8

8Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between: A. right and wrong.B. conscious and unconscious desires.C. what is real and what is not real.D. pleasure and pain.

2. What percentage of people diagnosed with schizophrenia seek treatment in a mental health or general

medicine facility in a given year? A. 40 percentB. 60 percentC. 80 percentD. 90 percent

3. It is estimated that, within the United States, _____ of the population will develop schizophrenia at some

time in their lives. A. 1 to 2 percentB. 5 to10 percentC. 10 to 20 percentD. 25 to 30 percent

4. According to the study conducted by Torrey (2006), the majority of people with schizophrenia:

A. are in rehabilitation centers or prisons.B. are housed in shelters or live on the streets.C. reside in supervised living facilities.D. live independently or with their family.

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of symptoms of schizophrenia?

A. Negative symptomsB. Cognitive deficitsC. Positive symptomsD. Behavioral deficits

6. Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A. Tardive dyskinesiaB. Catatonic behaviorC. AnhedoniaD. Avolition

7. Most theorists view schizophrenia as a _____ disorder.

A. biologicalB. psychologicalC. socialD. biopsychosocial

8. _____ are ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply

impossible. A. HallucinationsB. PsychosesC. DeceptionsD. Delusions

9. Although she has never met the actor Chris Rock, June believes that he is in love with her. This is an example of a _____. A. hallucinationB. paranoiaC. deceptionD. delusion

10. Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between self-deceptions and delusions?

A. Delusions are possible, whereas self-deceptions often are not.B.

People harboring delusions think about them occasionally, but people with self-deceptions are preoccupied with them.

C.

People harboring self-deceptions attempt to convince others of these beliefs, but delusional people do no such thing.

D.

People harboring self-deceptions typically acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong, but delusional people often are resistant to arguments that contradict their delusions.

11. Which of the following is the most common type of delusion?

A. Persecutory delusionsB. Somatic delusionsC. Delusions of grandeurD. Thought insertion

12. Fred believes that the FBI has put a wire tape on his phone and they are trying to entrap him. Most likely,

Fred is experiencing a _____. A. thought insertionB. somatic delusionC. delusion of grandeurD. persecutory delusion

13. Sebastian believes his neighbor is watching him, and waiting for the chance to steal his stamp collection.

This false belief would be considered a _____. A. somatic delusionB. delusion of referenceC. persecutory delusion.D. grandiose delusion

14. People with _____ may believe that the comments of a local politician at a rally are directed at them.

A. delusions of thought insertionB. somatic delusionsC. delusions of referenceD. delusion of grandeur

15. Faith believes that she is the reincarnation of Cleopatra. Faith is most likely suffering from _____.

A. persecutory delusionsB. delusions of thought controlC. delusions of grandeurD. delusions of reference

16. Jeff believes that aliens from a parallel universe are controlling his thoughts. Jeff is most likely

experiencing a _____. A. persecutory delusionB. delusion of thought insertionC. delusion of grandeurD. delusion of reference

17. A person with schizophrenia: A. will only experience delusions with the same theme.B. can only experience one delusion at time.C. always experiences a persecutory delusion.D. can experience several different delusions at the same time.

18. Religious delusions of having committed a sin are more common among individuals from _____.

A. remote pacific islandsB. the United StatesC. JapanD. Germany

19. Delusions are to _____ as hallucinations are to_____.

A. perceptions; thoughtsB. thoughts; feelingsC. thoughts; perceptionsD. perceptions; feelings

20. Hallucinations are:

A. unreal perceptual experiences.B. beliefs that have no basis in reality.C. odd ways of thinking.D. thought insertions.

21. Which of the following is the most common hallucination?

A. VisualB. AuditoryC. OlfactoryD. Tactile

22. Jerry hears voices accusing him of being a serial rapist. This is a(n) _____ hallucination.

A. somaticB. auditoryC. visualD. tactile

23. Judith was experiencing sleep deprivation and she thought that spiders were crawling on her skin. Judith

was most likely experiencing a(n)_____. A. olfactory hallucinationB. auditory hallucinationC. somatic hallucinationD. tactile hallucination

24. Tabitha believes that an alien being is growing inside of her. Tabitha is most likely experiencing a(n)

_____ hallucination. A. visualB. somaticC. auditoryD. tactile

25. It is difficult to understand what Carter is saying because he tends to slip from one topic to a seemingly

unrelated topic with little coherent transition. Carter is exhibiting _____. A. clang associationsB. derailmentC. avolitionD. alogia

26. Ethel's conversations are hard to follow. She doesn't stay on the same topic, and there is no logical transition between topics. Ethel's speech is probably an example of _____. A. derailmentB. alogiaC. neologismD. avolition

27. A person with schizophrenia may exhibit disorganized speech patterns that are completely incoherent to

listeners. This is known as _____. A. blunted affectB. alogiaC. avolitionD. word salad

28. _____ are words that mean something only to the person speaking them.

A. NeologismsB. AlogiaC. Word saladsD. Clangs

29. T.J was asked if he liked the song that was playing on the radio. His response was, "song too long, long to

wrong, wrong not right, right not fight." This is known as _____. A. a word saladB. a neologismC. alogiaD. clangs

30. Which of the following statements is true about the gender differences in disorganized thought and

speech symptoms of schizophrenia? A.

Women with schizophrenia tend to show more severe deficits in language than do men with schizophrenia.

B.

Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia may not affect women's language and thought as much as they do men's because women can use both sides of their brain to compensate for problems.

C.

Compared to women, language deficits are less apparent in men with schizophrenia owing to the fact that language is controlled more bilaterally in men.

D.

Language is more localized in men, so when the areas of the brain associated with language are affected by schizophrenia, men are better able to compensate for the deficits.

31. An extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world is referred to as _____ in patients with

schizophrenia. A. disorganizationB. catatoniaC. disassociationD. withdrawal

32. Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A. CatatoniaB. DerailmentC. AvolitionD. Delusions

33. A severe reduction or complete absence of emotional responses to the environment is called _____.

A. derailmentB. word saladC. blunted affectD. neologism

34. Stanley's parents do not understand why he has not spoken for several weeks. They are concerned that something is seriously wrong, but Stanley seems unable to communicate with them. Stanley is probably exhibiting _____. A. avolitionB. affective flatteningC. emotional bluntingD. alogia

35. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is described as an inability to persist at common,

goal-directed activities, including those at work, school, and home? A. AlogiaB. AvolitionC. Affected flatteningD. Blunted affect

36. Harry has difficulty remembering information. He cannot hold information in his memory long enough to

manipulate and process it. Harry is most likely having difficulty with _____. A. long term memoryB. retrograde amnesiaC. working memoryD. neural sensory registers

37. Schizophrenia was formerly known as _____.

A. psychotic maniaB. dementia praecoxC. multiple personality disorderD. catatonia

38. The psychiatrist credited with labeling schizophrenia as dementia praecox was _____.

A. Alfred AdlerB. Emil KraepelinC. Joseph BreuerD. Eugene Bleuler

39. Kraepelin gave the label dementia praecox to the disorder now known as schizophrenia because he

believed that the disorder resulted from: A. brain trauma.B. a chronic deficit of neurotransmitters in the brain.C. premature deterioration of the brain.D. increased consumption of alcohol.

40. Which of the following statements is true regarding Bleuler's views on schizophrenia?

A. He viewed schizophrenia as a result of the splitting of distinct personalities.B. He believed that schizophrenia involved the splitting of integrated psychic functions.C. He argued that schizophrenia manifests due to the merging of unassociated threads.D. He accepted that this disorder always leads to severe deterioration of the brain.

41. The DSM-IV-TR states that in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, an individual must show some

symptoms of the disorder for at least _____. A. 2 weeksB. 1 monthC. 6 monthsD. 1 year

42. Prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia are evident:

A. during the acute phase of the disorder.B. when the disorder is in remission.C. after the acute phase.D. prior to onset of the acute phase.

43. When are residual symptoms most evident? A. During the acute phase of the disorderB. During the catatonic phase of the disorderC. After the acute phaseD. Prior to onset of the acute phase

44. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia:

A. are only seen in the acute phase of the disorder.B. are most prominent in the prodromal and residual phases.C. manifest during premorbid functioning.D. are present only in the disorganized type of schizophrenia.

45. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is a person most likely to overcome with the help of

medication? A. AvolitionB. Affective flatteningC. AlogiaD. Hallucinations

46. When the symptoms of schizophrenia are mixed and there is no single prominent positive symptom, the

person is labeled as suffering from _____. A. disorganized schizophreniaB. residual schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. catatonic schizophrenia

47. _____ schizophrenia is characterized by prominent delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of

persecution and grandiosity. A. ParanoidB. DisorganizedC. CatatonicD. Residual

48. The prognosis for people with paranoid schizophrenia is ______ the prognosis for people with other types

of schizophrenia. A. better thanB. the same asC. worse thanD. more difficult to ascertain than

49. Erin has auditory hallucinations. Her symptoms are prominent but they did not manifest until she was in

middle adulthood. This condition is most representative of _____ schizophrenia. A. disorganizedB. catatonicC. paranoidD. residual

50. Berta experiences delusions of being controlled by the voices in her computer, and demands that her

husband take the computer out of the house. Berta is most likely exhibiting _____. A. catatonic schizophreniaB. undifferentiated schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. disorganized schizophrenia

51. Compared to the other forms of schizophrenia, people with paranoid schizophrenia:

A. experience symptoms mostly around adolescence.B. show better cognitive and social functioning.C. exhibit extreme disorganized behavior and thoughts.D. are least likely to live independently and hold down a job.

52. The onset of Joseph's psychotic episodes has been linked to his stressful lifestyle. He developed delusions and now becomes irritated with anyone who disagrees with his delusions. Joseph is most likely exhibiting which type of schizophrenia? A. DisorganizedB. CatatonicC. ParanoidD. Residual

53. Episodes of psychosis in paranoid schizophrenia are often:

A. present in premorbid functioning.B. masked by disorganized behaviors.C. confused for alters seen in dissociative identity disorder.D. triggered by stress.

54. The type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized thought and behaviors and emotional

disturbances is known as _____ schizophrenia. A. disorganizedB. undifferentiatedC. paranoidD. residual

55. People diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia:

A. are emotionally balanced.B. are prone to delusions and paranoia.C. generally have coherent thought and speech patterns.D. demonstrate odd, stereotyped behaviors.

56. Kari acts like a child, speaks in word salads, and does not bathe, dress, or eat if left alone. She is most

likely exhibiting _____ schizophrenia. A. paranoidB. catatonicC. residualD. disorganized

57. Lee's response to the news that the family was moving was, "Who moves you move. (Sigh) Sad, sad

(Giggle). Lets' swim at the park. (Sigh) Walking home. Can we walk home from school? NO! Run home from the store? (Giggle). Lee's response represents _____ schizophrenia. A. paranoidB. catatonicC. disorganizedD. residual

58. Henry was diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was 17 years old. His symptoms include disorganized

speech, blunted and flat affect, and silly behavior. His diagnosis would most likely be _____. A. residual schizophreniaB. undifferentiated schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. disorganized schizophrenia

59. Disorganized schizophrenia generally has:

A. an early onset and a continuous course, which often is unresponsive to treatment.B. a late onset and a continuous course, which usually is responsive to treatment.C. an early onset and an inconsistent course, which generally is unresponsive to treatment.D. a late onset and an inconsistent course, which often is responsive to treatment.

60. All of the following are typical symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia EXCEPT _____. A. catatonic stuporB. echopraxiaC. echolaliaD. anhedonia

61. Uriah and Byron are roommates at a psychiatric hospital. Uriah tends to fluctuate between periods of

excitement and remaining motionless for hours. Byron tends to have bizarre speech and thought patterns as well as odd behaviors. Which diagnoses would be most appropriate for Uriah and Byron? A. Uriah, disorganized schizophrenia; Byron, schizoaffective disorderB. Uriah, residual schizophrenia; Byron, delusional disorderC. Uriah, undifferentiated schizophrenia; Byron, brief psychotic disorderD. Uriah, catatonic schizophrenia; Byron, disorganized schizophrenia

62. Undifferentiated schizophrenia:

A. has the same symptoms as catatonic schizophrenia.B. tends to have an early onset, be chronic, and is difficult to treat.C. is usually a milder form of disorganized schizophrenia.D. meets the criteria for paranoid schizophrenia.

63. Which of the following people would receive a diagnosis of residual schizophrenia?

A.

Alonzo, who has suffered from several episodes of avolition and formal thought disorder, but who now experiences only auditory hallucinations.

B.

Barnard, who has suffered two acute episodes of schizophrenia which involved delusions and hallucinations, but now experiences only flat affect.

C.

Cyrus, who has suffered from alogia and affective flattening for years, but now experiences only formal thought disorder.

D.

Dudley, who has suffered from at least one episode of acute positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but who now experiences only visual hallucinations and loosening of associations.

64. Which of the following is true regarding the prognosis for people with schizophrenia?

A. 35 to 50 percent of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide.B.

50 and 80 percent of the people with schizophrenia will be rehospitalized at a later point in their lives for another episode.

C. Most people with schizophrenia show a progressive deterioration in functioning across their life span.D.

People with schizophrenia tend to suffer from fewer infectious and circulatory diseases than those without psychopathology.

65. Compared to men with schizophrenia, women with schizophrenia:

A. tend to develop the disorder during their late teens or early 20s.B. are hospitalized more often and for longer periods of time.C. have poorer social adjustment when they are not psychotic.D. show milder negative symptoms between periods of acute positive symptoms.

66. Compared to people with schizophrenia in developed countries, people with schizophrenia in developing

countries: A. are more likely to have a sole caretaker.B. tend to have families that are more intrusive, hostile, and over-involved.C. are more likely to remain incapacitated by the disorder in the long term.D. may have social environments that facilitate better adaptation and recovery.

67. Which of the following is true regarding sociocultural factors affecting men and women with

schizophrenia? A. Deviant behavior may be more socially acceptable in women than in men.B. Men with schizophrenia tend to have better social skills than women with the disorder.C. Women who develop schizophrenia are likely to lose more social support than men.D.

Men with schizophrenia have a lower risk of relapse as they are more likely than women to retain their support networks.

68. Lawrence experienced delusions and hallucinations for 2 weeks, and also had a manic episode following this 2-week period. He continues to experience delusions and hallucinations. Lawrence will most likely receive a diagnosis of _____. A. mood disorder with psychotic featuresB. schizoaffective disorderC. shared psychotic disorderD. schizophrenia

69. The diagnosis of _____ requires that individuals show symptoms of schizophrenia for only 1 to 6

months. A. schizophreniform disorderB. schizoaffective disorderC. delusional disorderD. brief psychotic disorder

70. Julia suddenly experienced delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech but these symptoms lasted

for only 3 days. Most likely, she will receive a diagnosis of _____. A. schizoaffective disorderB. schizophreniform disorderC. delusional disorderD. brief psychotic disorder

71. Which of the following statements is true regarding delusional disorder?

A.

Individuals have delusions that last at least 1 month, but do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia.

B. In addition to delusions, individuals also exhibit at least one other positive symptom of schizophrenia.C. It appears to affect males more than females.D. Onset tends to be earlier in life than most disorders.

72. Individuals with _____ have a delusion that develops from a relationship with another person who

already has delusions. A. shared psychotic disorderB. schizophreniaC. brief psychotic disorderD. schizophreniform disorder

73. Which of the following is true regarding the genetic factors contributing to the development of

schizophrenia? A.

Strong evidence for a genetic contribution to schizophrenia exists and fully explains the connection between genetics and the disorder.

B.

All people with schizophrenia show structural and functional abnormalities in the brain including high frontal activity and smaller ventricles.

C.

Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia.

D.

Prenatal exposure to viruses during the third trimester of gestation decreases the risk of developing schizophrenia as it allows the fetal immune system to build resistance.

74. According to the research of Irving Gottesman, which of the following children is at highest risk for

developing schizophrenia? A. A child with two biological parents and a monozygotic (MZ) twin who are schizophrenicB. A child with two adoptive parents and a monozygotic (MZ) twin who are schizophrenicC. A child with two biological parents and a dizygotic (DZ) twin who are schizophrenicD. A child with one biological parent and a dizygotic (DZ) twin who are schizophrenic

75. What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic (MZ) twins?

A. 12 percent for mild forms of schizophreniaB. Between 35 and 50 percent for the most severe forms of schizophreniaC. Compiled results of several studies indicate a rate of 46 percentD. 60 percent based on a study on twins born in Finland

76. When monozygotic (MZ) twins who were discordant for schizophrenia were compared with MZ twins who both had schizophrenia, researchers found that the MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia: A. possessed additional genetic material not found in members of the control group.B. had the exact same DNA structure, thereby implicating environmental factors.C. showed numerous differences in the molecular structure of their DNA.D. had few, but noticeable, variations in their genetic makeup.

77. People with schizophrenia who have enlarged ventricles:

A. are more likely to be women than men.B. are less responsive to medication.C. show an increase in volume of the prefrontal areas of the brain.D. tend to have milder symptoms than other people with schizophrenia.

78. The _____ is important in language, emotional expression, planning, and carrying out plans, while the

_____ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term memories. A. thalamus; hypothalamusB. prefrontal cortex; hippocampusC. hippocampus; prefrontal cortexD. hypothalamus; thalamus

79. Oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery is known as _____.

A. perinatal hypoxiaB. anoxiaC. fetal oxygen deficit syndromeD. oxycephaly

80. Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to play a role in schizophrenia?

A. DopamineB. NorepinephrineC. EpinephrineD. Acetylcholine

81. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the neurotransmitter dopamine, and

schizophrenia? A.

Several lines of evidence have supported the original dopamine theory that symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe and limbic system.

B.

Phenothiazines and neuroleptics increase the functional level of dopamine, which helps to reduce psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.

C.

The new dopamine theory suggests that the traditional theory is too simple, and evidence supports that many people with schizophrenia do not respond to Phenothiazines—which may indicate that other neurotransmitters are involved in the disorder.

D.

Critics of the original dopamine theory argue that the theory does not adequately explain the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

82. Which of the following is true regarding the neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia?

A.

Excess dopamine activity in the amygdala and unusually low dopamine activity in the frontal cortex play a role in schizophrenia.

B. New research suggests that epinephrine, serotonin, and GABA also play a role in schizophrenia.C. New research suggests that norepinephrine, glutamate, and ACH also play a role in schizophrenia.D.

Excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and unusually low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area play a role in schizophrenia.

83. New research indicates that the interaction between which body chemical and dopamine is critical in

schizophrenia? A. AdrenalB. CortisolC. SerotoninD. Norepinephrine

84. According to the integrated model of the links between cognitive deficits and the symptoms of schizophrenia, abnormalities in the dopamine system, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, lead to deficits in _____. A. psychosisB. attributionC. working memoryD. avolition

85. Social drift refers to:

A. the impoverished social conditions that cause symptoms of schizophrenia.B.

the tendency of people with schizophrenia to willingly isolate themselves, thus drifting away from social relationships.

C. the likelihood that people with schizophrenia will be neglected by society.D. the tendency of people with schizophrenia to drift downward in social class.

86. Goldberg and Morrison's (1963) study of socioeconomic class and men with schizophrenia revealed

that: A. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in higher socioeconomic classes than their brothers.B. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in the same socioeconomic class as their fathers.C. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in lower socioeconomic classes than their fathers.D. socioeconomic class was not impacted and thus is not a contributing factor to the disorder.

87. Which of the following is true regarding the role of environmental stressors in the development of

schizophrenia? A.

There is no correlation between the development of full-blown schizophrenia and environmental factors.

B.

Stressful circumstances may not cause someone to develop schizophrenia but they may trigger new episodes in people with the disorder.

C.

Approximately 50 percent of the people who present with schizophrenia have been exposed to an environmental stressor.

D. Environmental stressors only affect the less debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia. 88. Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychosocial perspectives of schizophrenia?

A.

Several studies have shown that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in a small town than in a large city.

B.

Torrey and Yolken argued that the link between urban living and psychosis is not due to overcrowding, but to stress.

C.

Studies have shown that first- and second-generation immigrants have a higher incidence of acute schizophrenia symptoms than members of their ethnic group who have been in the country longer or are native to the country.

D.

Studies suggest that many of the life events that people with schizophrenia experience prior to relapse actually may be caused by the residual symptoms.

89. Psychosocial factors such as stress and certain types of family functioning:

A.

can trigger episodes of schizophrenia even in persons without an existing predisposition to the disorder.

B.

can cause schizophrenia only if chronic life stress and poor family functioning are both present together.

C.

will not affect the severity of schizophrenic symptoms if the person is on a proper dosage of medication.

D. can cause a relapse in those who already have the disorder. 90. The term schizophrenogenic mother refers to:

A. the classification of a mother with one or more children diagnosed with schizophrenia.B.

the idea that a mother is both overprotective of and rejecting toward her child, and this relationship creates schizophrenia in the child.

C. mothers with schizophrenia who have extremely poor interpersonal skills.D. a mother's hospitalization because of repeated full-blown schizophrenic episodes.

91. Jack, a 4-year-old boy, had a paper cut on his finger. His mother kissed his finger gently and said, "you are so clumsy, can't you do anything right?" This is an example of _____. A. a double bindB. thought insertionC. derailmentD. expressed emotion

92. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the families of people with schizophrenia?

A.

Families high in expressed emotion often have ideas about how the family member with schizophrenia can improve his or her symptoms.

B.

A family with high expressed emotion will often create stresses for the person with schizophrenia that may overwhelm his or her ability to cope, and thus trigger new episodes of psychosis.

C.

Critics of the expressed-emotion theory argue that the hostility and intrusiveness observed in families of people with schizophrenia might be the result of schizophrenic symptoms rather than contributors to relapse.

D.

Families tend to be more forgiving of the negative symptoms of the individual with schizophrenia than positive emotions, because negative emotions appear uncontrollable.

93. Which of the following is true concerning expressed emotion and relapse in patients with schizophrenia?

A.

Therapists have no difficulty changing entrenched communication patterns between patients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers.

B.

Delusions and hallucinations will elicit more negative expressed emotion from family members than blunted affect or lack of motivation.

C.

Expressed emotion in observed family patterns indicate that negative symptoms are probably learned behaviors.

D.

Interventions that reduce family expressed emotion tend to reduce the relapse rate in schizophrenic family members.

94. According to one of the cognitive perspectives, negative symptoms of schizophrenia arise from:

A. a hypersensitivity to perceptual input.B. a tendency to attribute experiences to external sources.C. the need to withdraw and conserve scarce cognitive resources.D. expectations that social interactions do not matter.

95. Which of the following is a cognitive strategy for treating clients with schizophrenia?

A. Teaching family members normal patterns of communicationB. Training the client to attend to, and perceive, the subtleties of communication.C. Teaching patients ways of disputing their delusional beliefs or hallucinatory experiencesD. Removing the client from the stressful settings where communication is difficult

96. Which of the following treatments was used in the 1930s to treat schizophrenia?

A. Insulin coma therapyB. Epileptic therapyC. Seizure shock therapyD. Psychoconvulsive therapy

97. French researchers Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker found that _____, one of a class of drugs called

the phenothiazines, calms agitation and reduces hallucinations and delusions in patients with schizophrenia. A. aminothiazoleB. thioxanthenesC. chlorpromazineD. butyrophenones

98. Which of the following statements is true regarding neuroleptics? A. Virtually all people with schizophrenia respond positively to neuroleptics.B.

If neuroleptic drugs are discontinued, the danger of relapse is minimal, as the drugs tend to be extremely potent and long-lasting.

C.

Neuroleptics are more effective in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia but are not as effective in treating the positive symptoms.

D.

People with schizophrenia typically must take neuroleptic drugs all the time in order to prevent new episodes of acute symptoms.

99. Common side effects of neuroleptics include _____, which includes slowed motor activity, monotonous

speech, and an expressionless face, and _____, an agitation that causes people to pace and be unable to sit still. A. akinesia; akathesisB. akathesis; tardive dyskinesiaC. tardive dyskinesia; akinesiaD. akathesis; akinesia

100.A common side effect of neuroleptics that consists of involuntary movements of the tongue, mouth, or

jaw is _____. A. akathesisB. agranulocytosisC. tardive dyskinesiaD. akinesia

101.The side effects of neuroleptics can be reduced:

A. through prolonged usage.B. by reducing dosages.C. by using them in combination with over-the-counter drugs.D. by taking the drugs at intervals.

102.Atypical antipsychotic drugs have shown to be _____ in treating symptoms of schizophrenia.

A. ineffective when compared to typical antipsychotic drugsB. more effective than typical antipsychotic drugsC. just as effective as typical antipsychotic drugsD. ineffective compared to ECT

103.Blanch is receiving a drug that binds to the D4 dopamine receptor and influences other neurotransmitters

such as serotonin. Blanch's schizophrenia is most likely being treated with _____. A. effexorB. thorazineC. chlorpromazineD. clozapine

104.Clozapine:

A. can lead to tardive dyskinesia if taken in large doses.B. reduces only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.C. can result in a condition known as agranulocytosis.D. is suitable mostly for individuals who have found phenothiazines to be effective.

105._____ has been shown to be more effective at preventing relapse than typical antipsychotic medications.

It does not induce tardive dyskinesia, but it can cause sexual dysfunction, low blood pressure, weight gain, seizures, and problems with concentration. A. RisperidoneB. ClozapineC. HaloperidolD. Aripiprazole

106.Dr. Rushford's patient has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is helping her patient learn how to initiate and maintain a conversation with others. In addition, she is also teaching her client how to gather important information by accompanying the client to selected places and demonstrating the skills necessary to accomplish this goal. This type of intervention follows a(n)_____ approach. A. existentialB. cognitiveC. behavioralD. psychodynamic

107._____ interventions include increasing contact between people with schizophrenia and supportive others,

often through self-help support groups. A. Cognitive-behavioralB. SocialC. CognitiveD. Behavioral

108.Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding family-oriented therapies?

A.

Families are taught about the disorder's biological causes, its symptoms, and the medications and their side effects.

B.

Family members learn communication skills as well as problem-solving skills to reduce the overall level of stress in the family.

C.

Family members learn behavioral techniques for encouraging appropriate behavior and discouraging inappropriate behavior by their family member with schizophrenia.

D.

Family-oriented interventions, even when combined with drug therapy, appear to be less effective at reducing relapse rates.

109._____ programs provide comprehensive services for people with schizophrenia, relying on the expertise

of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day. A. Assisted livingB. DeinstitutionalizationC. WelfareD. Assertive community treatment

110.Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment programs for schizophrenia?

A.

Billions of dollars are spent on mental health care per year in the United States, and much of that money goes to services for people with schizophrenia.

B.

Much of the financial burden of caring for people with schizophrenia falls to state and local governments, which lack the necessary resources, or to families, who often cannot afford the high cost of care.

C.

Only about 10 to 20 percent of people with schizophrenia receive little or no care in a given year, and a majority of the patients remain in hospitals until their symptoms stabilize or permanently disappear.

D.

The gains that people in skills-based interventions make tend to stabilize once the interventions end, suggesting that these interventions hold more promise than traditional treatment.

111.A healer who uses a traditional method that involves a series of rituals designed to transform the

meanings of symptoms for persons with schizophrenia, thus diminishing their pain, is using a ______. A. social support modelB. clinical modelC. persuasive modelD. structural model

112.Lula is a healer who offers treatment in the form of integrating the body, emotion, and cognition or the person, society, and culture. Lula would argue that the loss of integration results in the reappearance of the symptoms of a disorder. Lula most likely follows a _____. A. social support modelB. structural modelC. clinical modelD. persuasive model

113.The _____ model holds that symptoms arise from conflictual social relationships and healing involves

mobilizing a patient's kin to support him or her through the crisis and reintegrating the patient into a positive social support network. A. social supportB. structuralC. clinicalD. persuasive

114.What are delusions? Briefly describe the common types of delusions experienced by people with

schizophrenia.

115.Describe the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

116.What are the different subtypes of schizophrenia? Briefly describe each one of them.

117.Briefly describe the other psychotic disorders that share features with schizophrenia.

118.Describe the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia.

119.Describe the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.

120.Briefly explain the original dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Why was it considered too simplistic?

121.Describe the psychosocial perspectives of schizophrenia.

122.Briefly describe the side effects of neuroleptics used in the treatment of schizophrenia.

123.Describe some of the characteristics of family-oriented therapy and assertive community treatment

programs.

8 Key 1.(p. 226)

Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between: A. right and wrong.B. conscious and unconscious desires.C. what is real and what is not real.D. pleasure and pain.

Blooms: Knowledge

Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 08 #1

2.(p. 226)

What percentage of people diagnosed with schizophrenia seek treatment in a mental health or general medicine facility in a given year? A. 40 percentB. 60 percentC. 80 percentD. 90 percent

Blooms: Knowledge


3.(p. 226)

It is estimated that, within the United States, _____ of the population will develop schizophrenia at some time in their lives. A. 1 to 2 percentB. 5 to10 percentC. 10 to 20 percentD. 25 to 30 percent

Blooms: Knowledge


4.(p. 226)

According to the study conducted by Torrey (2006), the majority of people with schizophrenia: A. are in rehabilitation centers or prisons.B. are housed in shelters or live on the streets.C. reside in supervised living facilities.D. live independently or with their family.

Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium

Nolen - Chapter 08 #4

5.(p. 226)

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of symptoms of schizophrenia? A. Negative symptomsB. Cognitive deficitsC. Positive symptomsD. Behavioral deficits

Blooms: Knowledge


6.(p. 226)

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A. Tardive dyskinesiaB. Catatonic behaviorC. AnhedoniaD. Avolition

Blooms: Knowledge


7.(p. 227)

Most theorists view schizophrenia as a _____ disorder. A. biologicalB. psychologicalC. socialD. biopsychosocial

Blooms: Knowledge


8.(p. 228)

_____ are ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible. A. HallucinationsB. PsychosesC. DeceptionsD. Delusions

Blooms: Knowledge


9.(p. 228)

Although she has never met the actor Chris Rock, June believes that he is in love with her. This is an example of a _____. A. hallucinationB. paranoiaC. deceptionD. delusion

Blooms: Application

Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 08 #9

10.(p. 228)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between self-deceptions and delusions? A. Delusions are possible, whereas self-deceptions often are not.B.

People harboring delusions think about them occasionally, but people with self-deceptions are preoccupied with them.

C.

People harboring self-deceptions attempt to convince others of these beliefs, but delusional people do no such thing.

D.

People harboring self-deceptions typically acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong, but delusional people often are resistant to arguments that contradict their delusions.

Blooms: Knowledge


11.(p. 228)

Which of the following is the most common type of delusion? A. Persecutory delusionsB. Somatic delusionsC. Delusions of grandeurD. Thought insertion

Blooms: Knowledge


12.(p. 228)

Fred believes that the FBI has put a wire tape on his phone and they are trying to entrap him. Most likely, Fred is experiencing a _____. A. thought insertionB. somatic delusionC. delusion of grandeurD. persecutory delusion

Blooms: Application


13.(p. 228)

Sebastian believes his neighbor is watching him, and waiting for the chance to steal his stamp collection. This false belief would be considered a _____. A. somatic delusionB. delusion of referenceC. persecutory delusion.D. grandiose delusion

Blooms: Application


14.(p. 229)

People with _____ may believe that the comments of a local politician at a rally are directed at them. A. delusions of thought insertionB. somatic delusionsC. delusions of referenceD. delusion of grandeur

Blooms: Application


15.(p. 229)

Faith believes that she is the reincarnation of Cleopatra. Faith is most likely suffering from _____. A. persecutory delusionsB. delusions of thought controlC. delusions of grandeurD. delusions of reference

Blooms: Application


16.(p. 229)

Jeff believes that aliens from a parallel universe are controlling his thoughts. Jeff is most likely experiencing a _____. A. persecutory delusionB. delusion of thought insertionC. delusion of grandeurD. delusion of reference

Blooms: Application


17.(p. 230)

A person with schizophrenia: A. will only experience delusions with the same theme.B. can only experience one delusion at time.C. always experiences a persecutory delusion.D. can experience several different delusions at the same time.

Blooms: Comprehension


18.(p. 231)

Religious delusions of having committed a sin are more common among individuals from _____. A. remote pacific islandsB. the United StatesC. JapanD. Germany

Blooms: Knowledge


19.(p. 228-231)

Delusions are to _____ as hallucinations are to_____. A. perceptions; thoughtsB. thoughts; feelingsC. thoughts; perceptionsD. perceptions; feelings



20.(p. 231)

Hallucinations are: A. unreal perceptual experiences.B. beliefs that have no basis in reality.C. odd ways of thinking.D. thought insertions.

Blooms: Knowledge


21.(p. 231)

Which of the following is the most common hallucination? A. VisualB. AuditoryC. OlfactoryD. Tactile

Blooms: Knowledge


22.(p. 231)

Jerry hears voices accusing him of being a serial rapist. This is a(n) _____ hallucination. A. somaticB. auditoryC. visualD. tactile

Blooms: Knowledge


23.(p. 231)

Judith was experiencing sleep deprivation and she thought that spiders were crawling on her skin. Judith was most likely experiencing a(n)_____. A. olfactory hallucinationB. auditory hallucinationC. somatic hallucinationD. tactile hallucination

Blooms: Application


24.(p. 231)

Tabitha believes that an alien being is growing inside of her. Tabitha is most likely experiencing a(n)_____ hallucination. A. visualB. somaticC. auditoryD. tactile

Blooms: Application


25.(p. 232)

It is difficult to understand what Carter is saying because he tends to slip from one topic to a seemingly unrelated topic with little coherent transition. Carter is exhibiting _____. A. clang associationsB. derailmentC. avolitionD. alogia

Blooms: Application


26.(p. 232)

Ethel's conversations are hard to follow. She doesn't stay on the same topic, and there is no logical transition between topics. Ethel's speech is probably an example of _____. A. derailmentB. alogiaC. neologismD. avolition

Blooms: Application


27.(p. 232)

A person with schizophrenia may exhibit disorganized speech patterns that are completely incoherent to listeners. This is known as _____. A. blunted affectB. alogiaC. avolitionD. word salad

Blooms: Knowledge


28.(p. 232)

_____ are words that mean something only to the person speaking them. A. NeologismsB. AlogiaC. Word saladsD. Clangs

Blooms: Knowledge


29.(p. 232)

T.J was asked if he liked the song that was playing on the radio. His response was, "song too long, long to wrong, wrong not right, right not fight." This is known as _____. A. a word saladB. a neologismC. alogiaD. clangs

Blooms: Application


30.(p. 233)

Which of the following statements is true about the gender differences in disorganized thought and speech symptoms of schizophrenia? A.

Women with schizophrenia tend to show more severe deficits in language than do men with schizophrenia.

B.

Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia may not affect women's language and thought as much as they do men's because women can use both sides of their brain to compensate for problems.

C.

Compared to women, language deficits are less apparent in men with schizophrenia owing to the fact that language is controlled more bilaterally in men.

D.

Language is more localized in men, so when the areas of the brain associated with language are affected by schizophrenia, men are better able to compensate for the deficits.



31.(p. 233)

An extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world is referred to as _____ in patients with schizophrenia. A. disorganizationB. catatoniaC. disassociationD. withdrawal

Blooms: Knowledge


32.(p. 233)

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. CatatoniaB. DerailmentC. AvolitionD. Delusions

Blooms: Knowledge


33.(p. 233)

A severe reduction or complete absence of emotional responses to the environment is called _____. A. derailmentB. word saladC. blunted affectD. neologism

Blooms: Knowledge


34.(p. 233)

Stanley's parents do not understand why he has not spoken for several weeks. They are concerned that something is seriously wrong, but Stanley seems unable to communicate with them. Stanley is probably exhibiting _____. A. avolitionB. affective flatteningC. emotional bluntingD. alogia

Blooms: Application


35.(p. 234)

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is described as an inability to persist at common, goal-directed activities, including those at work, school, and home? A. AlogiaB. AvolitionC. Affected flatteningD. Blunted affect

Blooms: Knowledge


36.(p. 234)

Harry has difficulty remembering information. He cannot hold information in his memory long enough to manipulate and process it. Harry is most likely having difficulty with _____. A. long term memoryB. retrograde amnesiaC. working memoryD. neural sensory registers

Blooms: Application


37.(p. 234)

Schizophrenia was formerly known as _____. A. psychotic maniaB. dementia praecoxC. multiple personality disorderD. catatonia

Blooms: Knowledge


38.(p. 234)

The psychiatrist credited with labeling schizophrenia as dementia praecox was _____. A. Alfred AdlerB. Emil KraepelinC. Joseph BreuerD. Eugene Bleuler

Blooms: Knowledge


39.(p. 234)

Kraepelin gave the label dementia praecox to the disorder now known as schizophrenia because he believed that the disorder resulted from: A. brain trauma.B. a chronic deficit of neurotransmitters in the brain.C. premature deterioration of the brain.D. increased consumption of alcohol.



40.(p. 234)

Which of the following statements is true regarding Bleuler's views on schizophrenia? A. He viewed schizophrenia as a result of the splitting of distinct personalities.B. He believed that schizophrenia involved the splitting of integrated psychic functions.C. He argued that schizophrenia manifests due to the merging of unassociated threads.D. He accepted that this disorder always leads to severe deterioration of the brain.



41.(p. 234)

The DSM-IV-TR states that in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, an individual must show some symptoms of the disorder for at least _____. A. 2 weeksB. 1 monthC. 6 monthsD. 1 year



42.(p. 234)

Prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia are evident: A. during the acute phase of the disorder.B. when the disorder is in remission.C. after the acute phase.D. prior to onset of the acute phase.



43.(p. 234)

When are residual symptoms most evident? A. During the acute phase of the disorderB. During the catatonic phase of the disorderC. After the acute phaseD. Prior to onset of the acute phase



44.(p. 235)

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A. are only seen in the acute phase of the disorder.B. are most prominent in the prodromal and residual phases.C. manifest during premorbid functioning.D. are present only in the disorganized type of schizophrenia.



45.(p. 235)

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is a person most likely to overcome with the help of medication? A. AvolitionB. Affective flatteningC. AlogiaD. Hallucinations



46.(p. 235)

When the symptoms of schizophrenia are mixed and there is no single prominent positive symptom, the person is labeled as suffering from _____. A. disorganized schizophreniaB. residual schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. catatonic schizophrenia

Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Difficult


47.(p. 235)

_____ schizophrenia is characterized by prominent delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosity. A. ParanoidB. DisorganizedC. CatatonicD. Residual



48.(p. 235)

The prognosis for people with paranoid schizophrenia is ______ the prognosis for people with other types of schizophrenia. A. better thanB. the same asC. worse thanD. more difficult to ascertain than

Blooms: Knowledge


49.(p. 235-236)

Erin has auditory hallucinations. Her symptoms are prominent but they did not manifest until she was in middle adulthood. This condition is most representative of _____ schizophrenia. A. disorganizedB. catatonicC. paranoidD. residual

Blooms: Application


50.(p. 235-236)

Berta experiences delusions of being controlled by the voices in her computer, and demands that her husband take the computer out of the house. Berta is most likely exhibiting _____. A. catatonic schizophreniaB. undifferentiated schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. disorganized schizophrenia

Blooms: Application


51.(p. 235-236)

Compared to the other forms of schizophrenia, people with paranoid schizophrenia: A. experience symptoms mostly around adolescence.B. show better cognitive and social functioning.C. exhibit extreme disorganized behavior and thoughts.D. are least likely to live independently and hold down a job.



52.(p. 235-236)

The onset of Joseph's psychotic episodes has been linked to his stressful lifestyle. He developed delusions and now becomes irritated with anyone who disagrees with his delusions. Joseph is most likely exhibiting which type of schizophrenia? A. DisorganizedB. CatatonicC. ParanoidD. Residual

Blooms: Application


53.(p. 236)

Episodes of psychosis in paranoid schizophrenia are often: A. present in premorbid functioning.B. masked by disorganized behaviors.C. confused for alters seen in dissociative identity disorder.D. triggered by stress.



54.(p. 236)

The type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized thought and behaviors and emotional disturbances is known as _____ schizophrenia. A. disorganizedB. undifferentiatedC. paranoidD. residual

Blooms: Knowledge


55.(p. 236)

People diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia: A. are emotionally balanced.B. are prone to delusions and paranoia.C. generally have coherent thought and speech patterns.D. demonstrate odd, stereotyped behaviors.



56.(p. 236)

Kari acts like a child, speaks in word salads, and does not bathe, dress, or eat if left alone. She is most likely exhibiting _____ schizophrenia. A. paranoidB. catatonicC. residualD. disorganized

Blooms: Application


57.(p. 236)

Lee's response to the news that the family was moving was, "Who moves you move. (Sigh) Sad, sad (Giggle). Lets' swim at the park. (Sigh) Walking home. Can we walk home from school? NO! Run home from the store? (Giggle). Lee's response represents _____ schizophrenia. A. paranoidB. catatonicC. disorganizedD. residual

Blooms: Application


58.(p. 236)

Henry was diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was 17 years old. His symptoms include disorganized speech, blunted and flat affect, and silly behavior. His diagnosis would most likely be _____. A. residual schizophreniaB. undifferentiated schizophreniaC. paranoid schizophreniaD. disorganized schizophrenia

Blooms: Application


59.(p. 236)

Disorganized schizophrenia generally has: A. an early onset and a continuous course, which often is unresponsive to treatment.B. a late onset and a continuous course, which usually is responsive to treatment.C. an early onset and an inconsistent course, which generally is unresponsive to treatment.D. a late onset and an inconsistent course, which often is responsive to treatment.



60.(p. 236)

All of the following are typical symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia EXCEPT _____. A. catatonic stuporB. echopraxiaC. echolaliaD. anhedonia

Blooms: Knowledge


61.(p. 236)

Uriah and Byron are roommates at a psychiatric hospital. Uriah tends to fluctuate between periods of excitement and remaining motionless for hours. Byron tends to have bizarre speech and thought patterns as well as odd behaviors. Which diagnoses would be most appropriate for Uriah and Byron? A. Uriah, disorganized schizophrenia; Byron, schizoaffective disorderB. Uriah, residual schizophrenia; Byron, delusional disorderC. Uriah, undifferentiated schizophrenia; Byron, brief psychotic disorderD. Uriah, catatonic schizophrenia; Byron, disorganized schizophrenia

Blooms: Application


62.(p. 236)

Undifferentiated schizophrenia: A. has the same symptoms as catatonic schizophrenia.B. tends to have an early onset, be chronic, and is difficult to treat.C. is usually a milder form of disorganized schizophrenia.D. meets the criteria for paranoid schizophrenia.



63.(p. 236)

Which of the following people would receive a diagnosis of residual schizophrenia? A.

Alonzo, who has suffered from several episodes of avolition and formal thought disorder, but who now experiences only auditory hallucinations.

B.

Barnard, who has suffered two acute episodes of schizophrenia which involved delusions and hallucinations, but now experiences only flat affect.

C.

Cyrus, who has suffered from alogia and affective flattening for years, but now experiences only formal thought disorder.

D.

Dudley, who has suffered from at least one episode of acute positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but who now experiences only visual hallucinations and loosening of associations.

Blooms: Application

Difficulty: DifficultNolen - Chapter 08 #63

64.(p. 236-237)

Which of the following is true regarding the prognosis for people with schizophrenia? A. 35 to 50 percent of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide.B.

50 and 80 percent of the people with schizophrenia will be rehospitalized at a later point in their lives for another episode.

C. Most people with schizophrenia show a progressive deterioration in functioning across their life span.

D.

People with schizophrenia tend to suffer from fewer infectious and circulatory diseases than those without psychopathology.



65.(p. 237)

Compared to men with schizophrenia, women with schizophrenia: A. tend to develop the disorder during their late teens or early 20s.B. are hospitalized more often and for longer periods of time.C. have poorer social adjustment when they are not psychotic.D. show milder negative symptoms between periods of acute positive symptoms.



66.(p. 237-238)

Compared to people with schizophrenia in developed countries, people with schizophrenia in developing countries: A. are more likely to have a sole caretaker.B. tend to have families that are more intrusive, hostile, and over-involved.C. are more likely to remain incapacitated by the disorder in the long term.D. may have social environments that facilitate better adaptation and recovery.



67.(p. 238)

Which of the following is true regarding sociocultural factors affecting men and women with schizophrenia? A. Deviant behavior may be more socially acceptable in women than in men.B. Men with schizophrenia tend to have better social skills than women with the disorder.C. Women who develop schizophrenia are likely to lose more social support than men.D.

Men with schizophrenia have a lower risk of relapse as they are more likely than women to retain their support networks.



68.(p. 238)

Lawrence experienced delusions and hallucinations for 2 weeks, and also had a manic episode following this 2-week period. He continues to experience delusions and hallucinations. Lawrence will most likely receive a diagnosis of _____. A. mood disorder with psychotic featuresB. schizoaffective disorderC. shared psychotic disorderD. schizophrenia

Blooms: Application


69.(p. 238)

The diagnosis of _____ requires that individuals show symptoms of schizophrenia for only 1 to 6 months. A. schizophreniform disorderB. schizoaffective disorderC. delusional disorderD. brief psychotic disorder

Blooms: Knowledge


70.(p. 239)

Julia suddenly experienced delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech but these symptoms lasted for only 3 days. Most likely, she will receive a diagnosis of _____. A. schizoaffective disorderB. schizophreniform disorderC. delusional disorderD. brief psychotic disorder

Blooms: Application


71.(p. 240)

Which of the following statements is true regarding delusional disorder? A.

Individuals have delusions that last at least 1 month, but do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia.

B. In addition to delusions, individuals also exhibit at least one other positive symptom of schizophrenia.

C. It appears to affect males more than females.D. Onset tends to be earlier in life than most disorders.



72.(p. 240)

Individuals with _____ have a delusion that develops from a relationship with another person who already has delusions. A. shared psychotic disorderB. schizophreniaC. brief psychotic disorderD. schizophreniform disorder

Blooms: Knowledge


73.(p. 241-245)

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia? A.

Strong evidence for a genetic contribution to schizophrenia exists and fully explains the connection between genetics and the disorder.

B.

All people with schizophrenia show structural and functional abnormalities in the brain including high frontal activity and smaller ventricles.

C.

Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia.

D.

Prenatal exposure to viruses during the third trimester of gestation decreases the risk of developing schizophrenia as it allows the fetal immune system to build resistance.



74.(p. 242)

According to the research of Irving Gottesman, which of the following children is at highest risk for developing schizophrenia? A. A child with two biological parents and a monozygotic (MZ) twin who are schizophrenicB. A child with two adoptive parents and a monozygotic (MZ) twin who are schizophrenicC. A child with two biological parents and a dizygotic (DZ) twin who are schizophrenicD. A child with one biological parent and a dizygotic (DZ) twin who are schizophrenic



75.(p. 243)

What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic (MZ) twins? A. 12 percent for mild forms of schizophreniaB. Between 35 and 50 percent for the most severe forms of schizophreniaC. Compiled results of several studies indicate a rate of 46 percentD. 60 percent based on a study on twins born in Finland



76.(p. 243)

When monozygotic (MZ) twins who were discordant for schizophrenia were compared with MZ twins who both had schizophrenia, researchers found that the MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia: A. possessed additional genetic material not found in members of the control group.B. had the exact same DNA structure, thereby implicating environmental factors.C. showed numerous differences in the molecular structure of their DNA.D. had few, but noticeable, variations in their genetic makeup.



77.(p. 244)

People with schizophrenia who have enlarged ventricles: A. are more likely to be women than men.B. are less responsive to medication.C. show an increase in volume of the prefrontal areas of the brain.D. tend to have milder symptoms than other people with schizophrenia.



78.(p. 244)

The _____ is important in language, emotional expression, planning, and carrying out plans, while the _____ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term memories. A. thalamus; hypothalamusB. prefrontal cortex; hippocampusC. hippocampus; prefrontal cortexD. hypothalamus; thalamus

Blooms: Knowledge


79.(p. 245)

Oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery is known as _____. A. perinatal hypoxiaB. anoxiaC. fetal oxygen deficit syndromeD. oxycephaly

Blooms: Knowledge


80.(p. 246)

Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to play a role in schizophrenia? A. DopamineB. NorepinephrineC. EpinephrineD. Acetylcholine

Blooms: Knowledge


81.(p. 246)

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the neurotransmitter dopamine, and schizophrenia? A.

Several lines of evidence have supported the original dopamine theory that symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe and limbic system.

B.

Phenothiazines and neuroleptics increase the functional level of dopamine, which helps to reduce psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.

C.

The new dopamine theory suggests that the traditional theory is too simple, and evidence supports that many people with schizophrenia do not respond to Phenothiazines—which may indicate that other neurotransmitters are involved in the disorder.

D.

Critics of the original dopamine theory argue that the theory does not adequately explain the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.



82.(p. 246-247)

Which of the following is true regarding the neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia? A.

Excess dopamine activity in the amygdala and unusually low dopamine activity in the frontal cortex play a role in schizophrenia.

B. New research suggests that epinephrine, serotonin, and GABA also play a role in schizophrenia.C. New research suggests that norepinephrine, glutamate, and ACH also play a role in schizophrenia.D.

Excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and unusually low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area play a role in schizophrenia.



83.(p. 247)

New research indicates that the interaction between which body chemical and dopamine is critical in schizophrenia? A. AdrenalB. CortisolC. SerotoninD. Norepinephrine

Blooms: Knowledge


84.(p. 247)

According to the integrated model of the links between cognitive deficits and the symptoms of schizophrenia, abnormalities in the dopamine system, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, lead to deficits in _____. A. psychosisB. attributionC. working memoryD. avolition

Blooms: Knowledge


85.(p. 248)

Social drift refers to: A. the impoverished social conditions that cause symptoms of schizophrenia.B.

the tendency of people with schizophrenia to willingly isolate themselves, thus drifting away from social relationships.

C. the likelihood that people with schizophrenia will be neglected by society.D. the tendency of people with schizophrenia to drift downward in social class.

Blooms: Knowledge


86.(p. 248)

Goldberg and Morrison's (1963) study of socioeconomic class and men with schizophrenia revealed that: A. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in higher socioeconomic classes than their brothers.B. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in the same socioeconomic class as their fathers.C. men with schizophrenia tended to end up in lower socioeconomic classes than their fathers.D. socioeconomic class was not impacted and thus is not a contributing factor to the disorder.



87.(p. 248)

Which of the following is true regarding the role of environmental stressors in the development of schizophrenia? A. There is no correlation between the development of full-blown schizophrenia and environmental

factors.B.

Stressful circumstances may not cause someone to develop schizophrenia but they may trigger new episodes in people with the disorder.

C.

Approximately 50 percent of the people who present with schizophrenia have been exposed to an environmental stressor.

D. Environmental stressors only affect the less debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia.

Blooms: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium


88.(p. 248-249)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychosocial perspectives of schizophrenia? A.

Several studies have shown that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in a small town than in a large city.

B.

Torrey and Yolken argued that the link between urban living and psychosis is not due to overcrowding, but to stress.

C.

Studies have shown that first- and second-generation immigrants have a higher incidence of acute schizophrenia symptoms than members of their ethnic group who have been in the country longer or are native to the country.

D.

Studies suggest that many of the life events that people with schizophrenia experience prior to relapse actually may be caused by the residual symptoms.



89.(p. 249)

Psychosocial factors such as stress and certain types of family functioning: A. can trigger episodes of schizophrenia even in persons without an existing predisposition to the

disorder.B. can cause schizophrenia only if chronic life stress and poor family functioning are both present

together.C. will not affect the severity of schizophrenic symptoms if the person is on a proper dosage of

medication.D. can cause a relapse in those who already have the disorder.



90.(p. 249)

The term schizophrenogenic mother refers to: A. the classification of a mother with one or more children diagnosed with schizophrenia.B.

the idea that a mother is both overprotective of and rejecting toward her child, and this relationship creates schizophrenia in the child.

C. mothers with schizophrenia who have extremely poor interpersonal skills.D. a mother's hospitalization because of repeated full-blown schizophrenic episodes.



91.(p. 249)

Jack, a 4-year-old boy, had a paper cut on his finger. His mother kissed his finger gently and said, "you are so clumsy, can't you do anything right?" This is an example of _____. A. a double bindB. thought insertionC. derailmentD. expressed emotion

Blooms: Application


92.(p. 249-250)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the families of people with schizophrenia? A.

Families high in expressed emotion often have ideas about how the family member with schizophrenia can improve his or her symptoms.

B.

A family with high expressed emotion will often create stresses for the person with schizophrenia that may overwhelm his or her ability to cope, and thus trigger new episodes of psychosis.

C.

Critics of the expressed-emotion theory argue that the hostility and intrusiveness observed in families of people with schizophrenia might be the result of schizophrenic symptoms rather than contributors to relapse.

D.

Families tend to be more forgiving of the negative symptoms of the individual with schizophrenia than positive emotions, because negative emotions appear uncontrollable.



93.(p. 250)

Which of the following is true concerning expressed emotion and relapse in patients with schizophrenia? A.

Therapists have no difficulty changing entrenched communication patterns between patients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers.

B.

Delusions and hallucinations will elicit more negative expressed emotion from family members than blunted affect or lack of motivation.

C.

Expressed emotion in observed family patterns indicate that negative symptoms are probably learned behaviors.

D.

Interventions that reduce family expressed emotion tend to reduce the relapse rate in schizophrenic family members.



94.(p. 250)

According to one of the cognitive perspectives, negative symptoms of schizophrenia arise from: A. a hypersensitivity to perceptual input.B. a tendency to attribute experiences to external sources.C. the need to withdraw and conserve scarce cognitive resources.D. expectations that social interactions do not matter.



95.(p. 250)

Which of the following is a cognitive strategy for treating clients with schizophrenia? A. Teaching family members normal patterns of communicationB. Training the client to attend to, and perceive, the subtleties of communication.C. Teaching patients ways of disputing their delusional beliefs or hallucinatory experiencesD. Removing the client from the stressful settings where communication is difficult



96.(p. 252)

Which of the following treatments was used in the 1930s to treat schizophrenia? A. Insulin coma therapyB. Epileptic therapyC. Seizure shock therapyD. Psychoconvulsive therapy

Blooms: Knowledge


97.(p. 252)

French researchers Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker found that _____, one of a class of drugs called the phenothiazines, calms agitation and reduces hallucinations and delusions in patients with schizophrenia. A. aminothiazoleB. thioxanthenesC. chlorpromazineD. butyrophenones

Blooms: Knowledge


98.(p. 252)

Which of the following statements is true regarding neuroleptics? A. Virtually all people with schizophrenia respond positively to neuroleptics.B.

If neuroleptic drugs are discontinued, the danger of relapse is minimal, as the drugs tend to be extremely potent and long-lasting.

C.

Neuroleptics are more effective in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia but are not as effective in treating the positive symptoms.

D.

People with schizophrenia typically must take neuroleptic drugs all the time in order to prevent new episodes of acute symptoms.



99.(p. 252)

Common side effects of neuroleptics include _____, which includes slowed motor activity, monotonous speech, and an expressionless face, and _____, an agitation that causes people to pace and be unable to sit still. A. akinesia; akathesisB. akathesis; tardive dyskinesiaC. tardive dyskinesia; akinesiaD. akathesis; akinesia



100.(p. 252)

A common side effect of neuroleptics that consists of involuntary movements of the tongue, mouth, or jaw is _____. A. akathesisB. agranulocytosisC. tardive dyskinesiaD. akinesia

Blooms: Knowledge


101.(p. 253)

The side effects of neuroleptics can be reduced: A. through prolonged usage.B. by reducing dosages.C. by using them in combination with over-the-counter drugs.D. by taking the drugs at intervals.

Blooms: Knowledge


102.(p. 253)

Atypical antipsychotic drugs have shown to be _____ in treating symptoms of schizophrenia. A. ineffective when compared to typical antipsychotic drugsB. more effective than typical antipsychotic drugsC. just as effective as typical antipsychotic drugsD. ineffective compared to ECT



103.(p. 253)

Blanch is receiving a drug that binds to the D4 dopamine receptor and influences other neurotransmitters such as serotonin. Blanch's schizophrenia is most likely being treated with _____. A. effexorB. thorazineC. chlorpromazineD. clozapine

Blooms: Application


104.(p. 253)

Clozapine: A. can lead to tardive dyskinesia if taken in large doses.B. reduces only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.C. can result in a condition known as agranulocytosis.D. is suitable mostly for individuals who have found phenothiazines to be effective.



105.(p. 253)

_____ has been shown to be more effective at preventing relapse than typical antipsychotic medications. It does not induce tardive dyskinesia, but it can cause sexual dysfunction, low blood pressure, weight gain, seizures, and problems with concentration. A. RisperidoneB. ClozapineC. HaloperidolD. Aripiprazole



106.(p. 254)

Dr. Rushford's patient has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is helping her patient learn how to initiate and maintain a conversation with others. In addition, she is also teaching her client how to gather important information by accompanying the client to selected places and demonstrating the skills necessary to accomplish this goal. This type of intervention follows a(n)_____ approach. A. existentialB. cognitiveC. behavioralD. psychodynamic

Blooms: Application


107.(p. 254)

_____ interventions include increasing contact between people with schizophrenia and supportive others, often through self-help support groups. A. Cognitive-behavioralB. SocialC. CognitiveD. Behavioral

Blooms: Knowledge


108.(p. 254-255)

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding family-oriented therapies? A.

Families are taught about the disorder's biological causes, its symptoms, and the medications and their side effects.

B.

Family members learn communication skills as well as problem-solving skills to reduce the overall level of stress in the family.

C.

Family members learn behavioral techniques for encouraging appropriate behavior and discouraging inappropriate behavior by their family member with schizophrenia.

D.

Family-oriented interventions, even when combined with drug therapy, appear to be less effective at reducing relapse rates.

Blooms: Knowledge


109.(p. 256)

_____ programs provide comprehensive services for people with schizophrenia, relying on the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day. A. Assisted livingB. DeinstitutionalizationC. WelfareD. Assertive community treatment

Blooms: Knowledge


110.(p. 256-257)

Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment programs for schizophrenia? A.

Billions of dollars are spent on mental health care per year in the United States, and much of that money goes to services for people with schizophrenia.

B.

Much of the financial burden of caring for people with schizophrenia falls to state and local governments, which lack the necessary resources, or to families, who often cannot afford the high cost of care.

C.

Only about 10 to 20 percent of people with schizophrenia receive little or no care in a given year, and a majority of the patients remain in hospitals until their symptoms stabilize or permanently disappear.

D.

The gains that people in skills-based interventions make tend to stabilize once the interventions end, suggesting that these interventions hold more promise than traditional treatment.



111.(p. 257)

A healer who uses a traditional method that involves a series of rituals designed to transform the meanings of symptoms for persons with schizophrenia, thus diminishing their pain, is using a ______. A. social support modelB. clinical modelC. persuasive modelD. structural model



112.(p. 257)

Lula is a healer who offers treatment in the form of integrating the body, emotion, and cognition or the person, society, and culture. Lula would argue that the loss of integration results in the reappearance of the symptoms of a disorder. Lula most likely follows a _____. A. social support modelB. structural modelC. clinical modelD. persuasive model

Blooms: Application


113.(p. 257)

The _____ model holds that symptoms arise from conflictual social relationships and healing involves mobilizing a patient's kin to support him or her through the crisis and reintegrating the patient into a positive social support network. A. social supportB. structuralC. clinicalD. persuasive

Blooms: Knowledge


114.(p. 228-230)

What are delusions? Briefly describe the common types of delusions experienced by people with schizophrenia.

Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Delusions—ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often impossible

▪ Persecutory delusion—belief that oneself or one's loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others

▪ Delusion of reference—belief that random events are directed at oneself

▪ Grandiose delusion—belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent or that one is a famous and powerful reincarnated person

▪ Delusions of being controlled—belief that one's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controlled by an external force (thought insertion, thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal)

▪ Delusion of guilt or sin—belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for a terrible event

▪ Somatic delusion—belief that one's appearance or part of one's body is diseased or altered



115.(p. 233-234)

Describe the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.


▪ Affective flattening or blunted affect—severe reduction or absence of affective (emotional) responses to the environment; may reflect severe anhedonia; people with schizophrenia who show no emotion may be experiencing intense emotion that they cannot express

▪ Alogia—poverty of speech, reduction in speaking, lack of motivation to speak

▪ Avolition—inability to persist at common, goal-directed activities

▪ Cognitive deficits—attention and memory, deficits in working memory



116.(p. 235-236)

What are the different subtypes of schizophrenia? Briefly describe each one of them.


▪ Paranoid schizophrenia—delusions and hallucinations with themes of persecution and grandiosity

▪ Disorganized schizophrenia—incoherence in cognition, speech, and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect

▪ Catatonic schizophrenia—nearly total unresponsiveness to the environment, as well as motor and verbal abnormalities

▪ Undifferentiated schizophrenia—diagnosed when a person experiences schizophrenic symptoms but does not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia

▪ Residual schizophrenia—history of at least one episode of acute positive symptoms but currently no prominent positive symptoms



117.(p. 238-241)

Briefly describe the other psychotic disorders that share features with schizophrenia.


▪ Schizoaffective disorder—individuals experience schizophrenic symptoms and mood symptoms meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or an episode of mixed mania/depression; mood symptoms must be present for much of the period of schizophrenic symptoms; schizoaffective disorder requires at least 2 weeks of hallucinations or delusions without mood symptoms

▪ Schizophreniform disorder—individuals meet Criteria A, D, and E for schizophrenia but show symptoms that last only 1 to 6 months; a relatively rare disorder; individuals have a good prognosis have a quick onset of symptoms, functioned well previously, and experience confusion but not blunted or flat affect; individuals who do not show two or more of these features are said to be without good prognostic features

▪ Brief psychotic disorder—individuals show a sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior; the episode lasts only between 1 day and 1 month, after which the symptoms vanish completely; symptoms sometimes emerge after a major stressor; at other times, no stressor is apparent;

▪ Delusional disorder—individuals have delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life; they do not show any other symptoms; other than the behaviors that may follow from their delusions, they do not act oddly or have difficulty functioning; delusional disorder may be rare; appears to affect females more than males; onset tends to be later, with an average age of first admission to a psychiatric facility of 40 to 49

▪ Shared psychotic disorder—a delusion that develops from a relationship with another person who already has delusions; usually occurs in relationships of only two people, but can occur in larger groups; apart from the delusional belief, the individual may not otherwise act oddly or be impaired



118.(p. 241-243)

Describe the genetic factors associated with schizophrenia.


▪ Family studies—according to Psychologist Irving Gottesman, children of two parents with schizophrenia and monozygotic twins of people with schizophrenia share the greatest number of genes with people with schizophrenia; as the genetic similarity to a person with schizophrenia decreases, an individual's risk of developing schizophrenia also decreases; having a biological relative with schizophrenia does not mean that the individual will develop it

▪ Adoption studies—when a parent is psychotic, the child may be exposed to illogical thought, mood swings, and chaotic behavior; Seymour Kety and colleagues found that the biological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia were 10 times more likely to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia than were the biological relatives of adoptees who did not have schizophrenia; the adoptive relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia showed no increased risk for the disorder

▪ Twin studies—the concordance rate for monozygotic (MZ) twins is 46 percent, while the concordance rate for dizygotic (fraternal) twins is 14 percent; when a person carries a genetic risk for schizophrenia, many other biological and environmental factors may influence whether and how the disorder manifests itself; when MZ twins who were discordant for schizophrenia were compared with MZ twins who both had schizophrenia, researchers found that the MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia showed numerous differences in the molecular structure of their DNA; the MZ twins concordant for schizophrenia showed many fewer molecular differences in their DNA



119.(p. 243-246)

Describe the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.


▪ Enlarged ventricles—fluid-filled spaces, reductions in the prefrontal areas of the brain; abnormal connection between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala and hippocampus; social, emotional, and behavioral deficits appear long before development of core symptoms of schizophrenia

▪ Damage to the developing brain—delivery complications, perinatal hypoxia, viral exposure (influenza, herpes simplex), increased susceptibility during second trimester

▪ Prefrontal cortex and other key areas—less activity in prefrontal cortex (important in language, emotional expression, planning), abnormal hippocampal activation, abnormalities in the volume and shape of hippocampus and at the cellular level



120.(p. 246)

Briefly explain the original dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Why was it considered too simplistic?


▪ Original dopamine theory—the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excess levels of dopamine in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system

▪ Supporting evidence—a group of drugs that tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia, the phenothiazines or neuroleptics, reduces the functional level of dopamine in the brain, drugs that increase the functional level of dopamine in the brain, tend to increase the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, neuroimaging studies suggest the presence of more receptors for dopamine and higher levels of dopamine in some areas of the brain in people with schizophrenia than in people without the disorder

▪ Simplistic nature—many people with schizophrenia do not respond to the phenothiazines; even people with schizophrenia who respond to the phenothiazines tend to experience more relief from positive symptoms than from negative symptoms; levels of dopamine change relatively soon after drug therapy begins, while changes in symptoms often take longer



121.(p. 248-250)

Describe the psychosocial perspectives of schizophrenia.


▪ Social drift—because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with a person's ability to complete an education and hold a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to the class of their family of origin; research by Goldberg and Morrison revealed that men with schizophrenia tended to end up in socioeconomic classes well below those of their fathers while the healthy brothers of the men with schizophrenia tended to end up in socioeconomic classes equal to or higher than those of their fathers

▪ Urban birth—people with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis are more likely to have been born in a large city than in a small town; Torrey and Yolken argue that the link between urban living and psychosis is due not to stress but to overcrowding, which increases the risk that a pregnant woman or newborn will be exposed to infectious agents; rates of many infectious diseases are higher in crowded urban areas than in less crowded areas

▪ Stress and relapse—stressful circumstances may not cause someone to develop schizophrenia, but they may trigger new episodes in people with the disorder; a major stressor linked to an increased risk for episodes in schizophrenia is immigration—studies in the United States and Britain find that first- and second-generation immigrants have a higher incidence of acute schizophrenia symptoms than individuals from their ethnic group who have been in the country longer or individuals native to the country

▪ Family—schizophrenogenic mothers dominated their children, not letting them develop an autonomous sense of self and simultaneously making the children feel worthless and unlovable; impact of double binds; people with schizophrenia whose families are high in expressed emotion are more likely to suffer relapses of psychosis than those whose families are low in expressed emotion; families often are forgiving of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia because they view them as uncontrollable, they can be unforgiving of the negative symptoms, viewing them as controllable



122.(p. 252-253)

Briefly describe the side effects of neuroleptics used in the treatment of schizophrenia.


▪ Grogginess, dry mouth, blurred vision, drooling, sexual dysfunction, visual disturbances, weight gain or loss, constipation, menstrual disturbances in women, and depression

▪ Akinesia—slowed motor activity, monotonous speech, and an expressionless face

▪ Patients taking phenothiazines often show symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease, including muscle stiffness, freezing of the facial muscles, tremors and spasms in the extremities, and akathesis, an agitation that causes people to pace and be unable to sit still

▪ Tardive dyskinesia—a neurological disorder that involves involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw; people may involuntarily smack their lips, make sucking sounds, stick out their tongue, puff their cheeks, or make other bizarre movements over and over again



123.(p. 254-257)

Describe some of the characteristics of family-oriented therapy and assertive community treatment programs.


▪ Families therapy—families are taught about the disorder's biological causes, symptoms, medications and their side effects; communication skills; problem-solving skills to reduce stress in the family; behavioral techniques for encouraging appropriate behavior and discouraging inappropriate behavior

▪ Effectiveness—when combined with drug therapy, family-oriented therapies appear to be more effective at reducing relapse rates than drug therapy alone; psychosocial interventions must be ongoing if they are to continue to reduce the risk of relapse

▪ Assertive community treatment programs—comprehensive services for people with schizophrenia, relying on the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day; helps individuals reintegrate into society, maintain their medications, gain needed skills, and function at their highest possible level; programs provide skills training, vocational rehabilitation, and social support; about 800 community mental health centers now operate in the United States, only one-third the number needed; limited funding for mental health care for the seriously mentally ill



8 Summary Category # of Questions

Blooms: Application 27

Blooms: Comprehension 19

Blooms: Knowledge 77

Difficulty: Difficult 2

Difficulty: Easy 45

Difficulty: Medium 76

Nolen - Chapter 08 123

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