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CATTLE &THEIR FODDER

REQUIREMENT

2

• IMPORTANCE OF CATTLE

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• LIVE STOCK POPULATION

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CONTD…Animals No. of animal (in 000)

1977 1982 1987 1992 1997

Cattle 180140 192453 199695 204584 174974

Buffalo-es

62019 69783 75967 84206 84027

P.T.O

5

CONTD…Sheep 40907 48765 45703 50783 55311

Goats 75620 95255 110207 115279 102255

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• FACTORS AFFECTING LIVE STOCK

POPULATION

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FODDER REQUIREMENT

& AVAILABILITY

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CONTD…GREEN FODDER

DRY FODDER

744.73 583.52

573.50

171.23(23%)

398.68

184.84(32%)

Requirement

Availability

Gap

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ROLE OF FOREST

• About 60% of livestock graze• In addition green fodder collection • 78% of forest area affected • 67% of NPs and 83% of sanctuaries affected • Nearly 30% of fodder requirement is met

from forest • Adverse effects

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CONTD…• DEFINITIONS 1.Grazing Lands 2. Rangelands 3. Pasture

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CONTD…4. RANGE MANAGEMENT – The

science and art of planning and directing range use to obtain the maximum livestock production consistent with conservation of range resources.

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CONTD…5. GRAZING PRESSURE – Relationship

between demand for forage by animals and a combination of daily herbage increment and standing crop of vegetation.

Dry matter demand/ animal/ day X no of animals /ha Dry matter available /day/haG.P =

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6. COW UNIT

CATTLE EQUIVALENT COW UNIT

Cow or Bullock 1

Buffalo 2

Camel 8

Goat or Sheep 1/2

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7. FORAGE ACRE

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CONTD…8. CARRYING CAPACITY

The maximum no. of animals that can graze each year on a given area of range for a specific no. of days without inducing a downward trend in forage quality and soil.

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CONTD… S.NO TYPE OF

FOREST MAX. GRAZING CAPACITY (COW UNIT PER HA )

1. Moist Type 1.6

2. Dry Type

i) Teak Forest 0.8

ii) Mixed Forest 1.2

3. Scrub Forest 60 cow unit per 100ha

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CONTD… 9. HAY• Conservation of green forage

into dry form without affecting the quality of original material.

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CONTD… 10. SILAGE

– Product obtained by packing fresh fodder in a suitable container and allowing it to ferment under anaerobic conditions without undergoing much loss of nutrients.

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GRASS LANDS OF INDIA

Type – Eight Broad types by ICAR(1954)

• Grass land• 1. Sehima/ Dichanthium• 2. Dichanthium/ Cenchrus• 3. Phragmites/ Saccharum

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CONTD…• 4. Bothriochloa• 5. Cymbopogon • 6. Arundinella• 7. Deyeuxia/Arundinella• 8. Deschampsia/Deyeuxia

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CONTD…• Subsequently five types

(Dabadghao and Shankar Narayan 1973)

• Sehima- Dichanthium type• Dichanthium-Cenchrus-

Lasiurus type

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CONTD…• Phragmites-Saccharum-

Imperata type• Themeda- Arundinella type• Temperate alpine type

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ECOLOGICAL STATUS

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CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

1. Premature grazing 2. Continuous grazing3. Trampling 4. Selective Feeding 5. Bad Distribution of cattle

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IMPROVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT

1.LIVE STOCK Mgt.

P.T.O

26

CONTD…2. GRAZING Mgt.

- Grazing Load - Kind of Cattle - Grazing Distribution

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CONTD…- Time of grazing

- Grazing Methods i) Deferred ii) Rotational iii) Deferred & Rotational

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3. MANAGEMENT OF GRAZING LANDS

•Closure •SMC measures •Weed control•Reseeding

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CONTD…• Burning • Legume Introduction • Liming Fertilization &

Manuring • Introduction of Top feed

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COMMON FODDER GRASSES

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CONTD…• Anjan – Cenchrus ciliaris syn.

Pennisetum cenchroides)• DHAMAN- Cenchrus biflorus

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CONTD… These are separate spp the former

with a dark rough flower and the latter with a lighter and more hairy inflorescence but have the same fodder value and the vernacular names are often interchanged.

P.T.O

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CONTD… They do best in a regular and

fairly heavy rainfall but anjan persists in very arid conditions if sown on deeply ploughed land.

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CONTD…• Palwan or janewah (in U.P)

– Dicanthium annulatum syn. Bothriochloa pertusa

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CONTD…• Is the best fodder grass in the U.P but

falls off in value and quantity with erratic rainfall, though it is palatable all the year round and has a persistent flowering habit.

P.T.O

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CONTD…3. Dub, Khabbal- Cynodon dactylon –

Is the obvious choice for grassing down field drains and escape outlet, and its use for this purpose should be greatly extended.

P.T.O

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To get the best results it requires cultivation and where a quick cover is essential to stop further soil loss from newly made drains a top dressing of chemical manure is justified.

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CONTD…•Khaus, ganni, gandhi

(Iseilema laxum) –A perennial bunch grass though sometimes creeping which persists in heavier clay soils even with a very low rainfall Found in southern U.P & other parts.

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CONTD…• Sariala (Heteropogon contortus, Spear grass)-

is the commonest hill side cover in Punjab. Owing to its crop of barbs it can only be harvested either before flowering or after it is fully mature when the bunches of barbs can only be shaken out during or after cutting. It should not be sown along with other grasses but kept as a pure crop. Where it is firmly

P.T.O

40

CONTD… -established as a natural crop it is not

feasible to oust it or replace it with anything better, owing to its persistency. Contour trenching of typical sariala areas will result in the grass producing a much heavier yield and prolonging its growth season well into the winter.

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CONTD…6. Chimbar – (Eleusine flagellifera) Found in Punjab, Haryana. It is the

commonest grass of irrigated forest plantations. Inferior to Anjan in growth & yield.

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CONTD… DAB (Eragrostis cynosuroides or

Desmostachya bipinnata) Is an inferior grass prevalent on abandoned cultivation and on heavily grazed areas and where it is common the only chance of improvement appears to

P.T.O

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CONTD… -lie in complete closure to grazing for

a period during which the land is contour ridged, the dab eradicated and better grasses cultivated after which rotational grazing should ensure that the better grasses are not again driven out by it.

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CONTD…8. Lamb, lampa (Aristida depressa) is

typical of the poor soils of H.P, Gujrat etc. It thrives in uplands which have been eroded down to a clay subsoil and also often persists as the commonest grass under scrub under heavy grazing.

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CONTD… Owing to its seed being armed with short

spikes its only value is as a green fodder but it is so thin as to be not worth cutting so the only way to utilize it is controlled grazing carefully regulated to what it will stand.

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CONTD…9. Swank (Panicum colunum syn.

Echinochloa colonum) Is a coarse fleshy grass, a nutritious

fodder but does not make good hay and is best used green .It favours heavy soils.

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CONTD…10.Kahi,Kans (Saccharum spontaneum) Is a pioneer whose use in sand

reclamation has now been established as it is almost invariably the first volunteer in any closure of torrent ruined land.

P.T.O

48

CONTD… Once established it requires only

protection against excessive grazing to bind the surface and provide cut fodder which can be used right through the summer and early rains when other grasses are not fit for cutting.

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CONTD…11. BHABBAR GRASS, SABAI (EULALIOPSIS BINATA

SYN. ISCHOEMUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM)

Is not normally a fodder grass, but finds a ready market as the raw material for paper & other products. The natural distribution of this grass is on the rockier and drier parts of the foothills from Nepal westwards almost to the Indus.

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• IMPORTANT ANIMAL FODDERS FROM SHRUBS AND TREES AND THEIR COMPOSITION

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CONTD…Scientific name

Common name Chemical composition g/Kg of dry mass CP CF Ash Ca P

Acacia catechu

Khair 140 166 213 27.4 1.7

A. leucophloea

Safed kikar

152 188 73 11.2 2.1

A nilotica

Desibabul 142 94 63 15.0 1.9

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CONTD…A. tortilis Israeli

babul137 64 114 - -

Adina cordifolia

Haldu 125 138 80 - -

Aegle marmelos

Bel 151 164 140 42.4 3.0

Ailanthus exelsa

Ardu 195 135 155 24.2 1.7

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CONTD…Albizia lebbek

Siiris 178 315 115 25.7 15.0

A. Procera Kokko 181 265 80 - -

Artocarpus hererophyll-us

Kathal,Jackfruit

138 225 117 - -

Azadirachta indica

Neem 150 138 106 13.9 2.4

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CONTD…Bahunia variegata

Kachnar

158 318 82 27.0 2.6

Balanites acegyptica

Hingota 186 249 40 33.3 1.6

Cajanus cajan

Arhar 298 - 99 8.5 2.5

Capparis spinosa

Heens, Kabra

263 158 217 27.4 2.8

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CONTD…Dichorstachys nutan

Brij Babul

132 365 56 - -

Dendrocalamus stricutus

Bamboo

150 235 186 15.5 1.7

Ficus glomerata

Gular 112 123 184 26.6 3.1

F. Lacor Pakar 96 283 98 25.0 3.0

F. religiosa Peepal

119 274 140 41.2 2.2

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CONTD…Maduca longifolia

Mahua 100 205 105 15.8 1.7

Mangifera indica

Mango 100 245 85 - 2.6

Moringa oleifera

Drumstick

184 163 114 17.2 2.0

Morus alba

Shahtut 164 90 200 15.0 1.5

Ougeinia dalbergioides

Sandan 116 285 94 8.0 2.0

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CONTD…Eugeinia janholara

Jamun 72 420 120 13.5 2.0

Grewia elastica

Dhaman 198 112 - 27.4 0.5

Grewia Optiva

Bhimal 248 - 178 35.5 3.2

Leucaena leucocephala

Subabul 228 145 84 25.6 2.2

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CONTD…Prosopis cineraria

Khejri 140 178 229 27.3 1.5

Sesbania grandiflora

Sesba-nia

265 129 93 28.3 2.9

Tamarindus indica

Imli 134 177 95 33.9 1.6

Zizyphus nummularia

Jharberi 140 170 96 24.3 1.4

Thank you

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