a9†b} uPsf] eP tfklg o;ƒL æk'?ifsf] If]qÆ leq k;L k'?ifx¿ ;ƒx g} clkm; cbfntx¿df

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uPƒ sfd ug]{ gfƒLx¿nfO{ æo‚tf gfƒLx¿ rlƒqxLg eO;s] lsÆ eg]ƒ z+sfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{ rng 5„ o; lsl;dsf] lkt[;TtfTds b[li6sf]0fsf b'O{j6f 5'§f5'§} tƒ Pscsf{;Fu hf]l8Psf sfƒsx¿ 5g†„

klxnf] sfƒs xf] gfƒL 3ƒaf6 lg‚s]ƒ k'?ifx¿sf] afx'No ƒx]sf] ;fj{hlgs ‚yn jf ‚k];df l5g{ yfn]df klƒjfƒ ƒ ƒfli6«o ;+‚s[ltsf kƒDkƒfx¿ vnalnPnfg† ls eGg] 8ƒ Û gfƒLnfO{ ƒfli6«o ƒ kflƒjflƒs ;+‚s[ltsf] klƒrfos dflgg] ePsf] x'gfn] p;sf] ærlƒqÆ 8udufPdf ƒfi6« ƒ ;+‚s[lts} rlƒq 8udufpg hfnfls eGg] lrGtfn] ubf{ oL ærlƒqxLg r]nLÆx¿ k|lt k'?if k|wfg ;dfh cfqmfds x'gyfN5„ slt k'?ifn] cjr]tgs} txdf eP kgL ;f]Rg yfN5g\– oL r]nLx¿ ca xfd|f] -cyf{t† k'?ifsf]_ If]qleq k‚g

yfn], Joj;flos tyf;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf l5ƒ]ƒ xfdL;Fu k|lt‚kwf{ ug{ yfn]„ To;}n] logsf] ljƒf]w ug'{ h?ƒL 5„

o; lsl;dsf ;f+‚s[lts k|ltlqmof ljleGg ;do tyf 7fpFdf 3l6t eOƒx]sf x'G5g†„ pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] efudf w]ƒ} o'ƒf]k]nL dlxnfx¿n] kfƒDklƒs ;fdflhs k|Tofzfsf] jlxisfƒ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ‚ynx¿df uPƒ sfd ug{ yfn]sf lyP„ ltgnfO{ klg o;ƒL g} ærlƒqxLgÆ sf] ;+1f le8fpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof sd lyPg„ k'?ifk|bfg ;dfhsf] ToxL ;f+‚s[lts k'jf{u|x efƒt ƒ gfOh]lƒofb]lv lnPƒ aËnfb]z ƒ g]kfn;Ddsf d'n'sdf klg b]lvG5„

gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒwfƒf tyf ;f+‚s[lts cg'sƒ0f

h'lnof lqm‚6]jfsf] dt cg';fƒ kqsflƒtf, sfof{nosf] sfd tyf sfg'gsf] Joj;fo h‚tf k'?ifsf] afx'Notf ƒx]sf] If]qdf uO{ sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;w}F 8ƒ x'G5– st} ltgsf k'?if k|ltåGåLn] ltgnfO{ æk'?ifsf] h‚tf] ‚jefjÆ ePsf rlƒqxLg gfƒLsf] ¿kdf b]Vg,a'‰g yfNg] t 5}gg† <pSt 8ƒaf6 d'lQm kfpg w]ƒ} gfƒLx? cem} emg† haƒh‚tL lh‚sLg], nhfpg] h‚tf æ‚qLof]lrtÆ u'0fsf] k|bz{g ug{ yfN5g†„

gfƒLTjsf] o‚tf] k|bz{gdfkm{t†ltgLx? cfk"mnfO{ æk'?if h‚tL ePsL dlxnfÆ jf ærlƒqxLg r]nLÆ h‚tf ;+1f jf pkgfdx¿af6 arfpg vf]H5g†„

h'lnof lqm‚6]jfsf] pQm egfOn] æ;f+‚s[lts cg'sƒ0fÆ sf cWoogstf{sf] lglDt ljrfƒsf] gofF af6f] vf]n]sf] 5„ pQƒ–cf}klgif]bjfb ƒ ljZjJofkLsƒ0fsf] cWoogn] o‚tf] klg b]vfPsf] 5 ƒfhgLlts ƒ cfly{s ¿kn] æxf]rfÆ -sd zlQmzfnL_ wƒftndf plePsf sfnf, v}ƒf dflg;x¿ æclUnPsfÆ ƒfhgLlts÷cfly{s wƒftndf ƒx]sf zStLzfnL] JolQmsf] efiff rfnrng, tyf af]Ng] lxF8†g] tlƒsfx¿sf] cg'sƒ0f ug]{ u5{g†„! s]xL xb;Dd o‚tf] cg'sƒ0f ltgLx¿n] Joj;flos ƒ JolQmut ;kmntfsf] lglDt k|of]u uƒ]sf] Jojxflƒs ƒ0fgLlt klg x'g;S5„ o‚t} uƒ]ƒ ;dlnËL k'?ifn] k|foMh;f] ljkƒLt lnËL k'?ifsf xfpefp ƒ lxF8†g] af]Ng] tlƒsfsf] cg'sƒ0f ug]{ u5{g†„ h'l8y a6nƒh‚tf ;dfnf]rsn] o; lsl;dsf] cg'sƒ0f tL ;dlnËLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ƒ ;f+‚s[lts jfWotfsf] klƒ0ffd xf] eg]ƒ ts{ uƒ]sf 5g†„ ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;dlnËLx¿nfO{ x]o b[li6n] x]lƒg] x'Fbf ltgLx¿ cfˆgf] jf‚tljs klxrfgnfO{ ;dfhsf] To‚tf] pk]Iffk"0f{ …x]ƒfOÚ af6 hf]ufpg rfxG5g†„ cfˆgf] ;dn}lËs klxrfgnfO{ n'sfPƒ ƒfVgsf] lglDt ltgsf] lglDt o‚tf] cg'sƒ0fsf] Jojxflƒs cfjZostf ePsf] x'g;S5„

;f+‚s[lts ƒ ƒfhgLlts ƒ0fgLltsf] ¿kdf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf -h‚tf] ls sfnf÷v}ƒf JolQmx¿ jf ;dlnËLx¿_ JolQmn] cfk"meGbf a9L zlQmzfnLdflg; jf ;d'bfox¿sf] ægSsnÆ jf cg'sƒ0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g†„ of] Ps lsl;dsf] ;f+‚s[lts cg'sƒ0f xf]„ tƒ h'lnof lqm‚6]jfsf] ægfƒLTjÆsf] cg's0f;DaGwL wfƒ0ffn] ;f+‚s[lts cg'sƒ0fsf] Pp6f cs}{ kIfltƒ cf}FNofPsf] 5„ qmL‚6]jfsf] egfO cg';fƒ slxn]sfxLF dflg;n] cfkm"eGbf kmƒs ;d'bfosf JolQmsf] cg'sƒ0f ug{ 5f8L cfˆg} ;d"x sf u'0f, ljz]iftfx¿nfO cltƒl~ht 9ª†un] gSsn jf cg'sƒ0f klg ug]{ u5{g†„ k'?ifx¿sf] afx'No ePsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ c?n] æk'?if h‚tf b]Vnfg† ƒ rlƒqlxg eg]ƒ a'‰nfg†Æ eGg] 8ƒn] cTolws d]sck nufpg] ƒ lh‚sLg] h‚tf æ‚qLof]lrtÆu'0fx¿ b]vfPsf] pbfxƒ0fnfO o‚t} ljlzi7 lsl;dsf] cg'sƒ0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5„

xf]dL efefn] pQƒ–cf}klgj]zjfbsf] klƒk|]Iodf uƒ]sf] æcg'sƒ0fÆ sf] JofVof ƒ h'lnof lqm‚6]jfn] gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rgsf] ;Gbe{df uƒ]sf] cg'sƒ0fsf] klƒefiffdf s]xL ;femf ;dfgtf b]lvG5„ xf]dL efefsf] dt cg';fƒ v}ƒf sfnf JolQmx¿n] ;fÍ]lsts uf]ƒLkgsf] cg'sƒ0f uƒ]em} uf]ƒfx¿ cfkm}n] klg æcfbz{ uf]ƒLkgÆsf] gSsn ug{ vf]lhƒx]sf x'Gy]„ csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] ;a}

gfƒLnfO{ ƒfli6«o ƒ kflƒjflƒs ;+‚s[ltsf] klƒrfos dflgg] ePsf] x'gfn] p;sf] ærlƒqÆ 8udufPdf ƒfi6« ƒ ;+‚s[lts} rlƒq 8udufpg hfnfls eGg] lrGtfn] ubf{ oL ærlƒqxLg r]nLÆx¿ k|lt k'?if k|wfg ;dfh cfqmfds x'gyfN5„

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uf]ƒfx¿ klg ;dfg ¿kn] uf]ƒf lyPgg†„ wgL tyf ljkƒLt lnËL, ækZrLd]nLÆ uf]ƒfx¿ ulƒa, ;dlnËL ƒ k"jL{ o'ƒf]kaf6 cfPsf uf]ƒfx¿ eGbf ;f+‚s[lts ƒ ;f+s]lts ?kdf -5fnfsf] ƒ+usf] b[li6n] dfq xf]Og_ a9L uf]ƒf lyP„ To;}n] uƒLa tyf k"j{af6 cfPsf uf]ƒfx? cfk"meGbf ;f+‚s[lts ¿kn] a9L zStLzfnL, wgL, klZrd]nL uf]ƒfsf] gSsn ub}{ ;f+‚s[lts ;]tf]kgsf] æk'FhLÆ sdfpg rfxGy]„

o; cy{df a'em†g] xf] eg] æcfbz{ uf]ƒf]kgÆ cfkm}df klg Pp6f ;f+‚s[lts cjwfƒ0ff lyof]„ ;fob lh;; qmfO‚6 afx]s c¿ s'g} klg klZrdL dflg; k"0f{¿kn] æuf]ƒf]Æ lyPg÷5}g„cfbz{ ;]tf]kgn] 9flsPsf] kgL lyPg„ k"0f{ uf]ƒf]kg Pp6f c;Dej, ck|fKo cfbz{ lyof]„ To;}n] cfk"mnfO{ ;fÍ]lts ¿kn] æ;EoÆ b]vfpgsf] lglDt uf]ƒfx¿ ‚jo+n] klg æcfbz{ uf]ƒfkgsfÆ klƒkf6Lx¿sf] ƒ sd{sf08x¿sf] afƒDafƒ cg'sƒ0f ulƒƒxg' kYof]{÷k5{„@

xf]dL efefsf] cg'sƒ0f ;DaGwL of] wfƒ0ff h'lnof lqm‚6]jfn] uƒ]sf] JofVof ;Fu s]xL xb;Dd ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvG5„ h;ƒL uf]ƒfx¿n] cfb{z uf]ƒf]kgsf] cg'sƒ0f u5{g† To;ƒL g} gfƒLx¿n] k'?if k|wfg ;dfgsf] ;+ƒrgfleq …gfƒLTjÚsf] cfbz{sf] cg'sƒ0f u5{g†„ hlt ltgn] To; …cfbz{ gfƒLÚsf] rfnrng, ;f]Rg], af]Ng]sf] cg'sƒ0f ug{ ;s] Tolt g} pgLx?;dfhdf æc;n jf rlƒqjfg gfƒLÆsf] ¿kdf k|ltli7t x'G5g†„ Tolt g} ltgLx¿ ærlƒqxLgÆ slxnfpg' jf To; ¿kdf b]lvg'af6 cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufpg ;S5g†„

xf]dL efef ƒ lqm‚6]jf b'j}sf dtnfO{ ;du| ¿kn] ljrfƒ ug]{ xf] eg] Pp6f ljz]if lgSof]{ndf k'Ug ;lsG5– ;a} lsl;dsf ;f+‚s[lts, n}lËs, ƒfhgLlts ƒ hftLo klƒrox¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'sƒ0fsf k|lqmofx¿dfkm{t† lgld{t ePsf x'G5g†„ xfdLn] xƒ]s lbg æcfbz{ gfƒLÆ, æcfb{z k'?ifÆ, æcfb{z uf]ƒf]kgÆ,æcfbz{ v}ƒf]kgÆ, æcfbz{ g]kfnLÆ, æcfbz{ efƒt]nLÆ jf æcfbz{ ljkƒLt lnËL dfgl;stfÆ nfO{ bzf{pg];fdflhs sd{sf08 ƒ rfnrngx¿sf] cg'sƒ0f ulƒƒx]sf x'G5f}„ xfd|f klƒrosf cfwfƒnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'sƒ0fsf k|lqmof tyf tL k|lqmofx¿ aLrsf] cfk;L cGtƒ;DaGw ƒ ljƒf]wfef;sf] tfgftfgn] lgb]{lzt ulƒƒx]sf x'G5g†„

pQƒ cf}klgj]zjfbL ƒ gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒs ƒ] rfpsf] cg'sƒ0f ;DaGwL wfƒ0ff klg efef ƒ lqm‚6]jfn] uƒ]sf JofVof;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvG5„ ƒ] rfpsf] dt cg';fƒ klZrd]nL JolQmx?sf] jfx'No ePsf;d'bfodf afFRg] k"jL{o jf clk|msL dflg;sf] ;fd' ;f+‚s[lts cg'sƒ0fsf b'O{j6f d'Vo ljsNk x'G5g†„ klxnf] ljsNk xf] klZrd]nL JolQmx¿sf] xfpefp, af]Ng] vfg] ƒLltlylt ƒ klƒkf6Lx¿sf] cg'sƒ0f ug]{„ pSt

;f+‚s[lts gSsnsf] dfWoddfkm{t† cfk"mnfO{ æ;Eotfsf ;]tf d's'G8fÆ nufPsf JolQmsf] ¿kdf k|‚t't ug]{„# bf];|f] ljsNk xf] cfˆg} æk"j]{nLkgÆ jf æclk|msLkgÆ sf] cltƒl~ht 9ª†un] cg'sƒ0f ub}{ cf–cfˆgf hftLo klƒrosf ljlzi6tfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ vf]Hg]„ rfpn] klƒeflift uƒ]sf] o; lsl;dsf] hftLo cg'sƒ0f ƒ lqm‚6]jfn] JofVof uƒ]sf] ægfƒLTjÆ sf] cg'sƒ0f;DaGwL cjwfƒ0ffx?df s]xL ;dfgtf b]Vg ;lsG5„

gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒwfƒf‚tflTjstfjfbL tyf lgdf{0fjfbL ts{x¿

JolQmut ƒ ;fd'lxs klƒrosf] d'2fnfO{ lnPƒ ljrfƒsf ljleGg kmfF6df rn]sf tflTjstfjfbL tyf lgdf{0fjfbL ts{x¿ gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf klg plQs} k|rlnt 5g†„$ kmfF;]nL gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒs x]ng l;S;' ƒ h'lnof lqm‚6]jfsf ljrfƒx¿ s]xL xb;Dd tflTjstfjfbL v]dfleq k5{g† eg] On]Og zf]jfN6ƒ tyf ufoqL ‚jLjfsh‚tf pQƒ ;+ƒrgfjfbL ljrfƒsx¿ lgdf{0fjfbL v]dfdf k5{g†„ x]n]g l;S;' ƒ lqm‚6]jfsf] egfO cg';fƒ gfƒLn] k|of]u ug]{ efiff, k'?ifn] k|of]u ug]{ efiffeGbf ætflTjsÆ ¿kn] kmƒs 5„ l;S;' elG5g†, gfƒLsf] efiff p;sf] zƒLƒ tyf p;sf ljlzi6 zfƒLlƒs cg'e"ltx?;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5„ To;}n] gfƒLsf] n]vgdf k'?ifx¿sf] n]vfO ljkƒLt a9L tƒntf x'G5„ lqm‚6]jfn] eg] pQƒ ;+ƒrgfjfbL dgf]ljZn]iffTds k|ltdfgnfO{ k'gn]{vg ub}{ ;fÍ]lts (Symbolic) ƒ k"j{–;f+s]lts (Pre-symbolic) k4ltx¿ aLrsf] lje]bnfO{ v'6†ofOPsL l5g†„ pgsf] dt cg';fƒ k'?ifn] k|of]u ug]{ efiff ;fÍ]ltst k4lt;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg] ‚qLsf] eflifs cg'ej k"j{–;f+s]lts k4lt;Fu cfa4„%

o; lsl;dsf ljrfƒnfO{ j6nƒ, zf]jfN6ƒ tyf ‚jLjfs h‚tf ælgdf{0fjfbLÆ gfƒLjfbLx¿n] eg]æToxL k'ƒfgf] tflTjstfjfbL ts{sf] gofF ?kÆ eGb} cfnf]rgf uƒ]sf 5g†„ lgdf{0fjfbLx?sf] ljrfƒ cg';fƒ ægfƒLTjÆ sf] s'g} tflTjs ;To x'Fb}g„ s'g} klg gfƒL ægfƒLTjsfÆ u'0fx¿ lnPƒ hlGdFb}gg†„ pgsf] ægfƒLTjÆ t lkt[;Ttfsf lgod pklgodx¿sf] hfnf]leq}kf] …lgld{tÚ ePsf] x'G5„ olb gfƒLsf] cfˆg} ljlzi6 n]vfO x'G5 ƒ Tof] n]vfO p;n] hlGdFb}b]lv lnPƒ cfPsf] ægfƒL zƒLƒÆ ƒ To;sf cg'e"ltx¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 -l;S;' ƒ lqm‚6]jfn] eg]em}F_ eg]ƒ ‚jLsfƒ uƒLof] eg] t xfdL tfTjLstfjfbsf] k'ƒfgf] k|ltdfgleq} kmFl;xfN5f}F lg Û To;}n] zf]jfN6ƒ tyf a6nƒ h‚tf ælgdf{0fjfbLÆ x¿sf] ts{ 5– gfƒL jf k'?ifsf] h}ljs zƒLƒ (Biological Body) tyf Tof] zƒLƒsf cg'e"ltn] æk'?if n]vgÆ jf ægfƒL n]vgsfÆ kƒDkƒfx¿nfO{ lgb]{lzt ulƒƒx]sf

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5g†, eg]ƒ dfGg ;lsFb}g„ h'g;'s} k|sfƒsf n]vs -rfx] tL gfƒL x'g† jf k'?if, ;dlnËL x'g† jf ljkƒLt lnËL_ sf s[lt klg ltgsf k'?if jf ‚qL zƒLƒsf h}ljs tYon] gePƒ ;fdflhs ƒ P]ltxfl;s sfƒ0fn] k|efljt ƒxG5g†„

gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒwfƒf M Ps jf cg]s!(^) sf] bzsdf y'k|} gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rsx¿

cd]lƒsL ƒ o'ƒf]k]nL n]vsdf gfƒLx¿nfO{s;ƒL k|ltljlDat ulƒPsf] 5eGg] k|Zgsf] pQƒ vf]Hgdf nfu]„ rfN;{ l8s]G;b]lv lnPƒ lkm6h]ƒfN8;Ddsf k'?if n]vssf s[ltdf k'?if ƒ dlxnf;DaGwL s]–s‚tf ljƒf]wfef;L kbfg''qmdx¿cleJoSt ePsf 5g† eGg] d'2f v'6†ofpg vf]h]„ o;} qmddf oL gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rsn] pQƒ ;+ƒrgfjfbL, vf; uƒ]ƒ ljlgdf{0fjfbL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u uƒ]„^

!(&) sf] bzssf] dWoltƒ eg] gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rgfn] Pp6f gofF lbzf ;dfTof]„ gfƒLjfbL ;dfnf]rsx? k'?if n]vssf s[ltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{sf] ;§f;f+‚s[lts tyf ;flxlTos n]vgdf gfƒLsf] cfjfh ƒ gfƒL n]vssf s[ltx¿sf] cg'kl‚yltltƒ cf}FNofpg] sfddf nfu]„ rlncfPsf ;flxlTos÷;f+‚s[lts kƒDkƒfaf6 aflxƒ pl5l§g uPsf gfƒL n]vsx¿nfO{ k'gM pSt kƒDkƒfleq tfGg] p2]Zon] n]Vg], ljZn]if0f ug{ yfn]„

!(*) sf] bzs bf}ƒfg gfƒLjfbL ljrfƒwfƒf Ps gePƒ cg]sf}F lsl;dsf] 5 eGg] ts{ p7†of]„ !(^) ƒ !(&) sf] bzsdf gfƒLjfbL ;}4flGts k|ltdfgsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf gfƒLsf] xssf nflu ƒfhgLlts o'4 n8†g] w]ƒ}h;f] gfƒLx¿ pRr ƒ dWod juL{o Pª†nf] ;]S;g kZrLd]nL klƒjfƒsf lyP„ j}n x'S; h‚tf cZj]t gfƒLjfbLx¿n] o;} tYonfO cf}FNofpFb} ts{ uƒ]– cZj]t gfƒLsf cg'ej dWod juL{o uf]ƒf Pª†nf] ;]S;g gfƒLsf eGbf leGg 5g† lsgeg] ltgn] lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] zf]if0f dfq gePƒ uf]ƒf o'ƒf]k]nL÷cd]lƒsLx¿sf] zf]if0f klg ;fy;fy} ;xg'k5{„ To‚t} uƒ]ƒ lrsfgf] tyf Pl;og–cd]lƒsL gfƒLn] klg æxfd|f] hLjg cg'ej uf]ƒf dWod juL{o tyf cZj]t gfƒL b'j}sf eGbf kmƒs k|sfƒsf 5g†Æ eg]ƒ ts{ uƒ]. eg]– Zj]t dWod juL{o gfƒLjfbLx¿n] ltgsf l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ubf{ cyjf gfƒL xssf] nflu ;femf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ubf{ s] a'‰g' k5{ eg] ltgsf sfo{qmd jf l;4fGtx¿n] ;a} lsl;dsf dlxnfx?sf] ;dfg ¿kn] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}gg†„ csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ;+;fƒdf w]ƒ}

lsl;ddf gfƒLx¿ 5g†„ ƒfli6«otf, ju{, hflt, n}lËs rfxgf ƒ ;+‚yfut ;+nUgtfsf leGtfn] ubf{ ltgsf hLjg cg'ej klg kmƒs–kmƒs k|sfƒsf 5g†„ To;}n] ægfƒLjfbÆ sf] l;Ëf] 5ftfleq oL ;a} lsl;dsf gfƒL cg'ejx¿ c6fpg ;Sb}gg†„

;a} gfƒLjfbLx?sf] lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf ;+ƒrgf, sfg'g ƒ ljrfƒ dfGotfx¿;Fu n8†g] k|lta4tf ePsf] eP tfklg ljleGg hft, wd{, ju{ cflbsf gfƒLn] n8†g' kg]{ df]rf{ 5'§f5'§} x'g ;S5g†„ pbfxƒ0fsf lglDt ulƒa ƒ wgL, ;dn}lË ƒ ljkƒLt lnËL rfxgf ePsf gfƒLx¿sf cf–cfˆg} lsl;dsf] kmƒs cg'ejx¿ ƒ ;d‚ofx¿ 5g†„ o‚t} uƒ]ƒ cd]lƒsf ƒ o'ƒf]k h‚tf k|yd ljZjdf a;f]af; ug]{ gfƒL ƒ g]kfn e'6fg h‚tf æt];|f] ljZjdfÆ ƒx]sf gfƒLsf] ;d‚of p‚tf p‚t} h‚tf] b]lvPtfklg Pp6} gx'g ;S5„ g]kfnd} klg sf7df8f}+df a‚g] lzlIft gfƒLjfbLx¿ ƒ x'Dnf h'Dnf jf bfª b]pv'ƒLdf a‚g], lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj;ƒ gkfPsf gfƒLsf cg'ejx¿ 5'§f5'§} k|sfƒ x'g ;S5g†„

lzlƒifsf] km"n, gflƒTj, k'?ifTjkflƒhftsf] k|l;4 pkGof; lzlƒifsf] k"mn ljZjo'4df

efu lnO;s]sf $% jifL{o k"j{;}lgs ;'of]ujLƒ tyf @$ jifL{o ;sdjƒLsf] ;DaGw jlƒklƒ a'lgPsf] 5„ o'4sf] ;Gqf;af6 cem} d'Qm x'g g;s]sf ;'of]ujLƒsf] klxn] lzjƒfh tyf kl5 uPƒ pgsf tLg alxgL ;sdjƒL, d'h'ƒf ƒ ;fg';Fu e]6 x'G5„ oL tLgdWo] d'h'ƒf ƒ ;fg'sf] …gfƒLTjÚ lkt[;Qfåfƒf lgwf{lƒt kfƒDklƒs ljrfƒwfƒfn] lgb]{lzt ePsf] 5 eg] ;sdjƒLsf] JolQmTj ƒ ljrfƒn] eg] gfƒLTjsf] pQm k|ltdfgnfO{ afƒDafƒ ljlgld{t u5{„ lzjƒfhsf] klƒjfƒnfO{ e]6†g] qmd a9†b} uPkl5 ;'of]ujLƒ ;sdjƒLk|lt cfslif{t x'G5„ tƒ pd]ƒsf] b[li6n] cfk"m ƒ aƒLaLr 7"nf] vfN8f] ƒx]sf]n] ;'of]ujLƒn] aƒLk|ltsf] p;sf] k|]dsf] cleJolQm ug{ ;Sb}g„ pkGof;sf] cGtltƒ p;n] aƒLsf] cf]7df ank"j{s, cgk]lIft r'Dag cjZo uƒ] tfklg To;kl5 p;sf] aƒL;Fu slxNo} klg e]6 x'Fb}g„ zfƒLlƒs ?kn] sdhf]ƒ ƒx]sL aƒL pQm 36gfkl5 emg† laƒfdL x'Fb} hfG5]ƒ pkGof;sf] cGtdf d5]{„ ;'of]ujLƒ eg] hLjgsf] lg‚;fƒtfafƒ] cg]sg ljrfƒ ub}{ ;w}F em}F PSn} afFlrƒxg ljjz x'G5„

lzlƒifsf] k"mnnfO{ lj;ª†utLjfb tyf cl‚tTjjfbL b[li6n] s]nfpg] sfd dgUo eO;s]sf] 5„ tƒ o; pkGof;nfO{ gfƒLTj ƒ k'?ifTjsf] t'ngfTds cWoogsf] b[li6n] vf]tNg cem} afFsL g} 5 h‚tf] nfU5„

;a} gfƒLjfbLx?sf] lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf ;+ƒrgf, sfg'g ƒ ljrfƒ dfGotfx¿;Fu n8†g] k|lta4tf ePsf] eP tfklg ljleGg hft, wd{, ju{ cflbsf gfƒLn] n8†g' kg]{ df]rf{ 5'§f5'§} x'g ;S5g†„

l ;dfnf]r

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;'of]ujLƒsf] k'?ifTjnfO{ o'4sf ‚d[ltx¿n] ufFh]sf] 5„ o'4 bf}ƒfg p;sf s]xL ad]{nL o'jtLx¿;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] lyof]„ oL dWo] Pp6L lyO{ x]8xG6ƒsL 5f]ƒL h;nfO{ ;'of]ujLƒn] lgd{dtf;fy anfTsfƒ uƒ]ƒ p;sf] ;}lgs k'?ifTjsf] klƒro lbPsf] lyof]„

æd p;nfO{ cFufNg emD6G5', pm ljƒf]w ub}{ 3r]6†5]„ d p;nfO{ cF7†ofpg c;dy{ x'G5', dnfO{ k5fƒ]ƒ pm hfG5] tƒ d kƒf‚t x'Gg„ h]xf];† d nf]Ug] dfG5], dnfO{ lƒ; p7†5 Pp6L c;Eo s]6Lsf] k"mlt{ b]v]ƒ„ nuQ} p7†5', kl5af6 5lƒPsf] r'N7f] ;dft]ƒ p;sf] sdnf] cf]F7df d'Ssf xfG5'„ cf]F7df Ps w;f]{ ƒut aU5, tƒ pm x]8xG6ƒsL 5f]ƒL an bhfpg lxrlsrfpFlbg„ d]ƒf] 8ƒ dflGbg, cfFvf ;Sbf] k"mnfPƒ dnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5]„ d dflQOG5', c;Xo x'G5 clg ƒfOkmnsf] a8n] 6fpsf]df lxsf{Pƒ p;nfO{ j]xf]z agfpF5'„ pm ‰ofªdfly ;n{Dd 9N5]–– o;ƒL pm d]ƒL x'G5], ;Dk"0f{ d]ƒL„ -#^_

lkt[;Qfsf] cfOl8of]nhLn] eG5, zfƒLlƒs zlQm k|bz{g k'?ifTjsf] klƒrfos xf]„ gfƒLx¿ sf]dn x'G5g†, k'?ifx¿ s7f]ƒ„ gfƒLsf] sf]dn zƒLƒdfly lx+;fsf] 5fk cª†lst uƒ]ƒ axfb'ƒLsf] gd'gf k]; ug{;Sg] k'?if g} jf‚tljs k'?if x'G5„ k'?ifTjsf] o;} lsl;dsf] k|bz{g ;'of]ujLƒn] dfvlƒª†usL e}F;L uf]7fNgL ƒ ad]{nL ls;fgsL 5f]ƒL efl6grLsf] zƒLƒdfly klg u5{ M

æcfh lsg lsg efl6grLsf] cfF;' ƒf]lsFb}g„ slt kmsfpF5', slt dgfpF5' x'Fb}g„ pm cfF;'sf] en aufOlbG5], d r§fg h‚t} c8fg lnPƒ al;lbG5'„ pm dflGbg dnfO{ lƒ; p7†b} hfG5, ;DemG5' oL ‚jf‚gLdfG5]x¿ slt ?Gr] x'G5g†=== d hfg tofƒ x'G5', efl6grL d]ƒf] v'§fdf 5fFb xfn]ƒ ?G5]„ x6fpg vf]H5' x'Fb}g ƒ hdfPƒ nft s‚5' p;sf] sdnf] 5ftLdf ƒ efU5' Aofƒ]sltƒ„Æ -$@_

o'4 bf}ƒfg o; lsl;dsf] lx+;fTds k'?ifTjsf] k|bz{g ug]{ ;'of]ujLƒsf] klƒro o'4 kl5 eg] emg†emg† wƒdƒfpFb} hfG5„ o'4sf ;Gqf;k"0f{ ‚d[ltn] p;nfO{ nuftfƒ k5†ofOƒxG5g†„ PSnf]kgsf] efjgfn] ufFHb} n}hfG5 ƒ a'9†of}nLsf] cfudgn] k'?ifTjsf] sflGt ƒ zlQmnfO{ wldnf] kfb}{ nu]sf] dx;'; u5{„ k'?ifTjsf] klƒefiff zfƒLlƒs zlQm;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf pd]ƒ 9lNsFb} hfFbf x'g] zlQmsf] x|f;n] ubf{ w]ƒ} k'?ifx¿ ltgsf] k'?ifTjafƒ] ;zª†lst x'g] u5{g†„ o;afx]s gfƒLn] k'?ifk|lt hfx]ƒ ug]{ k|]d tyf of}gOR5fsf cleJolQmn] klg k'?ifsf] k'?ifTjnfO{ dnhn u5{„ p;sf] k'?if cxdsf] ƒfhdxnnfO{ 78fOƒfVg d2t u5{„ k'?ifn] ;f]Rb5– ha;Dd s'g} gfƒLn] dnfO{ rfxG5] ta;Dd d]ƒf] k'?ifTj ;'ƒlIft 5„ o; ljklƒt pd]ƒ 9lNsFb} uPsf] ;'of]ujLƒn] ;f]R5, d h‚tf] cwj}+;] k"j{ ;}lgsnfO{ ;sdjƒLn] kSs} klg k|]dLsf] ?kdf ‚jLsfƒ ug]{ 5}g„

pQm ljrfƒn] p;sf] k'?ifTjdf cK7†ofƒf EjfFª†ux¿ kfg{ yfN5„ k'?ifTjsf] ƒfhbG8 wƒdƒfpFb} hfG5„

;sdaƒLsf] ækmƒsÆ gfƒLTj ;'of]ujLƒsf] 9lNsFbf], wƒdƒfpFbf] k'?ifTj;dIf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf k|‚t't x'G5„ cfd o'jtLx¿ ljkƒLt aƒLsf] skfn k'ƒfgf] lxa'| l;kfxLx¿sf] h‚tf] Ps OGr 8]9 OGrsf] lx;fan] sf6]ƒ d'8'NofPsf] x'G5„ kfƒDklƒs g]kfnL ;dfhdf x'ls{Psf ‚qLx¿ g ;fj{hlgs ?kn] r'ƒf]6 tfG5g† g k'?ifx¿;Fu hLjgsf] lg‚;fƒtf ƒ lƒQmtfafƒ] bfz{lgs 5nkmn g} u5{g†„ aƒL eg] p;sf] bfh' lzjƒfhnfO{ ælzjÆ gfdn] dfq gaf]nfO{ ;'of]ujLƒnfO{ klg ;'of]ujLƒ g} eG5]„ pm;Fu;Fu} a;]ƒ r'ƒf]6 vfG5] ƒ k|]d, hLjg ƒ d[To'afƒ]sf cfˆgf ækmƒsÆ dt cK7†ofƒf] gdfgLsg k]z u5]{„ ;'of]ujLƒn] afƒDafƒ ;f]R5– of] s‚tL æk|z‚t w[i6tfÆ ePsL ‚jf‚gdflg; ƒlx5„

aƒL ljkƒLt d'h'ƒfsf] gfƒLTj kfƒDklƒs 5„ pm ƒfd|L 5]„ aƒL ljkƒLt ldhfl;nf] Jojxfƒ u5]{„ cfFvf h'wfPƒ x]lb{g ƒ 5]pdf cfpFlbg„ dh'ƒfsf] ‚jefjdf ;'of]ujLƒn] -aƒL ljkƒLt_ æltƒ‚sfƒÆ b]Vb}g„ s'ƒ} s'ƒfdf To‚t} k¥of] eg] pm æsfgb]lv cg'xfƒ;Dd ƒftLÆ x'G5]„ -@@_

;'of]ujLƒnfO{ dh'ƒfaf6 s'g} r'gf}tL dx;'; x'Fb}g„ p;n] sof}Frf]l6 lzjƒfhnfO{ d'h'ƒfsf] d;Fu ljjfx ulƒb]pm, ;'v;Fu ƒfV5', Pp6f ;+;fƒ agfpF5' eGg] ljrfƒ r'xfpg ;d]t vf]H5„ tƒ d'h'ƒfnfO{ …ljjfxof]UoÚ kfƒDklƒs gfƒL dfGbfdfGb} klg ;'of]ujLƒsf] dgnfO{ eg] aƒLs} r'gf}tLk"0f{, æc‚jefljsÆgfƒLTjn] tflgƒxG5„ aƒLsf] d[To'kl5 ;d]t klg p;sf] ;Demgfn] ;'of]ujLƒnfO{ k5†ofpg 5f8†b}g„ cGtdf ;'of]ujLƒn] g d'h'ƒfnfO{ kfpF5 g aƒLnfO{„ a? j[4fj‚yfsf] cfudgsf] ;ª†s]t;Fu} vl08t x'Fb} uPsf] p;sf] k'?ifTjsf] syfgsnfO{ Rkfk]ƒ PSnf], k6†ofƒnfUbf], lg‚;fƒtfn] ufFh]sf] hLjg afFlrƒxG5„

;Gbe{ ;"rL!= Olƒufƒ], n'; lb; ;S]; lXjh Oh g6 jfg Oyfsf M sg]{n

ol'gel;6{L k|]|;, !(*%@= lsDd]n, dfOsn P; æDof‚sl'nlg6L Ph xfd]fkmf]laof M lkmoƒ,

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cf7dfr{ dgfpFbfsf] s'g} clj‚dƒ0fLo If0f s]xL 5 <

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Tof] cleofgn] ;DalGwt If]qdf s‚tf] k|efj k¥of] t <

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Ps jif{leq} ;+ljwfg hfƒL x'g]df ljZj‚t 5f}+ n cf]G;f/L 3tL{du/, pk;efd'v, ;+ljwfg;ef

l cGt

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tkfO{+n] t o'4sf] a]nfdf kmf}hL hLjg klg latfpg'eof]„ dlxnf hgd'lQm;]gfsf] aLrdf cf7dfr{sf] ‚dƒ0f s;ƒL x'g] ub{Yof] <

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n Prof. Timila YamiAssistant Dean, Institute of Engineering Pulchwok

The pivotal role of women in societies through ages cannot be denied. Women,

according to UNESCO article, "have always been – and remain – the deciding influence on the quality of life and well – being of their families and communities. They are primary care givers and managers of natural

resources, including food, shelter and consumption of goods in most cultures. Women's responsibilit ies place them in unique position to improve human and economic well- being, and to conserve and maintain the natural environment. Yet, their needs, their work, and their voices are often not considered priority. Despite

Youth and Women Workforce in IT as a Valuable Asset

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the undeniable role of women in the overall development of human beings as such, their position in the society has not been understood properly and their voices have been consistently silenced by patriarchal discourse. The symbiotic relationship that is needed for harmonious co-existence is still not taken as a matter of priority. As a result, many social micro and macro institutions have suffered drastically. Large number community programs in rural setting has suffered and did not become long lasting sustainable program because of sidelining the power of women in holding societies together for generations. This issue is even important in countries like Nepal that are struggling to find a representative place in global scenario. To strengthen these women force they need to be synergically blended with the energy of the educated youth force to speed up the process of national development.

The emerging subject of youth and women in IT (Information Technology) tends to be one that is discussed mostly by people who work in IT. They eagerly share stories, tips, and advice. Many of researches concluded that women are more precise and strategically superior in multitasking and mission accomplishment even in critical situation – a quality that is highly beneficial to the technology sector. The whole subject is thought-provoking, because experts believe that women possess so many of the qualities that are essential for the successful running of a business (regardless of industry).

Qualities needed for running a business

There is culturally biased general notion about women in the eastern society that they are often found to be far less “precious” and unfocused about their careers than men are. However, when a man has not

been given the promotion they expected, they felt it is end of their career and world. On the flipside, experts have known women to be far more tenacious and stoic, always striving to see the positives of what they can do to improve performance and productivity.

Any brave man needs great courage to deny that women are much more focused and levelheaded when it comes to dealing with pressure; possibly a reflection of the many roles that a woman embraces – career, home, wife, mother, etc. The multitasking capability under various stressful situation has beautifully transform them into role model of customer services not only IT but also in every other service sector of many industries. The working mums are great team players who really seem to put their life-expertise to good use in the working environment – something the whole society could benefit from.

There is need of a thorough research to find out how many women are currently working in IT and studying for IT-related careers in higher education, or even at secondary school level. The report should clearly highlight the picture and plight of women work force in IT. The policy should be created to remediate and prepare the conducive environment to attract more women workforce.

More women in leadership roles

More women are moving into leadership roles within organizations traditionally considered male dominated as per the experience from different countries. A d i ve r s i f i ed and homogeneous organization brings more well-rounded views on a business, management, and technology. Women are also able to offer unique strategic viewpoints that enable organization to help customers in new and valuable ways. Bringing in talented women

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into organization gives the benefits that a well-rounded workforce brings.

On the importance of mixed gender teams, it is vital for the organization to have a healthy mix of gender, ethnicity, and social backgrounds within businesses to drive creativity and innovation. The creative and innovative approach in promoting women in IT with an inclusive process, and policy may pave a new opportunity for the women’s prosperity, contributing in economic growth of the country even during recession. There will be businesses benefit from diversity at all levels, from the shop-floor right up to the boardroom.

Data generation for Big Data infrastructure

The innovation and invention of low cost computing and telecommunication has enabled the nexus among Information, Cloud, Social media and Mobile devices thereby accelerating data generation at an exponentialrate doubling every two years. The important traits for big data ;Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity need effective IT infrastructure and platform to exploit it’s benefit up to fullest extent. Gone are the days when leaders from both public and private sectors used to make executive decision based on the past experience and guts. Today’s leader must make strategic decision based on the information presented to them. Analyzing and generating executive decisive report form the pile of both structure and unstructured data generating in a real time or almost near real time is one of the greatest challenges 21st century is facing it. Youth and women force from both urban cities and rural areas should be provided with extensive academic programs in these areas.

Nepal government has encouraged

Cooperatives movement throughout the 75 districts. These programs become more efficient and effective under ICT infrastructure. Various tools and techniques are now available to tackles such issues. These programs become effective when related expertise and tools are integrated also, however, they are concentrated in urban cities. The Technologies like Skype, Video Conferencing, UTUBE, Facebook, email etc. are available to bring rural people and experts together through these ICT channels. Various capacity building tools and techniques are in progress to make such programs effective, affordable. The both school and university level curriculum in the academic circle should be reviewed to take care of these areas.

The public and private sectors cannot remain silent spectators by not encouraging and empowering women and youth force. The women must be part of educated and balance society. The society and country cannot develop if we fail to empower and incorporate women in ever-growing economic activities. The scientific research and statistics has confirmed that the country with larger population of educated women has generated far better, civilized, and productive citizen en-mass. In addition, the research has also concluded that the country with higher concentration of Internet connectivity and higher bandwidth availability has been leading the PCI and GDP growth. The internet has become de-facto medium and tools for the people to grow intellectually in 21st century. The first positive steps would be to reduce the internet tariff in Nepal there by allowing common people to have access. The internet is still a luxury than commodity for the average people. Nepal has only 25-30 % in data saturation while 82 % in voice (mobile). The proliferation in voice communication has greatly

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enhanced Nepalese comfort label and definitely contributed in local and country’s development. The voice communication sectors have reached to the point of saturation in Nepal. If Nepal government takes liberal policy in proliferating data communication, we can expect next wave of technology upward movement and many indigenous breakthrough-innovations.

In the world today many smart devices specially catered to rural settings like smart terminals for banking operations, bill payment, e-learning etc. are available at affordable rate and successfully launched in rural settings in regional and underdeveloped countries including emergency response system.

Most of male members from country side are beginning to go abroad. Their spouses and children, elderly people in villages are now beginning to have access to the financial packages via remittance. They now are beginning to have capacity to purchase IT enabled devices, products and services. The number of such cases is rising. The awareness program on making rural people for demanding their rights for accessing such systems is still lacking. There has to be strong training programs for human right movement activists, members of Government, NGOs and INGOs to be trained in such sectors. Women force which represents 51% of total population of Nepal can be mass consumers of such technologies and services. Higher the volume in the consumption of such services, more affordable they become at rural end. Capturing all the activities’data, making full utilization of BIG data infrastructure, and mining for deriving analytics for better strategic decision is the areas emerging in the world deriving tremendous benefit,

cutting down cost. Nepal should exploit this for the benefit of the nation. The human resource development in this sector should be encouraged.

Serv ice prov iders l i ke in terne t , communication infrastructures etc have difficulty in reaching the rural mass where the volume consumption becomes less making both the product and services costly. Mobilizations of various stakeholders like government, INGOs, NGOs, Community become ineffective if consumers become sparse in rural areas. Large numbers of children from rural areas are trying to get into higher education especially in technical education side. They either are getting unemployed or under employed who have vast potential to serve rural communities to improve their livelihood. They represent one of the important development stakeholders (development partners) for rural development. Rural mass should demand rural development packages so that rural communities and these university degree holders are fully engaged in nat ional

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development especially in rural settings to make Nepal a stronger country with strong human capital.

Academic and Industry Gap

There is huge gap between academic sectors and industries. These two sectors are either not in harmony or not communicating properly. The leaders from both domains are arrogant enough to realize that they are two face of same coin and compensation to each other instead of competing. The academia is imparting knowledge, which is already outdated by the time student graduated and try to assimilate in industry as a budding professional. The Germany has one of the best co-relation and co-ordination in between academia and corresponding relevant industries. The student community can greatly benefit if their curriculum is integral part of industries with paid internship where they can get real time working experience and exposure by sustaining financially up to certain extent. Such initiatives and policy must to be prepared and enforced by government level to both Academia and Industries.

Moreover, 2-3 yrs in IT is like a generation of gap in technology while academia takes around decade to even realize that their course is outdated. If academic sectors and industries are not in harmonious and homogenous relationship, it will have larger counterproductive effect in long run. The country may not be able to participate in global economy contribution and growth.

Applied knowledge for reduction of poverty over communication for development, (C4D) or Information Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) is in great demand. Nepalese society has yet to understand the cornerstone for transformation. Academicians should review the academic curriculum to incorporate these issues. The penetration of

cellular and internet connectivity in Nepal is taking place with the government policy to reach the inaccessible, however, these services have to be made affordable to the greater mass.

Cultivation of information from indigenous practices and repackaging it to cater the deprive people who can use this knowledge, products to improve their livelihood by integrating simple affordable technologies. Various organizations are collaborating with respective domain to disseminate the practical knowledge to the people at their doorsteps The school curriculum should incorporate these issues for children at early age. In regional countries of Nepal, many families and communities settle their enquiries, through the knowledge nodes located at community and by contacting local knowledge facilitator who are always at their disposals. The suitable infrastructure backed by High end Servers need to be rolled out to provide the physical infrastructure. Information alone is not enough for transformation that gives the society the benefit of paradigm shift. Though it complements the triggering of the needs of the knowledge, the knowledge itself is the need of the time. Globally massive education in this sector is being encouraged for youth.

Various efforts have been made to make people aware of their rights, inclusion, and social participation by various organizations. However, very few are cracking their heads to devise a perfect platform that avails knowledge to change people’s skills for increasing their rural livelihood and making programs long tern sustainable by advocating such programs in Nepal and underdeveloped countries. It is better to give knowledge of fishing than giving FISH or FISHING NET. Most of the INGOs and NGOs of Nepal are giving FISH and FISHING NETS rather than how

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to FISH incorporating knowledge. Most of them deliberately do this so that such program can repeated in future to cater to their benefit rather than long term benefits for receiving communities. They do things feebly, results are never scaling up, and real impacts always remain a farsighted goal. The rural youth and women force need skill based knowledge sharing. Since Nepal has gone into federal structure, a rigorous capacity-building program and infrastructure development package should be launched aggressively. The vast rural setting of Nepal needs to be penetrated with knowledge and it requires consolidated efforts from all stakeholders engagements to ensure that the need for knowledge is readily addressed. Youth and women should join hands to receive required knowledge and managing such knowledge.

Families in rural end are beginning to have access to financial sources through the spouse’s earnings abroad and inside country. However, Women and youth still lack knowledge to roll out such resources a n d reap the benefit for future

growth of the family, society and the nation. Lot of talk is

going around regarding

unproduct ive use of such valuable r e s o u r c e s a n d women, children and youth are getting into wrong hands. It is high time the societies started utilizing the knowledge, skills and emerge as micro, mini and mid entrepreneurs to show a role model for the future generations. It is imperative that people start measuring

team performance, and capability to utilize local resources properly including financial assets for self-engagement and economic empowerment of the society through holistic approach.

Government Data

Nepal government needs to have all data digitized and store, manage properly which could be utilized as a foundation for big data platform. The Central Bureau of Statics of Nepal is right place to start with, as their core function is to collect the statistic from various sector in Nepal.

The cbs.gov.np does not seem to have all data updated. Some data are as old as 10 yrs and have not been updated for long time. If there is funding issue, the CBS should come up with innovative idea to have a partnership with private sectors to generate revenue by allowing corporate level account access every time they need any vital information. The best strategy will be to synchronize both public and private sectors for better performance and results.

There is a strong need for sensitizing and empowering women force in

IT and play crucial role in emerging technological

trend of Big D a t a . There is also a need for

consolidated and

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highly available, reliable Data Center to house and manage these exponentially growing data in real time basis. The consolidated data center comprising of data from various domain like gov, healthcare, academic, banking & finance, manufacturing, services and telecommunication will lower the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) and provide the high end IT infrastructure platform to share and grow them all together.

Nepal is st i l l in infancy stage for implementing federal structure in the country. There should be a strong will among politicians, bureaucrats, and technocrats to understand the advantages in implementing BIG Data infrastructure. The knowledge regarding stakeholder and communication management has to be understood well. The political parties relationship is complex. All the lion ministries have to own joint common BIG DATA platform and infrastructure to derive mutual benefits on resources sharing and cutting down cost.

Google translate

The Google has English to Nepali translation and vice-versa since 2013. Women force who represents 51 % of the population should also be made productive so that they also emerge as strong users of big data platform and

development partners. Indians have mostly cleaned up the translation both in Urdu as well as Hindi to English and vice-versa because they have huge collection of texts converted from English to Hindi and Hindi to English. So today Indian women force can use this translator and are emerging as great users of IT.

NRNs

There is large number of both blue and white color professional residing outside the country. They have worked in various large technology and enterprise platform, which could be vital in technology transfer to Nepal. The SME (Subject Matter Expert) from Non Resident Nepalese (NRNs) and local SME should be paired together via various projects and programs. Some are willing and available to share their experience and expertise from respective domain to contribute to country and be part of Nepal’s development and growth. Some of them have expressed their sole intention to start the project back in Nepal is to contribute something back to country instead of purely from business intention. However, they would like the project to self-sustain in long run after platform is setup. These models can provide huge benefit to Nepalese society and country as a whole and equally grant the sense of satisfaction and fulfilment to NRN community as well. l

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Tolt dfq xf]Og, Go"of]s{ 6fOD;, qmfOd 6'8]h‚tf cGtƒf{li6«o ‚tƒsf klqsfn] ;d]t ;TotYo gvf]tnL pgsf] lj?4df pq]sf] kfOof]„ To‚t} r'gfjsf a]nfdf km];a's x†ofs ug]{, pgL r9]sf] df]6ƒsf] l;;f km'6fOlbg], dfOtL3ƒ ƒ ;xƒsf 6f]ndf pgnfO{ nlIft uƒL ad ƒfVg], r'gfj lhTg k};fsf] vf]nf] aufPsL eg]ƒ nf~5gf nufpg], xfƒ]kl5 jfOl;Pn nufPƒ k};f p7fpFb}5 eGg] h‚tf cfƒf]k pgsf] zlQm, ;fdYo{, cl‚tTj ƒ Ifdtfsf] 8fxf uƒ]ƒ pgsf] dgf]jn luƒfO{ Wj‚t kfg]{ k|of; afx]s s]xL xf]Ogg†, xf] sfd ug]{ dfG5]sf s]xL uNtL ƒ sdhf]ƒL x'g ;S5g†„ oxFf d}n] cGw ;dy{g ƒ kIfdf jsfnt ug{ vf]h]sL xf]Og„ tƒ k|df0f ƒ k'li6ljgf s;}sf] rlƒqxTof jf dfgxfgL ug{ s;}n] klg 5'6 kfpg' x'Fb}g„ o‚tf JojxfƒnfO{ ;a}ltƒaf6 lg?T;flxt gug]{ xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfx? g} lg?T;flxt x'g]5g†„

ƒfhgLlt 3lge"t ƒ cfqmfds x'Fbf dlxnfsf Ph]G8f ƒ dlxnf cfkm} lgs} cufl8 a9]sf x'G5g†„

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o'4 ƒ cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldO{ cu|k+lQmdf ƒx]ƒ ;+3if{ uƒ]sf dlxnfx? zflGtsfndf km]lƒ k5fl8 ws]lnG5g†„ efƒtsf] ‚jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] a]nf w]ƒ} dlxnfx?n] ;+3if{ uƒ]ƒ h]ng]n vfPsf lyP„ h'g sfo{nfO{ Tolta]nf ;jntf, jLƒtf ƒ ;fxl;s sfo{ elgPsf] lyof]„ ltg} sfo{ ‚jtGqtf kl5 sdhf]ƒLdf ablnPsf lyP„ To;}uƒL g]kfndf klg hgo'4 ƒ hgcfGbf]ngsf a]nf dlxnf jLƒtfsf] avfg ulƒPsf] lyof]„ ToxL lrh zflGtsfndf sdhf]ƒLdf ablnof]„ ca t qmflGtsfƒLn] klg ;s];Dd u}ƒƒfhgLlts, z'4 u[lx0fL dlxnf lax] ug{ ?rfpF5g†„

vf;uƒL jfdkGyL ƒfhgLlt ug]{n] zlQmnfO{ klƒjt{gsf] ;fwg agfpg' kg]{ xf]„ ;a}sf] PsLs[t zlQmaf6 g} ;dfh jf ;Qf klƒjt{g ug{ ;lsG5„ To;df s] k'?if s] dlxnf ;a}sf] sfFwdf sfFw ldnfPƒ sfd uƒ] l56f] uGtJodf k'luG5„ tƒ To;f] guƒ]ƒ zlQmnfO{ ;fWo 7fGgfn] ;a} s'ƒf lalu|ƒx]sf] 5„ zlQmnfO{ ;fWo 7fGgfn] dlxnfsf] ljƒf]w uƒL zlQm xTofpg rfxG5g†„ oxL zlQmsf] ƒfhgLltn] ubf{ sltko dlxnfn] j}jflxs ;DaGwljR5]b ;d]t ug{ k'u]sf 5g†„

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sfo{df h'6]sf] b]vfpg] g} dlxnfdflysf lx+;fTds lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO{ pgLx?nfO{ Wj‚t kfg{ h'6]sf] b]Vbf sDo'lg‚6 cfb{zsf] kl5 nfu]ƒ ;dfgtfsf] ;+;fƒdf k'Ug] ;kgf ;hfPsf dlxnfnfO{ c;}x†o kL8f af]wn] ;tfpF5„ h] xf];†, dlxnfdflysf] bdg, pTkL8g ƒ lx+;fsf] cGTosf] sfdgf ug]{x?sf] Pp6} xltofƒ cGofo cTofrfƒ ƒ dlxnf lx+;flj?4df ;+3if{ g} xf]„ lkt[;Qfn] ;'Gbƒ b]Vg] dlxnfnfO{ d'lQmsfdLx?n] ;'Gbƒ b]Vb}gg†„ To‚t} d'lQmsfdL dlxnfnfO{ lkt[;Qfn] ;'Gbƒ gb]Vg' ‚jefljs} 5„ cfkm†gf] cl‚dtf, ;r]t ;jn, ;Ifd ƒ cfTdljZjf;;fy cufl8 a9†g] dlxnfn] unt sfo{af6 hf]lu+b} cfkm†gf] ;+3if{k"0f{ ofqfnfO{ lgƒGtƒtf lbg' g} dxTjk"0f{ 5„ dlxnfsf] k|ultdf afƒ xfNg]n] klg a'lem ƒfv] x'G5 lkt[;Qfsf] s'lT;t lgod a'lem;s]sf ;r]t dlxnfx?nfO{ cfƒf]k ƒ nfN5gfsf kxf8n] klg ƒf]Sg ;Sg] 5}g„ cGTodf ;fx;L n]lvsf t;lndf g;lƒgsf] sljtf …t'd n8†sf] xf]Ú oxfF p4[t ug{ ;fGble{s 7fG5'„

t'd cR5L tƒx;] ofb ƒvgf t'd ha 3ƒ sL bxnLh kfƒ sƒf]uL nf]uf] t'Dx] ltƒ5L ghƒf]+ ;] b]v]+u]„ t'd ha unL ;] xf]sƒ rntL ƒxf]uL nf]u t'Dxfƒf kL5f sƒ]+u], ;L6L ahfPFu] t'd ha unL kfƒ sƒ d'Vo ;8s kƒ kxF'rf]uL nf]u t'Dx]+ rlƒqxLg sxsƒ ufnL b]+u]„ cuƒ t'd lghL{j xf] tf] kL5] x6f]uL jƒgf h};] hfƒxL xf], hfcf]uL„ l

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