that the special force of ttutan" could not be conveyed i.b Engl,.ish by lfout 11 and so restored Ma .. ' s "back" for th,e f,irst ttoutr' to make the meanint: cl ear.)

III, Visa I, 1-6, So came together ~ickle '.662, 9a-12b, Sv~ kom host, eager Of the saman mikit framt li5 folk-king much-wise margspaks fylkis, Vilt Well willed to the boun- rrnldingi, at sextigir teams, That sixty board- sl<arfcgr skip hni gu fair Ships hence glided heoan (In 1.4 in the MS .. uwell" stands in the place of a cancelled 11 So. 11 It is impossible to deter­mine with certainty what motive M. could have had for writing "So willed" originally. He may have used n so 11 in order to introduce e result clause fol loiving, considering 11 So" in 1 .. I too far away to be sufficient or interpreting that "so" merely as a connective; then on reread the passage, he may have decided to give "vilt 11

its more specific meaning "well willedtt in place of "w i 11 e d" a 1 one and so may have can c e 11 e d 11 so 11

for "well," not being able to use bo vrnrds and keep the metre smooth. On the other his original motive may have been to use uwi 11 ed 11

alone for "vilt 11 as a more literal elation and a closer imitation of the ON .. , order to do this he may have used the "sou for the sake of th~ rhythm; then he may have decided that the two "so's'' were awkward and tit \~ias·better to use the full form "well-willed" and to cross out the second "So .. 11 )

IV, Visa IV, 5-6, The host there gat the 663, 9b-l , Herr ridding Of-galleys at hrj6 galei ; eight where fell not r er 116 f611-at

r an account of the difficulty determining ether the word in the .. between 11 host" and

11 gat" should be read as r• there'' or "they" see ave, page 634, note 5. If the change was from n they'' to "there, tt as seems most likely, LI .. ' s motive was probably a desire to follow more closely the ON., which uses "par er .. 11 If the change was from 't there n to "they," however, r~: .. 's reason for the alteration is not apparent.)

IV, Visa V, 3, How then the Van's day's 663~ 1 ~ s slinger : The slinger of the vir Vanar dags Van's day

g

(M. may have made s chan because he considered the two successive possessives 's day's'' or because he wanted to make the translation more exact by omitting 'thaw" and 19 then" and by making the following clause independent 'instead of dependent.)

IV, A (cont. )

V, 12, that he wasted the town : tllat he 664, 1, at hann eyddi ridded the town borgina (For a discussion of this change, see above, page 793.

V, Visa VII, 1, I heard that ye, folk urger 664, 3a-3b, F6lk~eysand1, e.k fra yor

(In the r~·:s. nfolk-ur- 11 is written at the beginning of' the line and then crossed out. ?erhaps :,: e shifted the word from the beginn to the ~nd of the line in order to furnish the necessary trochee at the end.)

Visa VIII, 3-4, folk there Chose to 664, 6b-7b, herr hitt1 drift into fleeing at drifa a flotta ( Jri gina lly 11 chose H stood place of 11 there" a t the end 0 f 1 . 3 . per hap s '~ = e f 0 un d t t he could not give 1.4 the necess number of syl-lables vnthout using "chosei1 there and consequent-ly moved "chose" to l .4 iand inser " ere 11 in its place in 1.3 to provide the necessary trochee.)

VI, 26, then the boats were let down 664, 34, letu pa sfga ipin

(At first E .. changed tlus clause· to 11

boats,u the word beginni-ng with "s" that to write very likely beinrc nsink " a

/ t:i ' cognate

n s1ga. !I However, he restored the orig , ps be-cause he realized that the use of might give the wrong meaning to ~la .. ' s "let do\~m 0 could not be us

tt s k" with "boats 11

ssage a because the causative

"let.") visa x, 1-2,

5-6 J

Before the stem 665, 1 3a, stour be-yearning st i styrjar-g rnurn (The word 0 the 11 l.I was original " t 11

;

very likely ~.1 .. had used "t t" ste 11 11

here in order to give vividness to the passage. Iis reason for changing this ·~that" to n e" vr,ra s probably that he found t he cculd use tithat" for vividness more ect1vely 1.2.) There had the Bluemen's '"665, 12b-14b, r va Host to thole them blamanna lio pola ( The trans 1 at i·o n given above see ~-J s to be \~1 hat : ~ .. ; wrote originally in the LS. Then he seems to hav~ crossed out 0 them 11 in favor of "there, 11 wishing, apparently, to avo the rd use of reflex-ive v.ii th 11 thole 11 but still needing some ·word to form a trochee at 1 e~ A this point he apparent realized that he already had a ttthere 0 in prece l e~ and therefore al-tered the whole construction, changing ''hadu to "must 0 and rejecting "to thole there 11 for "be tholing, 0 the resulting translation being

"There must the Bluemen's Host be tholing .. 11

·..,.

IV, A (cont .. )

Vlsa XII, 5-6, The·n when the strong­deer Of timbers, with men-manned : Then when the strong-deer Of tim-bers, men-manned

665~ 22b-25b, pa er ramdyr prama meo lio

(Perhaps M. changed the phrase "with men manned" to the past participle ''men-manned" simply because he felt that this alteration improved the metre .. )

VII, v!sa XIII, 1-2, The much beworshipped 665, 30a-3la, r -marker 8f murder- dfrka~r merkir mor -wheels hJols (M.~first b~gan this "v!sa" with "Much­worshipped," then vii th "Th·2 much-worshipped," then with 11 The much .... ~," then ~?Tith "The murder-wheels' war-marker," and finally with the words given above. Probably he rejected his first attempts simp because they failed to fit the metre.)

V!sa XIV, 3-4, the king's host They 666, -2b, Grams reddened there Finn's fert ra F s tribute gj8ld (M .. original wrote "they" 1.3, and then cross.ed off the "y." It is impossible to determine what construction tended at first to use; of course the " have been a mere slip, M. si forgetting for time being that he must sert 1

• in 's before he wrote 1

• They reddened .... '' ) XII, 36, to the width of a town : to the 669, 15, s

width of a homefield (Probably ;.,~. wished at first to use 11 to~"m u because it was a cognate of 11 tun, 11 and en realized t "town" would give entirely the wrong mean r 11 • ")

st !1

36-7, round it ls, with grades all 669, 15-6, kringl6ttan, about c· ok gradur umhverfis (Ma.•s translation of this phrase was "round, wi grades all round." M. struck out the first "roundn and then re­stored it, inserted "it istt between "round" and " th, 11

and changed the second "round" to "about .. " Apparently he was dissatisfied with the rendering "round" for "l<ring­lottan," but was unable to think of a better translation .. )

XV, 2-3, much .... such as was profitable 671, 2-3, mart .... pat er samli var

(Ma. had offered both 11 useful 11 " i table it as a

lation of "nytsamligt .. " M s ems to fo bo of these words unsatisfact , for he first struck out both of them; then he rest nprofi le," evidently being unable to think of a more satisfactory rendering. It is~ however, surprising, as I have already pointed1out, that he selected "profitable" instead of "useful.")

1. See above, pages 474-475.

s

; '

XVI, 1

II, 3,

II~ 10,

5

40,

( f t lat ion cation

, A (cont.)

"' riki

ir

not to

B. Changes in _;fhich so little of the original rendering v1as written oui that it is impossible to determine how Me had at first intended to translate the passage in question and consequently why he preferred his revised render g, or in which the original tran&l ion is complete or can easily be determined but for which it is nevertheless not only impossible to ascerta with any d initeness M.'s exact motive but also impossi e mo cases even to suggest any likely_reason.

"' III, Visa II, 5-6, The fight-glad king let l6b the keel rest And win- hi ter-long there bided hvila var

vetrlengis ( • originally wrote u fi k rest there''; then he struck out. " in-serted "the keel" between nret" is impossible to ascerte from just how M. at first planned to trans is sentence or he changed s construction.)

IV, 14, and fared west al Spain : 663, 3, ves fared west alE_n£_ :Qy ir

V, Visa VI, 3, In the lana, fr i landed (In the MS. " n s and "ye." It is not cle r to translate this e)

4, 'Ga st the called is Lisbon

Visa VIII,

(In the " st cancelled s .. t• It is what construction ~. ori here or why he it.)

1-2, qeard I of sorrows' w ning Unto the hea women : Hea.rd_I_ rowsT;winning Unto women heathen

VI, 6-7, la.id his host south - ....... along Serkland

{ (Ma.'s final form reads as follows:

vt onwardu

til sor

i his st crossed for "for

f io

i ..... t ra

south along Serkland.n In the 11 tooktt for "laid,u has cancell and has then struck out s u or inserted tt away" between '' s

s f 1 Evident

"'"away 0 replaces Hforth." .. 's reason err ttlaid his host south away along Serklandn "laid host forth south along Se and" is not apparent.)

s

.VII, V!sa XIII, 1-3,

IV, B (cont .. )

The much beworshipped marker Of murder­wheel s brought ship­host To Iviza (In the place of nbr termine on M .. orig or he his

665, 30a-3lb, Marg­dyrkaor merkir moro­hjol s kom ipa-stoli til fvizu

ly stood in the is impossible to de­

is cancellation slate is

f '!"'.:'" CJu

X, Visa XV, 2, Al ielder•s eatness : , al risnu

XI, Visa

Al ielder•s hi ss 5-7, Or ever the -feeder

Moored ship against the mqghty town e of Acre (For an account of to have in these 1 note 5. He seems first and to e tried to be ~His ships,~ he di not c It is of course impossible

erial to rmine translation he

III, 3 , The sl er-sl took

wreath (B t d letter s is oss1ble or his reason

XIII, ~7-8, to wo t to

(

\

6

r -"' r1

be een n t .. It in-use some construction tended to

traduce " l'tmeo rju.H b ore it is of: course

translation le to de rmine

it") h to

d to turn

words 11 d sw- 1 ~

H and n wo n It is from this cancelled material render thi clause or

31, Vil i

' til

cane led be­ssi e to ascerta

intended at first to s transl ion.)

I,

1

his (

be en " realiz be h

857

B ( c • )

but lit e of ti 1

s clause as ft

.. cancelle

s

ren~

art ~

A comparison of the f manuscript half of th~ Magndsson-Morris translation Jdrsalafara, E1steins ok 61 t Iation in Volume v of reveals changes were made in reading. In the follow the most important of e reasons whi seem to underlie is anal-

is s concerned wi es spell-g punctuation, and ions devot

to the correction of c or inc s res t from the accidental se ion or omission ess ial words

·either gn6sson or Morris, unless e ed translation is not entirely clear the needed con··ection not vious .. s of the corrections just enumerated were a st certain the printer are conse no erest

rris's es of Correc entirely vious, ever, ve been then accepted by the trans or may ve

gn6sson or Morris; it is ossible ly was responsible for such have been e by the pr ter, I listed commented on them

·list the a erations ve 1n the main f o lowed the same ~-, C, and D. re, ever, I in the 1 t column; son's ori sl revision,

gnusson's I have presented placed the words

rris's manuscript two forms t 1

cases r erence is to the page the change occurs and so I d 1 number an alte ion, I ter headings together wi my usual ocedure are self

• ) rv b ore last

1 . a discussion 510 2 ..

c

g , see o e, s

I .. C

A.

III, Visa II, 3

v '/I I, 5,

19,

Visa

v 'I 7

VI,

sa

Visa

1. lt includes nenn H

? ....,, . IvL 's Of 0 mouth-dyer,"

seem to have be e ef the translation more exact.

er more exact

let

or name

s1on seems i as it

for

mean

an i

war

p

b, r 1

u

ose

stance

s

r-

c s

ste

B 0,

II., 4;

III,

., 8'

1. te transl 1on

alteration inversion imi ed

2. here not because

g

I,

re to re to

be sure lie lie

. )

i

t

ence als

~60

46' 46

(

"so s

II, , said, een

1

2 .. ti on

I'

t ''r

11

~J

A ( \ . )

be 14, be-

861

6 , 1, ~ t felli

5, 1, ve

i i

><""

' 0

st61 e rt

re as a ee 1 -

I, A (c .. )

I, 1

B. ro e co es

I, l 0 t ( .. ) s es bli

x ' 8

275, 20,

s

me

seem to transl

s set

ce

l

B. s i ve

1 .. s

,...

' 0

I, I

1. sion because 1t ,tt it is clear sense u r u

re

r

d

sl ti on

e

8,

more I am

c

c'

er

0 s

79' 3

or

e or

at pessi berr

e in

...... s

Ge -

il tr

i tone.

poe 0 0 rwi

8 '· il tr

5 er mun ri

use

II, B ( c .. )

2. s r

seem

A .. t

1.

I, 8

,

IV,

~I, 7,

XI,

this s ence to insert

bably

course 0 fortt he not unlikely was t

e

e

solete

t r

r

s

lecti

, :f l, er

l

it

rms ..

i

transl tion ence

t

863

-------------------------------------11111

1'

I, 4

2 ..

enc es IV,

, 27. II, 18

21) :­XIV, 4 :

13 : 25 :

, 10 :

III, A, 1 (cont.)

re o t ons ori e re ect

a ..

ces.

, 9 O, mun k '

sigli til peira manna, er r a ei

<I , er o r

76' 7 uta~

onurlftlm

e s mo e

' 670, 6

' ' 670, 670~ 71,

1 5 8 13 19 3 10

i

t s

mi

c f e

ere

k

sj

s

64

I II, A, (cont.)

e • " ) 11

Si 6" 11)

ir .. n) nr .. tt) tit 11.") 16

b. i use

r" 56, answer answers answe

3. s i co tes rejecte .

t 12, s . . ber 2 '

2 er-ro

13, . be ro . , ' : be 10, rock

30, . b 17, roe . sa 1

' sa est i

ousness ---ness

I,.

B ..

I I I, V1 sa I I, 3, ea•s mare ru d : reat sea Ts-mare

9, 's

1 .. t on is 11 " a more

'

ions ens es

6

;6

8, 1

677 tel at

27 1 12

we e

6 1 -1 marr

on-rejected ..

r

ere

r

s

,~..,

gis

e as well as a

i