88_Rules of iQ TESTS

8/2/2019 88_Rules of iQ TESTS

1/41Speed & Smarts #88

NEW RULES

TESTIQIQ2005-2008 Answers to the Rules IQ Test!

In the last issue (#87), we published an all-new Racing Rules IQ Test with 100 questions on the new2005-2008 Racing Rules of Sailing. Since we didnt have room to print more than the basic answers,here are expanded explanations.To understand these answers, you need two things: 1) a copy of the newrules; and 2) the Rules IQTest. If you dont have a copy of the last issue, simply e-mail a note to us [email protected], and we will mail or e-mail you a copy of the test for free.

Basic Rules

1. TrueWhen the racing rulesapply, Rule 1.1 (Helping Those inDanger) says you must give all pos-sible help to any person or vessel indanger. This applies to both racingand non-racing boats.

2. False Ten years ago a boatcould not be penalized under theFair Sailing Rule (Rule 2) unless noother rule applied. Now a boat will

be penalized only when she clearlyviolates recognized principles ofsportsmanship and fair play.

3. TrueThere are certain timeswhen you cannot discard a DSQ,including a DSQ under rule 2 (FairSailing). This is explained both inrule 2 and in rule 89.3b.

4. False The rulebooks BasicPrinciple (Sportsmanship and theRules) says that when competitors

break a rule they will promptly takea penalty . . . It does not matter

whether anyone protests you; if youknow you broke a rule you musttake an appropriate penalty.

5. True This is a fundamentalprinciple of the racing rules, foundin rule 3a (Acceptance of the Rules).

6. FalseAccording to rule 86.1c,class rules can change certain rac-ing rules such as 42 (Propulsion).Class rules cannot change any rulesthat are not listed in 86.1c.

7. False A boat is always onport or starboard tack, dependingon which is her windward side (seedefinition of Leeward/Windward).

8. True The terms clear ahead,clear astern, and overlap do notapply to boats on opposite tacksunless rule 18 applies. So two boatson opposite tacks can be overlapped,

but only if they are about to roundor pass a mark or obstruction.

9. FalseThe definition Finish

says a boat finishes when any partof her hull, crew or equipment innormal position crosses the finishline in the direction of the coursefrom the last mark. You do nothave to sail the course properly.

10. False When boats are over-lapped on the same tack, the right-of-way boat must be able to changecourse in both directions withoutimmediately making contact, or elsethe other boat is not keeping clear(see definition Keep clear).

11. True The definition ofMark says an anchor line is notpart of the mark.

12. False A boat begins to havea proper course at her starting sig-nal, which is before she starts.

13. False An obstruction is anobject big enough to require a boat,

when she is one hull length away,to make a substantial coursechange to pass it. It doesnt matter

whether or not the boat actuallyhas to change course while racing.

14. True According to the Part2 preamble, the right-of-way rulesapply between boats that are sail-ing in or near the racing area andintend to race . . . So the racingrules almost always apply to boats

before their warning signal.15. False If you are not racing

and you interfere with a boat thatis racing, for example, you breakrule 22 (Interfering with AnotherBoat) and you can be penalized.

16. False When a boat that isracing meets a cruising boat undersail, the applicable rules (whichguide them both) are the IRPCAS(International Regulations for thePrevention of Collisions at Sea).

17. True The Part 2 preamblenow says that when a racing boat

breaks an IRPCAS rule, she can beprotested only by the race commit-

tee or the protest committee.

18.False

When two boats aretacking at the same time, they areboth subject to rule 13 (WhileTacking). So the one on the other'sport side or the one astern shallkeep clear. As far as rule 13 isconcerned, it doesnt matter whichone passed head to wind first.

19. FalseThere does not haveto be serious damage before aright-of-way boat can be penalizedunder rule 14. If she could haveavoided contact that causes any

injury or damage, the right-of-wayboat must retire. (This answer waswrongly listed as True on the test.)

20. True Rule 14 (AvoidingContact) never turns off, so boatsmust always be careful not to hit.

21. False This statement isusually true, but it doesnt apply

when one boat acquires right ofway due to the other boats actions.If a boat tacks right in front of you,for example, you dont have to givethem room to keep clear because it

was their action that caused thechange in right of way.

22. False Rule 16 (ChangingCourse) has one exception, found inrule 18.2(d). When the right-of-way

boat is changing course to round amark, she does not have to give theother boat room to keep clear.

23. False Rule 16.2 nowapplies only when a port tacker (P)is passing astern of a starboardtacker (S). If P tries to cross ahead,S can hunt within the limits ofrule 16.1 (Changing Course).

24. True When P is sailing topass astern of S, rule 16 puts twolimitations on any course change

by S. First, S must give P room tokeep clear. Second, S cannot forceP to change her course immediatelyto keep clear.

25. False There is no limit onsailing below your proper course

when you are racing upwind (see

When Boats Meet (Part 2)

TRUE OR FALSE

The Definitions


2/42 May/June 2005

RULES IQ TEST ANSWERS(continued from page 11)

rule 17.2). Of course, a windwardboat must still be sure to keep clearof a leeward boat.

26. False Rule 16.2 says aboat may not sail below her propercourse when she has a boat withintwo lengths that is either over-lapped to leeward orclear asternsteering a course to leeward of her.

27. False Rule 18 does notapply when boats are on oppositetacks on a beat. However, it doesapply to boats on opposite tacksthat are about to round a leewardor jibe mark.

28. True According to ISAFCase 84, Almost always, a boat twohull lengths from a mark is aboutto round or pass it, but this is

sometimes so at a greater distancetoo. A good example is in highwinds when boats are going fast.

29. False When an inside over-lapped right-of-way boat must jibeat a mark to sail her proper course,rule 18.4 says that, before jibing,she may not sail farther from themark than needed to sail her prop-er course. In other words, she must

jibe to round the mark.30. True When two boats

approach a mark and theres a

question about whether or not theyare overlapped, the rules still placean onus, or burden of proof, on the

boat that claims to obtain or breakthe overlap at the last moment.

31. False Under the old rulesthis statement would have beentrue. But rule 19 has been revisedso a boat can hail for room to tack

when she is closehauled or above.32. True If you approach an

obstruction and you need to makeonly a slight course change to avoidit, you are not permitted to hail forroom to tack. In fact, under the newrules, you will actually break rule19 if you hail in this situation.

33. False Its OK to interferewith a boat on another leg if you donot change your course. Also, youcan change course as long as inter-fering with another boat is not youronly purpose for this (e.g. youredoing it to sail a proper course).

34. True When you make apenalty turn, rule 22.2 says youmust keep clear of any boat that isnot taking a penalty.

35. False A boat that is movingbackward loses rights (over boatsnot moving backward) only whenthe reason she is moving astern is

because she was backing a sail. Ifshe simply drifts backward, shekeeps her normal rights (rule 20.3).

36. FalseThe race committeemust publish written SIs (see rule89.2a), but they do not have to givethese to the competitors. If you arenot given the SIs, ask for a copy.

37. False In the standard start-ing system (rule 26), your class flagis first displayed at the warningsignal, not at the prep signal. It

remains displayed until the start.38. True According to rule 27.2,the RC may move a starting markup until the preparatory signal. Socheck the line within four minutes.

39. True Once youve finished,you may not go back and correcterrors you made sailing the course(except for errors made right at thefinishing line).

40. False Rule 30.3 (Black FlagRule) ends with, If this rule appliesrule 29.1 does not. Since 29.1

specifies the use of flag X and onesound for boats that are OCS, theseare not used with the black flag.

41. False This was true in thepast, but now a new warning signal(not a prep signal) is made 1 minuteafter the first substitute is lowered

42. False Rule 30.1 is still titledthe Round-an-End Rule, but it nolonger requires boats to sail aroundan end (though this usually hap-pens). Boats need only sail acrossan extension of the line from thecourse side to the pre-start side.

Also, they do not have to wait untilthe starting signal to do this.

43. True A boat is racing untilshe finishes and clears the finishingline and marks. If she touches amark before this, she must take aone-turn penalty as provided in rule31.2. After taking her penalty shemust sail to the course side of theline before finishing.

44. False A boat no longer hasto make a complete circle aftertouching a mark, but there is no

minimum number of degrees shemust turn. Rule 31.2 requires onlyone turn with a tack and a jibe.

45. False Rule 32.1 has beenspecifically changed to cover racesthat are shortened at a gate. In thatcase, the finish line is between thetwo gate marks (and the nearby RC

boat is not part of the line).46. False When the race com-

mittee wants to move the next markto starboard, they should display agreen triangle (see rule 33a2), not a

rectangle. (This answer was listedincorrectly as True on the test.)

47. False Rule 43.1(a) is clear:You are never allowed to wear cloth-ing to increase your weight. Andthe weight of your clothing mustnot exceed the limit in rule 43.1b(unless your boat has lifelines).

48. TrueWhen a boat breaks aright-of-way rule before the start,she doesnt have to wait until thestarting signal before taking her

Two Turns penalty. She may, andin fact must, take her penalty ASAP.

49. False When a boat breaks aright-of-way rule near the finishingline, she can take her Two TurnsPenalty anywhere, but she must sailcompletely to the course side of theline before finishing (rule 44.2).

50. TrueA boat can take a Two-Turns Penalty only when she has

Conduct of a Race (Part 3)

Other Requirements (Part 4)


3/43Speed & Smarts #88

broken a rule of Part 2 (When BoatsMeet) while she is racing. Since thePropulsion rule (44) is not in Part 2,

a boat that breaks it cannot exoner-ate herself with penalty turns.

51. True There are only a fewreasons why you are permitted toleave your boat intentionally duringa race (rule 47.2). Swimming is oneof those reasons but if you swim,all crew must be back on board

before the boat continues racing.52. True Rule 41 (Outside

Help) now permits boats to receiveinformation from sources thatinclude other boats in the race.

However, this info must be bothunsolicited and from someone

who is disinterested (i.e. with nointerest in your finish position).

53. TrueThe new ISAF Interpre-tations of Rule 42 say, Adoptingany static crew position or any staticsetting of the sails or centerboard,even when stability is reduced, ispermitted by rule 42.1 and is notprohibited by rule 42.2b.

54. True The first exception tothe basic propulsion rule is rule42.3(a), which says simply, A boatmay be rolled to facilitate steering.

55. False Rule 42.2(b) says thatsteering your boat in a way thatinduces rocking (repeated rolling ofthe boat) is a prohibited action.

56. False When surfing or plan-ing is possible, a boats crew maypull the sheet and the guy control-

ling any sail . . . but only once foreach wave or gust of wind. (42.3c)

57. True This is permitted byrule 42.3(e), a new exception to thepropulsion rule. It says, A boatmay reduce speed by repeatedlymoving her helm.

58. True Rule 42 now allowssculling only when you are above aclosehauled course and either sta-tionary or moving slowly (e.g. on thestarting line). In that situation, youare permitted to scull (i.e. repeated-ly move your helm in a forceful way)to turn to a closehauled course.

59. False Sculling is prohibited,and rule 42 makes no exception forsculling around a mark. The onlytime when you might be able to dothis is at the windward mark if youare sailing above closehauled andeither stationary or moving slowly.

60. True A protest flag must bered but it does not have a requiredshape. However, according to ISAFCase 72, ... a flag is used as a sig-nal to communicate the message Iintend to protest. Only if the objectused as a flag communicates thatmessage, with little or no possibilityof causing confusion ... will theobject qualify as a flag. A flag must

be seen primarily to be a flag.

61. True Rule 62.2 explains therequirements for filing a request forredress. The last sentence of thisrule says, No red flag is required.

62. False There are severaltimes when a boat can be penalized

without a hearing. These situationsare listed specifically in rule 63.1(including failure to start, failure tofinish and getting a starting penaltyunder rule 30). At all other times a

boat cannot be penalized without aprotest hearing.

63. FalseWhile you are entitledto seek redress if you give help toan injured person, this does notapply if that injured person is partof your own crew (rule 62.1c).

64. True Rule 62.1(b) says youmay be entitled to redress when yousuffer injury or physical damage

because of the action of a ... vesselnot racing that was required tokeep clear. If the motorboat failed

to keep clear, you could get redress.

65. True If you look in theIntroduction of the rulebook, youllsee a section on Appendices thatsays, When the rules of an appen-dix apply, they take precedence overany conflicting rules in Parts 1-7.

66. True Rule 89.3(a) now saysall races and series will be scoredusing the Low Point Scoring Systemunless the SIs say otherwise.

67. TrueThe Low Point ScoringSystem allows boats to exclude thei

worst score. This applies no matterhow many races are in the seriesunless the SIs say otherwise.

68. True In the Low-PointScoring System, boats that arescored DNS, DNF, RAF and DSQ allreceive the same number of points

(one more than the number of boatsentered in the series rule A4.2).69. FalseWhen a boat breaks a

rule of Appendix G (Identification onSails), one option for the protestcommittee is to give her a warning(see rule G4). However, the PC alsohas the option to penalize her.

70. TrueAccording to AppendixH, the procedure for weighingclothing is first to saturate it with

water and then let it drain freely forone minute before weighing it.

71. False When two boats aretied at the end of a series, the factof who beat whom in more races isnot used as a tiebreaker. If theyhave the same number of firsts,seconds, thirds, etc., the tie will be

broken by using the boats scoresin the last race.

72. TrueThe definition of rulestates, for a boat racing under ahandicap or rating system, the rulesof that system are class rules.

73. True According to the defi-nitions, a mark is any object that a

boat must pass on a required side,including a government buoy thatmust be left on its channel side.

74. True Rule 41 (Outside Helpsays that while youre racing its OKto get information freely availableto all boats. This includes listeningto public marine radio forecasts.

Protests, Redress . . . (Part 5)

Kinetics (Rule 42)

The Appendices

Rules for bigger boats


4/44

NEW RULES

TEST

IQIQ2005-2008

May/June 2005

RULES IQ TEST ANSWERS(continued from page 13)

75. False When lifelines arerequired by the class rules, rule49.2 says they (both upper andlower lifelines) shall be taut.

76. False According to rule 51(Movable Ballast), All movable

ballast shall be properly stowed,and water, dead weight or ballastshall not be moved for the purposeof changing trim or stability.

77. TrueA boat that tries to getunstuck after running agroundmust still comply with rule 42(Propulsion). That rule allows theuse of an engine only to help aperson or another vessel in danger.

78. False Rule 42 (Propulsion)says a boat may use only the windand water to increase, maintain or

decrease her speed. This wouldprohibit anchoring, but rule 45makes a specific exception to this.

79. True When different sizeboats are near an obstruction or amark, the two-length zone is thearea around a mark within a dis-tance of two hull lengths of the boatthat is closer to the mark (see thedefinition of two-length zone).

80. False Once you put up ayellow flag to take a scoring penal-ty, you must also comply with all

the other parts of rule 44.3a. Thisincludes displaying the flag until

you finish and notifying the racecommittee at the finishing line.

81. BThese boats have not yetgone past head to wind, so A is stillon port tack and B is on starboard.

Therefore, B has the right of way.82. B Boat A is on port tack

and Boat B is on starboard tack.Since they are on opposite tacks, B(on starboard) has the right of way.

83. A Though B may appear tohave the right of way because she ison starboard tack, these boats arenear a mark and therefore subjectto rule 18. If A entered the zoneclear ahead of B, rule 18.2(c) saysthe boat astern [B] shall thereafterkeep clear. So A has right of way.

84. B The boats are on oppo-

site tacks so rule 10 says the boaton starboard tack (B) has right of

way. However, B has probablybroken rules 15 and/or 16.

85. A This boat is on starboardtack because starboard is her wind-

ward side. The definitions say, Aboats leeward side is the side that

is ...away from the wind. However,when sailing by the lee or directlydownwind, her leeward side is theside on which her mainsail lies. Theother side is her windward side.

86. B See the answer to #85.87. B When a boat is head to

wind, her leeward side is the sidethatwasaway from the wind. So inthis case, starboard is her leewardside. That means port is her wind-

ward side, so she is on port tack.88. A This boat is tacking, but

she is still considered to be on atack. The wind is coming over herstarboard side, so that is her wind-

ward side, and she is on starboardtack. (Of course, rule 13 says shemust keep clear of other boats on atack until she is closehauled.)

89. T C is an inside overlappedboat with right of way, so D mustgive her room and also keep clear.C can take as much room as sheneeds, but until she jibes she cantsail farther from the mark thanneeded to sail her proper course.

90. S C has an inside overlapbut not the right of way, so D justhas to give her enough room toround the mark. C can take enoughroom for a seamanlike rounding.

91. T C has an inside overlapand right of way, so she can make atactical rounding. In other words,she can sail her proper coursearound the mark (i.e. the course

she would sail if D was not there).92. T Same reason as #91.

The fact that C has the right to sailabove her proper course does notchange this situation (unless the

boats are team racing).93. B The ISAF Cases are

authoritative interpretations ofthe rules, but they do not rank asrules. The official rules are listedin the definition of rule. Theyinclude national prescriptions, thenotice of race and class rules.

94. B, D Rule 89.3(b) lists fourtimes when a boat cannot drop aDSQ, including a) when you sail arace after you are notified that you

were black-flagged (rule 30.3) andb) when a boat is disqualified underrule 69.1(b)(2) for gross misconduct.

95. B Rule 44.4a says, Whena boat intends to take a penalty as

provided in rule 44.1 [a Two-TurnsPenalty] and in the same incidenthas touched a mark, she need nottake the penalty provided in rule31.2 [a one-turn penalty].

96. C Rule 18 applies whenboats are about to round or pass amark . . . until they have passed it.So this rule doesnt turn off untilbothboats have passed the mark.(In order for C to be correct, Boat 1must have also passed the mark.)

97. A, B, C, D Rule 14 says

you shall avoid contact with anoth-er boat if reasonably possible. So

you must always make an effort toavoid any kind of contact.

98. B, C, D A right-of-way boatmust always try to avoid contact.However, she will not be penalizedunless contact results in damage orinjury (see rule 14b).

99. C, D According to rule44.1, a boat that breaks a right-of-

way rule may exonerate herself witha Two-Turns Penalty, but if shecaused injury or serious damage ...her penalty shall be to retire.

100. B, C, D Rule 62.1b saysa boat may be entitled to redress

when she suffers injury or physicaldamage from another boat or ves-sel that was required to keep clear.

The damage does not have to beserious, but it must be substantialenough to make the boats finishingposition significantly worse.

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