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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

8 Joints: Part B


Classification of Synovial Joints

• Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces:• Plane• Hinge• Pivot• Condyloid• Saddle• Ball and socket


Plane Joints

• Nonaxial joints

• Flat articular surfaces

• Short gliding movements

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7a

a

bc

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fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)


Hinge Joints

• Uniaxial joints

• Motion along a single plane

• Flexion and extension only

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7b

b Hinge joint (elbow joint)

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f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial


Pivot Joints

• Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone

• Uniaxial movement only

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7c

c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

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Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints

• Biaxial joints

• Both articular surfaces are oval

• Permit all angular movements

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7d

d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)

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Saddle Joints

• Biaxial

• Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints

• Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7e

e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)

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Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Multiaxial joints

• The most freely moving synovial joints

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7f

f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)

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Knee Joint

• Largest, most complex joint of body• Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:• Femoropatellar joint:• Plane joint• Allows gliding motion during knee flexion

• Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia• Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when

knee is partly flexed

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the knee joint


(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemorisSuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

LateralmeniscusAnteriorcruciateligamentTibia

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8b

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medialmeniscus

Articularcartilageon medialtibialcondyle

Anterior

Anteriorcruciateligament

Articularcartilage onlateral tibialcondyle

Lateralmeniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament


Knee Joint

• At least 12 associated bursae

• Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons:• E.g., quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons

• Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly

• Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:• Lateral and medial patellar retinacula

• Patellar ligament


Quadricepsfemoris muscleTendon ofquadricepsfemoris musclePatellaLateral patellarretinaculum

Medial patellarretinaculumTibial collateralligament

Tibia

FibularcollateralligamentFibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament


Knee Joint

• Capsular and extracapsular ligaments• Help prevent hyperextension

• Intracapsular ligaments: • Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

• Prevent anterior-posterior displacement

• Reside outside the synovial cavity


Articular capsuleOblique poplitealligamentLateral head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Fibular collateralligamentArcuate poplitealligamentTibia

Femur

Medial head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Tendon ofsemimembranosusmuscle

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,including ligaments

Popliteusmuscle (cut)

Tendon ofadductor magnus

BursaTibial collateralligament


PLAY Animation: Rotatable kneeFigure 8.8e

Fibularcollateralligament

Posterior cruciateligamentMedial condyleTibial collateralligamentAnterior cruciateligamentMedial meniscusPatellar ligament

PatellaQuadriceps tendon

Lateral condyleof femurLateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciateligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadricepstendon cut and reflected distally)


Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula

• Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement


PLAY Animation: Rotatable shoulder

Acromionof scapula

Synovial membraneFibrous capsule

Hyalinecartilage

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursaFibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

Synovial cavityof the glenoidcavity containingsynovial fluid

Humerus

(a) Frontal section through right shoulder joint


Shoulder Joint

• Reinforcing ligaments:• Coracohumeral ligament—helps support the

weight of the upper limb

• Three glenohumeral ligaments—somewhat weak anterior reinforcements


Shoulder joint

• Reinforcing muscle tendons:• Tendon of the long head of biceps:• Travels through the intertubercular groove • Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity

• Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint:• Subscapularis• Supraspinatus• Infraspinatus• Teres minor

PLAY A&P Flix™: Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (a)

PLAY A&P Flix™: Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (b)


AcromionCoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursaCoracohumeralligament

Greatertubercleof humerusTransversehumeralligamentTendon sheathTendon of longhead of bicepsbrachii muscle

Articularcapsulereinforced byglenohumeralligamentsSubscapularbursaTendon of thesubscapularismuscleScapula

Coracoidprocess

(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule


Acromion

Coracoid process

Articular capsuleGlenoid cavityGlenoid labrum

Tendon of long headof biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments

Tendon of thesubscapularis muscle Scapula

Posterior Anterior(d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint,humerus removed


Elbow Joint

• Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus

• Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus

• Flexion and extension only

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint

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