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2

Contents

0 Learning to learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

01 The Early Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

02 Feudal society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

03 Medieval cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

04 Romanesque and Gothic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

05 Al-Andalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

06 The Christian kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

07 The Age of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

08 Political and economic change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

09 Renaissance and Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10 The Spanish Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

11 Baroque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

12 World population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

13 Society and diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

14 Rural and urban habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

15 European cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

0 Key language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

0 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

PAGE

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Learning to learn

ABOUT THIS BOOK

• Look at theseillustrations. Match them to the units on the opposite page.Then look at the book.Check your answers.

Unit ............................Unit ............................Unit ............................

Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................

Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................

Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................ Unit ............................

1

8 11

76

3

J KI

N OM

D

H

L

F GE

B CA

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YOU ALREADY KNOW A LOT!Work with a classmate. How much do you already know?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

What is Constantinople called today? Of which empire was it the capital?Who were the Visigoths?What was Al-Andalus? Are there any remains of Al-Andalus left in Spain today?In feudal society, who had the most power? Who had the least power?

MEDIEVAL ART

Give some examples of Romanesque and Gothic art in Spain:Romanesque: Church of San Esteban, Segovia, …Gothic: Cathedral of León, …Why were cathedrals important in medieval times?

DISCOVERIES

Which lands did Marco Polo explore?What do you know about Christopher Columbus? Who was the first explorer to sail around the world?Who were Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro?

POLITICAL HISTORY

Can you name some of the Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages?Kingdom of Navarre, …Who were the Catholic Monarchs? What do you know about them?What do you know about Henry VIII, King of England?

RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE CULTURE

Who were these people? Why are they famous?Johannes Gutenberg; Nicolaus Copernicus; Leonardo Da Vinci; El Greco; Cervantes; Newton; VivaldiWhat are Baroque buildings like? Can you name some?

4

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WORLD POPULATION

Which are the world’s most populated countries?What has happened to the birth rate in Spain in recent years? Why?

RURAL AND URBAN HABITATS

What kind of area do you live in, rural or urban?Do you live in a village, a town or a city? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the place where you live?

EUROPEAN CITIES

Where do most people in Spain live, a town or the country? Why?Which are the biggest cities in Spain? How are they different?

Observe and think

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, three civilizations dominated Europe: the Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantine Empire and Islam.

• Which illustration belongs to each civilisation?

• What can you see in these pictures?

• Who do you think the people are?

• Why do you think the face of one person is not shown?

6

The Early MiddleAges1U N I T

Content objectives

In this unit, you will:

• Learn about the declineof the Roman Empire

• Find out about life in theGermanic kingdoms and in the Byzantine Empire

• Learn about the founder of Islam and the Koran

• Compare maps of medievaland present day Islam

Key language

Historical recount; ordering events:At first, the Byzantine Empire…

Initially, the church was designed…

Six years later,…

Historical explanagtion; expressing cause and effect:Thus, the western and eastern provinces…

Consequently, there was very little…

Historical recount; locating events in time:At the beginning of the 6th century,…

During the 7th and 8th centuries,…

By the 15th century,…

STUDY UNIT 1

Look at page 6, the first page of Unit 1.

• What is the title of this unit?

• What comes after the title?

• How many different parts are there on the page? What are they about?

• What do you think you will learn about in Unit 1?

Now look at the rest of Unit 1.

• How many sections are there in this unit?

• How does each one begin?

• Some words are in bold type. Why?

• What are most of the illustrations about?

• There are many activities. Where are they?

• What is there at the end of the unit?

• What does the symbol mean?

• Where do you think you will find the webtask mentioned on page 17?

• What else is on the CD?

1

5

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Observe and think

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, three civilizations dominated Europe: the Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantine Empire and Islam.

• Which illustration belongs to each civilization?

• What can you see in these pictures?

• Who do you think the people are?

• Why do you think the face of one person is not shown?

6

The Early Middle Ages1U N I T

Content objectives

In this unit, you will:

• Learn about the decline of the RomanEmpire

• Find out about life in the Germanickingdoms and in the Byzantine Empire

• Learn about the founder of Islam and theKoran

• Compare maps of medieval and present-day Islam

Key language

Historical recount; ordering events:At first, the Byzantine Empire…

Initially, the church was designed…

Historical explanation; expressing cause and effect:Thus, the western and eastern provinces…

Consequently, there was very little…

Historical recount; locating events in time:At the beginning of the 6th century,…

During the 7th and 8th centuries,…

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The decline of the Roman Empire

Germanic tribes lived to the north of the RomanEmpire. The Romans called them barbarians(foreigners). The empire’s wealth and militaryweakness led to a series of Germanic migrationsacross the frontier. Some of these were violentinvasions.

Roman control over its northern territoriesgradually declined after the third century. In 395, Emperor Theodosius divided the empirebetween his two sons to make it easier to defend.Thus, the western and eastern provinces became the Western Roman Empireand the Eastern Roman Empire.

Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of theWestern Empire, was deposed in 476.

For some historians, this date marks thebeginning of the Middle Ages.

The Germanic kingdoms

The centralized government of the WesternEmpire was replaced by smaller kingdoms:

• The Franks, in France

• The Visigoths, in Spain

• The Ostrogoths, and later the Lombards, in Italy

• The Angles and the Saxons, in Britain

It was dangerous to travel. Consequently, there was very little long-distance trade, and many industries disappeared. Cities declined, and people moved to the countryside.

Cultural activity also declined. Some examples of Germanic art have survived, such as small churches and attractive jewellery.

At first, the Romans and the Germanic tribes had different laws, customs and religions. But they gradually intermingled, and in someplaces, the Germanic peoples spoke Latinand became Christians.

7

1. What were the Germanic migrations?

Activities

1. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false sentences.

a. The Germanic tribes came from Africa.

b. Germanic tribes invaded Rome when the Romans were weak.

c. New cities and trade routes appeared after the fall of the Roman Empire.

d. Theodosius was the last emperor.

2. What do you think?

a. What was the first meaning of barbarian? Was it a Latin word? What does it mean today?

b. Why did the Germanic tribes adopt Latin as their language and Christianity as theirreligion?

Germanic Kingdoms in the 6th century

KINGDOM

OF THE

VISIGOTHS

Toledo

FRANKISH

KINGDOM

Burdigala

Cambrai

ANGLO-SAXONKINGDOMBRITONS

FRISIANS

JUTES

AVARKINGDOM

Ravenna

Rome

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

Se

a

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Tripoli

THURINGIANS

SAXONS

KINGDOM OF

THE

LOMBARDS

SLAVS

Byzantine Empire

1

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Activity

1. Complete the timeline.

Copy this timeline in your notebook. Include essential events in the corresponding periods. Then lengthen the timeline, add the years 410, 416 and 711, and write in the events which occurred then.

The Visigoths

The Visigoths entered the Roman Empire at the end of the 4th centuryto escape from the Huns. In 410, the Visigoths attacked Rome.

Six years later, Honorius, the Emperor of the West, asked the Visigothsfor help to expel other Germanic peoples (the Suevi, the Vandals, and the Alans) from the Iberian Peninsula. In exchange, they received lands in south-east Gaul (France).

At the beginning of the 6th century, the Franks expelled the Visigothsfrom Gaul. The Visigoths then went to the Iberian Peninsula. They founded a kingdom, and made Toledo its capital.

The Visigothic kingdom reached its peak during the 6th and7th centuries. King Leovigild extended his territory and made new laws. His son Reccared became a Catholic, and his kingdom also became Catholic.

During the second half of the 7th century, there was constant fightingbetween the kings and nobles. The Visigothic kingdom disappearedafter the Muslim invasion in 711.

8

2. Who were the Visigoths?

Visigothic weapons

Visigothic cross

Visigothic crown

Early 6th century Early 7th century Late 7th century

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9

Interior of San Pedro de la Nave

The Sacrifice of Isaac, one of the Bible scenessculpted on a capital

Picture showing a Greek-cross plan: four arms of the same length

Activities

1. Read the text.

The Church of San Pedro de la Nave

The Visigothic church of San Pedro de la Nave is in thetown of Campillo, in Zamora. It was built between 680 andthe Muslim invasion in 711. Consequently, it is one of thelast works of Visigothic architecture. It is also one of the finest.The church was originally located on the banks of theRiver Esla. However, in the 1930s when the Ricobayoreservoir was built, the church was moved stone by stoneto its current site.Initially, the church was designed in the shape of a Greekcross, but two side aisles were later added. Like allVisigothic churches it is not very big. The thick walls are built with blocks of stone and have twin windowswhich let very little light in.The decoration inside the church has some outstandingexamples of Visigothic sculpture. There is a frieze withplant and animal motifs. In addition, scenes from theBible, such as Daniel in the Lion’s Den and The Sacrifice of Isaac, are sculpted on the columns in the church.

2. Complete the sentences.

a. San Pedro de la Nave is a in .b. It was built before the in .c. The church was originally located near the . d. Gothic churches were than this church.e. Reliefs showing scenes from the Bible can be seen

on the .

3. Look at the photo of The Sacrifice of Isaacand answer these questions.

a. Whose hand can you see in the corner?b. What does it mean?

Exterior of San Pedro de la Nave

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10

3. What was the Byzantine Empire like?

The Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire was richer than the Western Roman Empire, and it resisted theGermanic invasions. It was known as theByzantine Empire, and it lasted for another tencenturies. Its capital city was Constantinople,formerly Byzantium.

Justinian

The most important Byzantine emperor wasJustinian. He ruled with his wife Theodorabetween 527 and 565. Justinian tried to rebuildthe Roman Empire. His armies conquered manyterritories in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsulaand Italy.

Under Justinian:

• The emperor, or basileus, had great power. He commanded the army andgovernment, and he was also the religiousleader.

• The famous Justinian Code modernisedRoman law.

A slow decline

After Justinian’s death, the Byzantine Empirebegan to lose territory.

The Lombards conquered parts of Italy. The Visigoths expelled the Byzantines from the Iberian Peninsula. During the 7th and 8th

centuries, the Muslims conquered the southernand eastern coasts of the Mediterranean.

By the 15th century, only Constantinopleremained. In 1453, the city was conquered by the Turks. For some historians, this marked the end of the Middle Ages.

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Territories lost by the Byzantine Empirebetween 565-1025

Territories lost between 1025-1100

Territories lost between 1100-1300

Turkish advance

Territories lost between 1300-1453

Expeditions of Justinian’s generals

Cartagena

Rome

Alexandria

Black Sea

RiverDanube

OC

EA

N

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Constantinople

AthensCarthage

Cesarea

Ceuta

MálagaCórdoba

Ravenna

Genoa

Naples

Narona

Salonika

Messina

Syracuse Sparta

Candia

Nicaea

Ephesus

Iconium

Tripoli Cyrene

Jerusalem

Tarsus

Antioch

AT

LA

NT

IC

Riv

er

Ni l e

1453

CaspianSea

The Byzantine Empire

Activity1. Use a modern political map of Europe and find:

a. The modern names of Byzantium and Constantinople.

b. Byzantine settlements which are now capital cities.

c. Some modern countries which were part of the Empire.

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Activities

1. Look at the map on page 10 and study the text. Then answer the questions.

a. Which territories were conquered by Justinian?b. What happened to these territories after

his death?c. List the most important cities in the Byzantine Empire.

2. Investigate.

a. What were the differences between the GreekOrthodox Church and the Catholic Church?

b. What was the East-West Schism?c. Why do we say that religion affected life in the

Byzantine Empire?

11

Tradition and religion

At first, the Byzantine Empire followed the traditions of the Roman Empire. After Justinian’s reign, however, it adopted an increasing number of Greek customs.

• Greek replaced Latin as the official language.

• In 1054, there was a separation between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine Orthodox Church, called the East-West Schism.

In the Byzantine Empire, religion affected life and culture and caused disagreement. In the 8th century, for example, the emperors tried to prohibit the worship of holy images or icons. This decision caused numerousriots.

Orthodox monks evangelized the peoples of EasternEurope. Today, Orthodoxy is the main form of Christianityin Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Greeceand Macedonia.

Art

The Byzantine Empire produced some impressivereligious art. They created:

• Churches with a Greek-cross plan and large domes. The Hagia Sophia is the best example.

• Mosaics, which covered the walls and ceilings of churches and palaces.

4. What were Byzantine religion and art like?

A mosaic from the Hagia Sophia

Did you know? Hagia Sophia, in Constantinople, was the most important church in the Byzantine Empire, and a symbolof the Orthodox faith.

About 10,000 workers built it usingmaterials from all around theMediterranean. The four minarets wereadded to the building when it wasconverted into a mosque in the 15th

century. Today it is a museum.

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12

Muhammad, the founder of Islam

Arabia is a large peninsula in Asia, between theRed Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Arabs lived intribes, and these tribes were often in conflict witheach other. Each tribe had its own beliefs. All ofthem, however, were polytheists, and Mecca wastheir holy city.

Muhammad was a merchant from Mecca. Helearned about two monotheistic religions, Judaismand Christianity. Muhammad heard the call ofGod, and preached a new religion: Islam. Islam taught that people should worship Allah,the Muslim name for their only God.

The rich merchants of Mecca thought thatMuhammad was a danger to society.Consequently, he moved to Medina in 622. This date is known as the Hegira, and marks thestart of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad formeda powerful army, and in 628 he conquered Mecca.From there, Islam spread throughout Arabia.

Islamic religion

The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslims.Islamic doctrine says that all Muslims have fiveobligations. These are called the five pillars oftheir faith:

• Shahadah: to testify that ‘there is no other God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.’

• Salah: to pray five times a day.

• Hajj: to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at leastonce in their lifetime if possible.

• Sawm: to fast during the month of Ramadan.

• Zakah: to give alms to the poor.

Initially, Muslims spread their religion throughjihad or holy war. Today, only extremist groupsbelieve in this idea.

5. What is Islam?

Activity

1. Look at the pictures and read the text below. Then copy the picture and label the parts of a mosque.

Muslims pray together at mosques. All mosquesgenerally have:– A large courtyard with an ablutions fountain

where Muslims wash before they pray.– A mimbar or pulpit. The imam leads

the prayers from here.

– A minaret. The muezzin calls Muslims to prayer from here.

– A wall called a quibla.– A prayer hall, where Muslims pray.– A niche called a mihrab, which indicates

the direction of Mecca.

The inside of a prayer hall A mosque

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Activity

1. Investigate.

a. What kind of crops did the Muslims grow?b. What irrigation techniques did they use?c. What advances did they make in medicine?The following website may help you:http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm

13

The expansion of Islam

The highest authority of the empire was the caliph. The first four caliphs were direct descendants of Muhammad.

At first, the Muslim armies controlled the entire Arabian Peninsula. In 661, Caliph Ali was assassinated and the Umayyad family took power.

During the Umayyad period, the title of caliph became hereditary. The Umayyadsmoved the capital of the empire to Damascus.They conquered many territories, from Persia to the Iberian Peninsula.

In 750 a rebellion ended the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid family came into power. Baghdad became the new capital of the empire.

Internal fighting broke up the empire. After the 13th century, the Turks were the most powerful people in the Islamic world.

A brilliant civilization

The Islamic economy was based on agriculture,craftsmanship and trade. Merchants travelled byland and sea. They bought cloth and spices inAsia, gold, ivory and slaves in Africa, and metalsin Europe.

Great cities included Damascus, Baghdad,Córdoba and Cairo. The souk, or market, was the centre of a city’s activity.

The Muslims introduced Asian inventions such asgunpowder and the compass. They invented theuse of zero, Arabic numerals, and algebra. Theyalso made important contributions to medicine.

6. How did Islam evolve?

Persian Gulf

S a h a r a D e s e r t

Kairuan

Tri poli

AlgiersFez Ora n

Marrakech

Palermo

AL ANDALUS

NarbonneZaragoza

Córdoba

SLAVS

BYZANTINE

EMPIRE

FRANKS

B l a c k S e a

M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A

Cairo

Jerusalem

Damascus

Alexandria

Medina

Mecca

Red

Sea

Aden

OMAN

ARABIA

A r a b i a n

D e s e r t

I N D I A N

O C E A N

PERSIA

SYRIA

ARMENIA

Sharastan

Nisapur

Samarkand

Kabul

Mansur

Bujara

Caspian

Sea

Baghdad

Teheran

BasraShiraz

Conquests at Mohammad’s death Expansion of the Orthodox caliphs

Expansion of the Abbasids

Conquests during the Ortodox caliphate Expansion of the Umayyad caliphs

Main cities and caliphates

THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM

Conquests during the Umayyad caliphate

Abassids

The expansion of Islam in the Middle Ages

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14

The Carolingian Empire

After the fall of the Roman Empire, theFrankish kingdom was established inFrance. The kings were weak. Theyhanded power over to officials calledMayors of the Palace. The mostimportant of these was Charles Martel.He defeated the Muslims in France, at the Battle of Tours in 732.

Pippin the Short, Martel’s son, defeatedthe last Frankish monarch in 751 andbecame king. Pippin was succeeded by his son Charlemagne, who wanted to restore the Western Roman Empire. He conquered the Lombard kingdom in Italy, defeated the Saxons, and tookterritories on the Iberian Peninsula.

In 800, the Pope crowned Charlemagne as the new Emperor of the West.

Government

Charlemagne divided the Empire intocounties or administrative units. Heappointed military governors to controlthe marches, or areas near the borders.

He sent missi dominici, or messengers, tocheck on local affairs, and to ensure thatthe system of government was functioningproperly.

The division of the Empire

According to custom, Charlemagne’skingdom was divided among his sons.

Charlemagne had one surviving son,Louis the Pious. When he died, theEmpire was divided among his sons:Charles, Louis and Lothair.

They signed the Treaty of Verdun (843),which confirmed the division of theEmpire. When Lothair died, the kingdomwas divided between his two brothers.

7. What was the Carolingian Empire?

Mainz

Paris

Bordeaux

Lyon Milan

Ratisbon

Rome

DUCHY OFSPOLETO

PAPALSTATES

B Y Z A N T I N E

E M P I R E

SOUTHERN

SLAVSCHRISTIANKINGDOMS

AL ANDALUS

SAXONY

PRINCIPALITYOF

KIEV

BRITTANY

ANGLO-SAXONKINGDOMS

FRISIA

NORTHERN

SLAVSSorbianMarch Eastern

March

PannonianMarch

DanishMarch

AachenA T L A N T I C

O C E A N

M E D I T E R R A N E A NS E A

BALTIC

SEA

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS

NORTH

SEA

CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE

SpanishMarch

BretonMarch

Frankish kingdom

Territories conqueredby Charlemagne

Marches

Charlemagne’s residence

The Carolingian Empire

The coronation of Charlemagne

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15

1. Read the text.

Charlemagne’s palace in Aachen

Charlemagne made Aachen, in Germany, the capitalof his empire, and he built his palace there. The citywas easy to reach because it was on the River Rhineand had a Roman road.The palace had many buildings. One of them was theemperor’s residence. Another housed the audienceroom and the room where the treasure was kept. The palace also made use of some old Roman baths.The only part of the palace that remains today is thePalatine Chapel. The emperor’s throne was here,and, until the 16th century, it was the place whereGerman emperors were crowned. Charlemagne wasburied here, too.The chapel was built using materials taken fromRoman monuments. Many of them were broughtfrom Italy, including mosaics and other decorativeelements.

2. Look at the map on page 14 and answer thesequestions.

a. Which modern countries formed part of theFrankish kingdom?

b. Which territories did Charlemagne conquer?

3. Read the definitions and decide what they refer to.

a. It was the capital of Charlemagne’s empire.

b. The city was built on this river. c. There were many of these at the palace.

d. Only this part of the palace remains today.

e. Materials were taken from these to build the chapel.

Interior of the Palatine chapel

Activities

The Palatine Chapel in Aachen, Germany

octagonal floor plan

throne

ambulatory

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16

Activities1. Comparing maps: Islam in the Middle Ages, and Islam today.

Comparing maps is very useful. It allows us to seethe development of a territory, a civilization ora religion over time.First, analyse each map separately. It is importantto do this before you compare them.Then, note the changes you see and also the thingswhich have remained the same. If you can, suggestreasons for this.

a. Look at the map of the Middle Ages on page 13,and answer these questions.

• Does it represent a specific date or a period oftime? Which centuries does it correspond to?

• Where was Islam established in the MiddleAges?

• Were there different states within Islamicterritory?

• Was there a great distance between theeastern and western boundaries of Islamicterritory?

b. Look at the map on this page and analysechange since the Middle Ages.

• When was the Islamic religion morewidespread, now or in the Middle Ages?

• Name some modern states where most peoplefollow the Islamic religion.

• Which areas were Islamic in the Middle Agesand still are today?

• Which areas were not Islamic in the MiddleAges but are today?

• How would you explain the advance of Islamsince the Middle Ages?

Write down the results of your analysis.Prepare a text with the title:

A comparison between Islam in the Middle Ages and Islam today.

20°

40°

Tropic of Cancer

60° 90° 120°

Equator

I N D I A NO C E A N

P A C I F I CO C E A N

BRUNEI

I N D O N E S I A

EGYPT

SUDAN

COMOROS

SOMALIA

SAUDIARABIA

OMAN

IRAN

PAKI

STAN

AFGAN

ISTA

N

MALDIVES

BANGLADESH

UZBEKISTANTURKMENISTANTURKEY

AZERBAIJAN

YEMENDJIBOUTI

SYRIA

KUWAIT

BAHRAINQATARU.A.E.

(UNITED ARABEMIRATES)

KYRGYZSTAN

TAYIKISTAN

IRAQ

JORDAN

BURKINAFASO

MOROCCO

LIBYA

CHAD

NIGERIA

NIGER

GUINEA

GAMBIASENEGAL

MALIMAURITANIA

TUNISIA

WESTERNSAHARA

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

LEBANON

MALAYSIA

0°0°

Countries where over 50 %of the population is Islamic

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17

2. Complete the table and compare civilizations.

Who governed?

Was it a rural or an urban civilization?

What were their most important economic activities?

What was their religion?

Was it polytheistic or monotheistic?

What was its level of cultural development?

Germanic kingdoms

Byzantine Empire

Islam

3. Study a technique: making mosaics.

The Byzantines adopted the technique used in theRoman Empire for making mosaics.The Romans decorated their buildings with mosaicfloors. Typical designs were scenes from daily lifeand mythology.The Byzantines represented the emperor orreligious scenes in their mosaics.It would have been unacceptable to step on them,and so these mosaics were used to cover the wallsand ceilings of palaces and churches.The irregularities in the mosaics captured the lightand illuminated the walls.

a. How do you make a mosaic? Put the steps in order.

• Cover the walls with three layers of plastermade of lime, sand and straw.

• Press the tesserae, or tiles, one by one into thewet plaster to match the painted surface.

• Paint the design of the mosaic on the wetplaster.

b. Describe the mosaic on the left: what itrepresents, how people dressed, and anyinteresting objects.

c. Make your own mosaic.

You need:• a piece of card instead of a wall• some glue instead of plaster• magazines which you can cut up to make

your tiles

Byzantine mosaic in St. Luke’s Monastery, Greece It represents Jesus washing the disciples’ feet.

Web task 1: Islamic expansion / the five pillars of Islam.

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