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185301 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3

(Common to Civil, CSE, IT & Biom!i"#l D$% %o$%#mm'

)nit I ENVIRONMENT, ECOS*STEMS AND BIODIVERSIT* 1+

Definition, scope and importance of environment – need for public awareness – concept of an ecosystem –structure and function of an ecosystem – producers, consumers and decomposers – energy flow in the ecosystem –

ecological succession – food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids – Introduction, types, characteristicfeatures,

structure and function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquaticecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) – Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic,

species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – iodiversity at global, national and local levels – India

as a mega!diversity nation – hot!spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,man!wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In!situ and e"situ

conservation of biodiversity# $ield study of common plants, insects, birds $ield study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill slopes, etc#)nit II ENVIRONMENTAL OLL)TION 8

Definition – causes, effects and control measures of: (a) %ir pollution (b) &ater pollution (c) 'oil pollution (d)

arine pollution (e) oise pollution (f) *hermal pollution (g) uclear ha+ards – soil waste management: causes,effects and control measures of municipal solid wastes – role of an individual in prevention of pollution – pollutioncase studies – disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides# $ield study of local polluted site –

rban - .ural - Industrial - %gricultural# /

)nit III NAT)RAL RESO)RCES 10$orest resources: se and over!e"ploitation, deforestation, case studies! timber e"traction, mining, dams and their

effects on forests and tribal people – &ater resources: se and over!utili+ation of surface and ground water,floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams!benefits and problems – ineral resources: se and e"ploitation,

environmental effects of e"tracting and using mineral resources, case studies – $ood resources: &orld food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgra+ing, effects of modern agriculture, fertili+er!pesticide

problems, water logging,salinity, case studies – 0nergy resources: 1rowing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use

of alternate energy sources# case studies – 2and resources: 2and as a resource, land degradation, man inducedlandslides, soil erosion and desertification – role of an individual in conservation of natural resources – 0quitable

use of resources for sustainable lifestyles# $ield study of local area to document environmental assets – river -forest - grassland - hill - mountain#)nit IV SOCIAL ISS)ES AND TE ENVIRONMENT -

$rom unsustainable to sustainable development – urban problems related to energy – water conservation, rain

water harvesting, watershed management – resettlement and rehabilitation of people3 its problems and concerns,case studies – role of nongovernmental organi+ation! environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions – climate

change, global warming, acid rain, o+one layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies# –wasteland reclamation – consumerism and waste products – environment production act – %ir (4revention and5ontrol of 4ollution) act – &ater (4revention and control of 4ollution) act – &ildlife protection act – $orest

conservationact – enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislation! central and state pollution control boards!4ublic awareness#)nit V )MAN O)LATION AND TE ENVIRONMENT .

4opulation growth, variation among nations – population e"plosion – family welfare programme – environment

and human health – human rights – value education – 6I7 - %ID' – women and child welfare – role ofinformation technology in environment and human health – 5ase studies#

*otal 8 9*0;* <<='

># 1ilbert #asters, ?Introduction to 0nvironmental 0ngineering and 'cience@, And edition, 4earson 0ducation

(ABB9)#A# enny Coseph, ?0nvironmental 'cience and 0ngineering@, *ata c1raw!6ill, ew Delhi, (ABB)#.0$0.050 <<='

># .#=# *rivedi, ?6andbook of 0nvironmental 2aws, .ules, 1uidelines, 5ompliances and 'tandards@, 7ol# I and II,0nviro edia#

A# 5unningham, &#4# 5ooper, *#6# 1orhani, ?0nvironmental 0ncyclopedia@, Caico 4ubl#, 6ouse, umbai, ABB>#E# Dharmendra '# 'engar, ?0nvironmental law@, 4rentice hall of India 47* 2*D, ew Delhi, ABBF#

9# .aGagopalan, ., ?0nvironmental 'tudies!$rom 5risis to 5ure@, <"ford niversity 4ress (A

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)NIT/I

ART/A

1 Din Envi%onmnt2

4hysical, chemical and biological presence of living and non!living things outside an individual speciesis called as its environment#

%ccording to I'< >9BB>, environment can be defined as, H'urroundings in which an organi+ationoperates, including air,water,land, natural resources,flora,fauna,humans and inter relation#

4#t #% #ll t "#t$o%i' o nvi%onmnt2 *he main categories of environment are biotic and abiotic environments# *he abiotic environment can

further be classified into atmosphere (air),lithosphere(soil),and hydrosphere(water)# *he biotic environment iscalled as biosphere#3 4%it t "om6onnt' o nvi%onmnt2

># %ir(%tmosphere)

A# 2and(2ithosphere) E# &ater(6ydrosphere)+ Mntion #n7 to ##%n'' 6%o$%#mm o nvi%onmnt#l i''9'' to 't9!nt2

># 4articipating in seminars and courses related to environment issues#

A# Discussion with people about the environmental problems#5 Din !o%'t#tion2

Deforestation refers to the removal of plants in the forest#. Li't t C#9'' o !o%'t#tion2

># 'lash and urn farming# A# 5ommercial agriculture#

E# 5attle ranching and livestock gra+ing#9# ining and petroleum e"ploration#

# Infrastructure development## $uel wood collection#

F# *ree 4lantations#- Din S9%#" #t%2

4recipitation that does not soak into the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration iscalled surface water# It forms streams, lakes, wetlands, and artificial reservoirs#8 4#t i' G%o9n!#t%2

*he subsurface area where all available soil and rock spaces are filled by

water is called the +one of saturation, and the water in these pores is called ground water#: 4#t i' Ro";2

.ock is any material that makes up a large natural, continuous part of the earth@s crust# 'ome kinds ofrock, such as limestone (calcium carbonate, or 5a5<E) and quart+ite(silicon dio"ide or 'i<A), contain only one

mineral,but most rocks consist of two or more minerals#10 Giv t "l#''ii"#tion o Min%#l R'o9%"'#

0nergy resources (coal,oil,natural gas, uranium, and geothermal energy3 metallic mineral resources

(iron,copper,and aluminium) and nonmetallic minerals resources(salt,gypsum,and clay, sand, phosphates, water,and soil)#11 Cl#''i7 oo! 6%o!9"tion#

*here are two types of food production># Industriali+ed %griculture 'ubsistence %griculture

A# *raditional %gricultureIntensive %griculture

1 Din T%#!ition#l A$%i"9lt9%#*raditional %griculture can be classified as *raditional 'ubsistence agriculture and *raditional Intensive

agriculture# *raditional 'ubsistence agriculture produces enough crops or live stock for a farm family@s survival

and in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times# In *raditional Intensive agriculture farmers increasetheir inputs of human and draft labour, fertili+er, and water to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land to produce enough food#13 Li't 'om o t oo! %'o9%"' #v#il#<l in t o%l!#

aGor food sources available in the world to cater the human@s hunger are >A types of seeds and grains, E

root crops, AB common fruits and vegetables, mammals, A domestic fowl, few fishes and other forms of marinelife,etc#1+ Cl#''i7 n%$7 %'o9%"'2

%vailable conventional energy sources can be divided into two categories

>) .enewable 0nergy 'ourcesA) on .enewable 0nergy 'ources

15 D%# t lo "#%t o 6t%ol9m %#"tion#tion 6%o"''

$uel gas, 4ropane 1asoline =erosene $urnace Diesel 2ubricants %sphalt utane liquefied gas oil 6eated

crude oil

1. 4%it t #!v#nt#$' #n! !i'#!v#nt#$' o 6t%ol9m #' # n%$7 %'o9%"'2%s a source of energy petroleum has many advantages

>) It is relatively cheap to e"tract and transport

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A) It requires little processing to produce desired products andE) It has relatively high net and useful energy yield#

6owever it has certain disadvantages also,

>) 4roduces 0nvironmental pollutionA) <il spills, in ocean cause water pollution and is e"pensive to clean up#

1- 4%it 'o%t not' on 6t%ol9m $#'

It is the mi"ture of three hydrocarbons butane, propane and ethane# *he main constituent of petroleum

gas is butane# *he above gases are in gaseous state in ordinary pressure but they can be liquefied under high pressure# 'o it is called as 241# (2iquefied petroleum 1as)#

% domestic cylinder contains >9 kg of 241# % strong smelling substance called ethyl mercaptian isadded to 241 gas cylinder to help in the detection of gas leakage#18 4#t i' i''ion n9t%on'2

*he fission process is accompanied not only by the release of energy also it releases neutrons called as

fission neutrons#1: N#m t 'v%#l t76' o n9"l#% %#"to%'2

># 2ight water .eactor(2&.)A# 6eavy water .eactor(6&.)

E# 1as 5ooled .eactor(15.)9# oiling &ater .eactor(&.)# 4ressurised &ater .eactor(4&.)

# 2iquid etal $ast reeder .eactor(2$.)

0 Li't 'om o t %n#<l n%$7 'o9%"'># 'olar energy

A# &ind energyE# 6ydro energy

9# 1eo!thermal energy# <cean thermal energy

# iogas14%it 'o%t not' on Ti!#l n%$7

*ides, the alternate rise and fall of sea water possess lot of energy# *he identified tidal power potential inIndia is around /BBB &# 5urrently $rance, .ussia, china and 5anada are effectively utili+ing the tidal energy to

produce A to EJ of their energy demand# N#%%#t t #!v#nt#$' #n! !i'#!v#nt#$' o t 7!l 6o%

6ydel power has the following advantages#># 5lean 'ource of energy

A# 4rovides irrigation facilitiesE# 4rovides drinking water to the people living around

It also has some environmental and socio!economic problems like submerged forests and agricultural land, loss of biodiversity, water logging and silting etc#3 Din Soil E%o'ion#

'oil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially surface litter and top soil, from one place toanother# *he two main movers are flowing water and wind#+ 4%it 'o%t not' on D'%tii"#tion#

It is a problem where by the productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by >BJ or more and iscaused mostly by human activities#

Desertification is classified into three categories># oderate ! 6aving >B to AJ drop in productivity

A# 'evere ! 6aving A to BJ drop in 4roductivity E# 7ery 'evere! 6aving BJ or more, creating huge gullies and sand dunes#

5 Li't 'om #7' to 6%ot"t 'oil

># &hen the buildings are constructed, all the trees shall be saved#A# 'etting a composite bin and it shall be used for producing mulch and soil conditioner for yard and

garden planets#

E# <rganic methods can be used for growing vegetables#9# 'trictly enforcing laws and policies that minimi+es soil erosion, salt buildup and

water logging#

ART = B

># &hat are conventional energy resourcesK Discuss about solar energy and <cean thermal energy#A# Discuss the maGor causes L consequences of deforestationK

E# 0"plain the maGor impacts of timber e"traction and mining#9# 0numerate the various benefits and drawbacks of constructing dams#

# &hat are the uses and over!e"ploitation of waterK 0"plain with a case!study#

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)NIT/II

ART/A

1 Din "o'7'tm

0cosystem has been defined as a system of interaction of organisms with their surroundings# umerousdynamic interaction are occurring with in an ecosystem and these are comple"# Li't #n7 o9% "#%#"t%i'ti"' o "o'7'tm

(i)# 0cosystem is the maGor ecological unit

(ii)# It contains both biotic and abiotic components#(iii)# *he boundary of the ecosystem is not rigidly defined and it is

fle"ible#(iv)# *hrough the biotic and abiotic components nutrient cycle and

energy flow occur#3 4#t #% t !i%nt t76' o "o'7'tm

># atural 0cosystemA# %rtificial 0cosystem

E# Incomplete 0cosystem+ 4#t #% t <ioti" "om6onnt' o #n "o'7'tm2

># 4roducers (%utotrophs)A# 5onsumers (6eterotrophs)E# Decomposers

5 4#t #% t #9tot%o6'2

4roducers or %utotrophs are organisms that are capable of making their required food themselves# (%uto8self, troph8feeder)# 1reen plants, grasses, mosses, shrubs, etc#, are some of the e"amples of autotrophic

components#. Din t%ot%o6'2

*hose organisms which depend on others (4roducers!%utotrophs) for their energy requirements areknown as 5onsumers or 6eterotrophs# 'ince the animals are not having chlorophyll, they are unable to produce

their ownfood#(6etero8other,troph8feeder)#- Li't t #<ioti" "om6onnt' o #n "o'7'tm

># 5limatic factors!'olar radiation, *emperature, &ind, &ater

current, rainfall, etc#A# 4hysical factors!2ight, $ire, pressure, etc#,

E# 5hemical factors – %cidity, 'alinity, Inorgaanic nutrients, etc#,8 Di%nti#t <tn >inti" n%$7 #n! otnti#l n%$7

=inetic energy is the energy possessed by virtue of its motion from one place to another# *his ismeasured by the amount of work done in bringing the body to rest#: Din "olo$i"#l '9""''ion

0cological succession is defined as the process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more comple" communities#10 Din 6%im#%7 '9""''ion

*he succession taking place in areas that have not already been occupied by any community is known as primary succession#11 Din '"on!#%7 '9""''ion

Development of a new community in an area where the previously e"isting community was removed and

the ecological conditions are favourable is termed as secondary succession#1 4#t !o 7o9 ;no #<o9t #9to$ni" '9""''ion #n! #llo$ni" '9""''ion2

%llogenic succession (%llo8outside, genic8related) is the type of development occured in the ecosystemdue to the interaction of e"ternal physical forces acting on it# %utogenic succession (%uto8inside, self propelling)

is the type of development occured in the ecosystem due to the developmental process generated with in the

system#13 4#t #% t "#%#"t%i'ti"' o 6ion% '6"i'2

># It has less population#

A# Its nutrient requirement is very less#E# *he rate of growth should be as low as possible#

9# It should be more dynamic to face interspecific and intraspecificcompetitions#1+ Din '%#l 't#$

'eral stage is defined as the development of secondary community from the pioneers# 0ach seral stage

appears, grows and finally disappears as the environmental changes occur# 0ach seral stage has its particularcommunity called seral community#15 4#t #% t t% to%i' %l#t! to "lim#? "omm9niti'2

># ono clima" theory

A# 4oly clima" theory

E# 5lima" pattern theory#1. 4#t !o 7o9 ;no #<o9t oo! "#in #n! oo! <2

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% food chain is a picture or model that shows the flow of energy from %utotrophs to a series oforganisms in an environment# *he network like interaction of organisms is called as food web#1- N#m t% t76' o oo! "#in'

a# 1ra+ing food chain b# Detrius or Decomposer food chain

c# 4arasitic food chain18 Din "olo$i"#l 67%#mi!'

*he representation of amount of energy stored in the bodies of living thing is 5alled as 0cological pyramids#1: 4#t i' # o%'t2

% forest is a living community of various species of trees and smaller forms of vegetation# *his type of

biome contains moderate to high average annual rainfall#0 o "#n 7o9 "l#''i7 o%'t'2

># *ropical rain forestsA# *emperate forests

E# 4olar (or) oreal forests1 4#t !o 7o9 ;no #<o9t $%#''l#n!'2

1rasslands are grassy, windy, partly!dry biome# %lmost one! fourth of the 0arth@s land area is covered by grassland# %ny more, the land would become a forest# %ny less, the land would become a desert# *hegrasslands mostly separate forests from deserts# ost of the grasslands are found in the interiors of continents and

rain shadows#

4#t #% t t76' o $%#''l#n!'2># *ropical grasslands ('avannah)

A# *emperate grasslandsE# 4olar grasslands (*undra)

3 Li't t t% t76' o '#v#nn#'2

a# 5limatic savannah

b# 0dapic savannahc# Derived savannah#

+ 4#t #% m#@o% 9m#n im6#"t' on $%#''l#n!'2

># 5onversion of grassland to cropland

A# <vergra+ing of grassland by farm animals#E# Damage by oil production, air and water pollution and vehicles movement#

5 o !o t !'%t 6l#nt' #!o6t to t "lim#t2

ost of the plants have the ability to lack of rainfall# *hey have widespread

roots which are close to the surface# *his enables the roots to absorb water quickly, before it evaporates# 4lants like?5actus@ survives because of their thick wa"y layer on the outside of its stems and leaves# *his helps to retain

water and protect tissues severe sunlight#

. 4#t #% t !i%nt t76' o !'%t <iom2

># 6ot and dry desertsA# 'emiarid desertsE# 5oastal deserts

9# 5old deserts#- Din %'#t%

$reshwater is defined as water with less than >J salt concentration# 4lants and animals live in freshwaterare adGusted to its low salt concentration#8 o "#n 7o9 !i%nti#t 6on!' #n! l#;'2

4onds are small fresh water bodies surrounded by land and lakes are large fresh water bodies surrounded

by land# ost of the ponds are seasonal and e"ist for Gust few months of a years or more#

: 4#t #% t !i%nt on' o 6on!'2># 2ittoral +one,A# 2imnetic +one, and

E# 4rofundal +one#30 4#t #% 't9#%i'2

*he place where freshwater streams or rivers connect together with the salt water are called estuaries#

ART/B

># 0"plain the components, characteristics and biodiversity of $orest ecosystem#A# 0"plain the structure and functional features of %quatic ecosystem#

E# Discuss in detail about 0cological succession stating the various stages#9# &hat are trophic levelsK 0"plain the flow of energy and minerals in ecosystem#

# 0"plain the two models of energy flow in an ecosystem#

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)NIT III

ART/A

1 Din Ai% 6oll9tion

%ir pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in e"cessive quantity and durationtocause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials# 4#t #% t !i%nt 'o9%"' o #i% 6oll9tion2

*he two main sources of air pollution are

a# atural 'ources b#an made or anthropogenic sources

atural sources include dust storms, volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke, forest fires, ect# *he man made sourcesare agricultural activities, industrial growth, domestic wastes, automobile e"hausts, etc,3 4#t !o 7o9 ;no #<o9t 6#%ti"9l#t2

In general the term ?particulate@ refers to all atmospheric substances that are not gases# *hey can be suspended

droplets or solid particles or mi"tures of the two# 4articulates can be composed of materials ranging in si+e from>BBmm down B#> mm and less# *he chemical composition of particulate pollutants is very much dependent upon

the origin of the particulate#+ 4#t #% t 6%im 'o9%"' o 6#%ti"9l#t m#tt%2

i# 5oal fired power plantsii# %utomobiles

5 Din '9'6n!! 6#%ti"9l#t m#tt%2

'uspended 4articulate atter('4) is a comple" mi"ture of small and large particles with si+e less than

>BBu varying origin and chemical composition#. Di%nti#t <tn Mi't #n! o$

Mi't

ist is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than >Bum which are formed by condensation in the

atmosphere or are released from industrial operations#o$

$og is similar to mist but the droplet si+e bigger(M >Bu) and water is the liquid#$og is sufficiently denseto incomprehensible vision#- 4#t #% $#'o9' 6oll9t#nt'2

*hese are to"ic and poisonous gases such as carbon mono"ide, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate,

sulphur dio"ide, nitrogen o"ides and carbon dio"ide#8 4#t #% t m#@o% 'o9%"' o #i% 6oll9tion %om #9tomo<il'2

*he maGor sources of air pollution from automobiles are0"haust pipe !MFBJ

5rank case emission !MABJ0vaporations from fuel tank and 5arburettor !M>BJ

: 4#t #% "t' o #i% 6oll9tion on #nim#l'2

%nimals take up fluorides of air through plants# *heir milk production falls and their teeth and bones areaffected# *hey are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis#10 Li't 'om o t "t' o #i% 6oll9tion on 67'i"#l 6%o6%ti' o #tmo'6%

NDecrease in the visibility

Nreduction of 'olar radiation

N0ffects on weather conditions

N0ffects on atmospheric constituents

11 B%il7 !'"%i< #<o9t t im6#"t' o "#%<on mono?i! on 9m#n #lt

%t lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in higher doses

they can cause heart pain and even death# &hen inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of bloodand reduce its ability in transfer of o"ygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs# ut carbo"yaemoglobin

contents of blood depend on the 5< contents of the air inhald, time of e"posure and the activity of the person

inhaling# It is particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease#1 o #i% 6oll9tion "#n < "ont%oll! #t 'o9%"2

N4roper use of the e"istion equipment

N5hange in process

Nodification or .eplacement of equipments

NInstallation of controlling equipments

13 4#t #% t $#'o9' "ont%ol 9i6mnt'2

N&et and dry adsorption

N5ombustion or 5atalytic incineration

1+ 4#t #% t 6#%ti"9l#t "ont%ol 9i6mnt2

N1ravitational settling chambers

N5yclone separators

N$abric filters (or) ag filters

N0lectrostatic precipitators

N&et scrubbers (or) &et collectors

15 4#t #% <#$ ilt%'2

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ag filters are the woven or non!woven fabrics used to filter the particulate laden gases# *hese generallyof tubular shape or envelope shape# Its efficiency is about //J and it can be used to remove particular small asB#Bmm1. 4#t #% t #"to%' to < "on'i!%! in 'l"tion o t76 o% #<%i in #<%i ilt%'2

N*emperature of the gas

N5ostiveness or abrasiveness of the particles# #

1- N#m !om o t t76' o t '"%9<<%'2

N'pray towers

N5entrifugal scrubbers

N7enturi scrubbers and

N4acked bed columns

18 Din #t% 6oll9tion

&ater pollution is defined as any physical,chemical or biological change in quality of water that has a

harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for needs#1: o "#n 7o9 !i%nti#t 6oint2 So9%" %om non/6oint 'o9%" o 6oll9tion

4oint sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe lines, sewer lines, or ditches into water bodies#

on point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area# *hese sources have no specific location#0 4#t #% t "t' o in o%$#ni" '9<'t#n"' in #t%2

Nakes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes#

N5orrosion of metals e"posed to such waters#

N5auses skin cancers, damages to spinal,5', liver and kidneys#

N.educes crop yield#

ART/B

># 0"plain the components, characteristics and biodiversity of $orest ecosystem#A# 0"plain the structure and functional features of %quatic ecosystem#E# Discuss in detail about 0cological succession stating the various stages#

9# &hat are trophic levelsK 0"plain the flow of energy and minerals in ecosystem## 0"plain the two models of energy flow in an ecosystem#

)NIT IV

ART/A

1 St#t t !"l#%#tion #<o9t t '9't#in#<l !vlo6mnt

*he .io declaration states that, Hhuman beings are at the center or concern for sustainable development#*hey are entitled to a health and productive life in harmony with the nature# .very generation should leave air#,

water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to the 0arth# Din '9't#in#<l !vlo6mnt

'ustainable Development is defined as,@ the development to meet the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs#@3 4#t #% t t% im6o%t#nt "om6onnt' o '9't#in#<l !vlo6mnt2

*he three important components of sustainable development are

i# 0conomic development (like industrial development, creating Gobopportunities, utili+ation of natural resources for developing the quality of

life)ii# 5ommunity development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials for the human

beings)#

iii# 0nvironmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and future

generations and utili+ation of resources in a sustainable manner)#+ Din '9't#in#<l !vlo6mnt in!i"#to%'2

'ustainable development Indicators ('DI) are various statistical values that collectively measure thecapacity to meet present and future needs# 'DI will provide information crucial to decisions on national policy and

to the general public#5 4#t #% t 9'' o '9't#in#<l !vlo6mnt in!i"#to%'2

*he indicators are used by decision makers and the policy makers at all levels in order to monitor the progress towards attaining sustainable development# *hese are also used to increase forcus on the sustainable

development#. Din '9't#in#<ilit7

'ustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to continue functioning into theindefinite future without being forced into decline through complete loss of its strength or overloading of key

resources on which that system depends#- Din %'i't#n" 't#<ilit7 #n! %'ilin" 't#<ilit7

.esistance stability is the ability of a system to remain stable in the face of stresses and .esiliencestability of the system to recover from the disturbance occurred due to the activities happened#8 Li't 'om o t "#%#"t%i'ti"' o # '9't#in#<l 'o"it7#

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i# %ll the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature#ii# *here will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and environment#iii# *he output from one system will be used as input to other systems#

iv# <nly renewable energy will be used in the society, either directly or in the forms of hydro!power,wind power solar power and biomass#

v# *he human population will be either stable stable in si+e or graduallyDeclining#

: Din 9%<#ni'#tion rbabisation is defined as ?the process movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas in

search in search of better economic interests with better education, communication, health, civic facilities andother day to day needs#@10 4#t #% 6%o<lm' o% !i'"omo%t' #"! <7 %9%#l 6o6l2

# 2ack of moderni+ation of agricultural sector:

# 2ack of Gob opportunities3# 4oor life style3

# 4oor health facilities3# 4oor education facilities3

# 4oor transportation facilities3# 4oor availability of energy#

11 4#t #% t 9'' o n%$7 in #n 9%<#n #%#'2

0nergy is used in an urban area for the following#

(a) $or industrial activities(b) $or transportation

(c) $or water apply(d) $or building L commercial use

(e) $or cleaning of pollutants(f) $or essential services#

1 Din #t% "on'%v#tion Al'o in!i"#t 'om o t #t% "on'%v#tion t"ni9'

*he production, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial use is called as

water conservation# *he following are some of the techniques for water conservation#.ain water harvesting

&atershed management5onstruction of storage reservoirs

.euse of industrial wastewater etter agricultural practices

13 4#t !o 7o9 ;no #<o9t #t%'!2

% watershed is defined as the geographic area from which water in a particular stream, lake or estuary

originates# It includes entire area of land that drains into the water body# It is separate from other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes#1+ 4#t i' #t%'! m#n#$mnt 2

&atershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water resources ofa watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders#15 4#t #% t im6#"t' o 9m#n #"tiviti' on #t%'!2

(a) %lteration of water course b) %ddition of pollution sources

(c) rbanisation(d) 'ecuring of channels#

1. 4#t #% t to im6o%t#nt 6%in"i6l' o #t%'! m#n#$mnt2

*he two important principles of watershed management are:

>) *o preserve the environment, and

A) *o use the most cost!effective means to achieve this goal#1- N#m 'om o t #"to%' "#9'in$ %lo"#tion o 6o6l

(a) Development activities

(b) atural and man!made disasters(c) 5onservation initiatives#

18 Din %'ttlmnt #n! %#<ilit#tion

.esettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human population without

considering their individual, community or societal needs# .ehabilitation is defined as the process of replacing thelost economic assets,rebuilding the community system that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the

psychological trauma of forced separation from livelihood#1: o !o 7o9 !in t%m Envi%onmnt#l Eti"'2

0nvironment 0thics is the branch of ethics which is analy+ing about human use or 0arth@s limitedresources#0 4#t #% t #"to%' t#t inl9n" "lim#t "#n$ on t #%t2

5limate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors#7ariations in the 0arth@s orbital characteristics#%tmospheric carbon dio"ide variations#

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ART = B

># ring out the activities of 1<@s on environmental protection#

A# Discuss about the $orest %ct, >/OB and its amendment –>//A#E# Describe about &ater %ct – >/F9#9# Describe the important waste land reclamation practices#

# Describe environmental ethics in detail#

)NIT V

ART/A

1o t 6o69l#tion 6%o<lm in In!i# i' #n#l7'!2

India@s population problem may be viewed from three aspects(>) *he absolute si+e of population

(A) *he rate of growth of the population(E) *he age structure of the population#

4#t i' 6o69l#tion ?6lo'ion2

4opulation e"plosion means the rapid population growth which is une"pected and unimaginable# *he

graph of recent population growth is referred to as a ?C@ curve as it follows the shape of that letter, starting out lowand skyrocketing straight up#3 Li't t "t o 6o69l#tion ?6lo'ion

0normous increase in population results in

># Increased consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion of the same quickly#A# Due to over –consumption of natural resources, the environment gets deteriorated and polluted#

E# *here will be desertification, deforestation, soilerosion, loss of fertility and poor productivity#9# ass poverty, poor per!capital availability of food for consumption and prevalence of disease on large

scale## .apid urbani+ation resulting in growth of slums in cities and towns## Inefficient management and ineffective control at all levels leading to poor quality of life#

+ 4#t i' #lt2

6ealth is considered as a quality of life that enables the individual to live most and serve best#5 Din lln''

&ellness is a state of optional well being# &ellness emphasi+es each individual@s responsibility formaking decisions that will lead not only to the prevention for disease but to the promotion of a high level of health#. N#m 'om #lt %l#t! itn'' "om6onnt'

>#uscular strength and endurance

A# $le"ibilityE# ody composition

9 5ardio!vascular endurance- Din Dmo$%#67

It refers to the science of dealing with the study of si+e, composition and territorial distribution of population3 it includes study of natality,fertility,mortality, migration, and social mobility#84#t i' vit#l 't#ti'ti"'2

7ital statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating to vital events of life

such as birth, death, marriage, divorce,adoption,etc# 7ital statistics are an indication of the given situation and helpus in answering many health!related queries:N#m t 9n!#mnt#l %i$t' o #n In!i#n "itin

># .ight to equalityA# .ight to freedom of 'peech and %ctivity

E# .ight against 0"ploitation

9# .ight to $reedom of .eligion# 5ultural and 0ducational .ights

# .ight to 5onstitutional .emedies#104%it 'o%t not' on "ommon 6%o6%t7 %'o9%"'

<ur environment has a maGor component that does not belong to individuals# *here are severalcommonly owned resources that all of us use as a community# *he water that nature recycles, the air that we all

breathe, the forests and grasslands which maintain our climate and soil, are all common property resources#114#t i' IV #n! AIDS2

6I7 stands for 6uman Immuno!deficiency 7irus and is a virus that can damage the body@s defencesystem so that it cannot fight off certain infections# %ID' stands for (%ccquired Immuno Deficiency 'yndrome)#

%n 6I7 infected person receives a diagnosis of %ID' after developing one of the %ID' indicator illness, % positive 6I7 test result does not mean that person has %ID'# % diagnosis of %ID' is made by a physician using

certain clinical criteria (0g: %ID' indicator illnesses)#14#t i' o66o%t9ni'ti" in"tion2

Infection with 6I7 can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certaininfections# *hese types of infections are known as Hopportunistic infections because they take the opportunity to

weaken the immune system which causes illness of the body#

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13 Li't t m#n' o IV t%#n'mi''ion

*here are four main ways in which 6I7 can be passed on:># y having vaginal, anal or oral se" without a condom with someone who has 6I7#

A# y using needles, syringes or other drug!inGecting equipment that is infected with 6I7#E# $rom a woman with 6I7 to her baby (before or during birth) and by reast feeding#

9# y receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment#1+ N#m 'om t't' #v#il#<l to in! IV in"tion

In addition to the 0I% or 02I'% and &estern blot, other tests now available include: P .adio Immuno 4recipitaion %ssay (.I4%)

P Dot –blot immuno binding assay P Immuno fluorescence assay

P ucleic acid testing P 4olymerase 5hain .eaction (45.)15 Li't t '6"i#l #t9%' o Com6%n'iv 6%o$%#mm on omn #n! "il! l#%

># 4ersonality

A# .eduction of DeprivationE# 5o!ordinational 0ffectivity

9# aternity and otherhood1. 4#t i' ino%m#tion2

*he term Hinformation has been defined by 0liahu 6offinan as: Han aggregate (5ollection and

accumulation) of statements, or facts or figures which are conceptually by way of reasoning, logic,ideas, or any

other mental Hmode operation interrelated-connected#1- N#m Som #66li"#tion' o IT in #lt

%part from helping in the administration of hospitals, I* is playing a key role in the health industry# <nthe, medical care, the I* has varied applications right from the diagnosis, where there are latest tools like 5* scans,

ltrasound 'onography etc#

ART = B

># 0"plain the population characteristics L variations among nations#A# &hat is meant by population e"plosionK Discuss the Indian 'cenario#

E# &hat is meant by population stabili+ationK Discuss the family welfare and family planning in Indianconte"t#

9# Discuss the influence of environmental parameters and pollution on human health## &hat is niversal declaration of 6uman rightsK &hat is its importance in achieving the goals of equity,

Gustice L sustainability#

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