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Proceedings of the 1stInternational Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010
INREC10-1
A PROPOSED DYNAMIC MODEL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC-DG SYSTEM
Magdi M. El-Saadawi Ahmed E. Hassan Khaled M. Abo-Al-Ez Mahmoud S. Kandil
Mansoura University
Department of Electrical EngineeringP.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, [email protected],[email protected],[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dynamic modeling is important to predict the energy productionof Photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is needed to make informedtechnical and economical decisions. The simulation models of PVsystems in literature are good enough for steady state analysis,
but they are not suitable for dynamic analysis of grid operatingand control conditions. This paper proposes a dynamic PV modelsuitable for Decentralized Generation (DG) applications. The
proposed model relates the electrical output of the PV system to
various input environmental parameters. The model is developedin Matlab-Simulink environment, and it is validated comparingthe developed PV performance characteristic curves with those ofthe manufacturer's data sheet and those developed by a
commercial software package for a Solarex-MSX 60W PV type.
Key words: Photovoltaic (PV) model, Decentralized Generation(DG), Temperature coefficients.
1. INTRODUCTIONDynamic modeling and simulation of modern Decentralized
Generation (DG) electrical systems is a challenging process because of the several modeling steps presenting the power
generation dynamics of the DG system [1]. Photovoltaic (PV)technology is offering one of the best DG power productionoptions [2]. Modeling of the PV system is needed for testingdifferent control algorithms and operation scenarios before real-
time implementation. PV simulation models have been developedfor years. literature review of some of recent work is presented in[3-6].The work in those literatures uses general and simplifiedmathematical models, which are good enough for steady state
analysis and for modeling the PV system annual performance.But those models lack the availability for dynamic analysis withreal grid conditions, and with various dynamic controlalgorithms. Other PV models are available within some
commercial software packages. These packages are used forsizing and economic studies such as (Hybrid2, SOMES,PVSYST, Solar Studio, PV F-Chart, PV-Design Proetc) [7].These types of software can perform extensive sensitivity
analysis, but they generally do not permit the user to modify theoperating algorithms that determine the behavior and interactionson individual system components. The PV model should bedynamic and flexible enough to easily present the components of
the required PV equivalent circuit. The model should also predicthow PV current and voltage will vary with ambient temperatureand solar radiation conditions.
2. PV MODELLING FRAMEWORKThere are some steps that form a proposed framework for
building accurate and flexible model of the PV system. Thosesteps are briefly presented in Figure 1. In this paper, a PV modelis developed based on the proposed framework. This model allows
the operation of a single solar cell, and hence a panel, to besimulated using available data from manufacturer data sheets, andfield tests. These data are used to provide values for the model
parameters. The model is tested and verified by comparing the
results showing the I-V and P-V characteristics to those providedby both the manufacturer, and a commercial PV software package.All the proposed modules are built using Matlab-Simulink [8],which is an open-architecture tool that has a high level of
flexibility in the interaction of the model components as will beillustrated in the sections of this paper.
Figure 1.A proposed framework for building a PV model
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INREC10-2
2.1. PV Equivalent Electrical Circuit ModelIn the crystalline silicon PV module; The complex physics of
the PV cell can be represented by the equivalent electrical circuit
shown in Figure 2 For that equivalent circuit; a set of equationshave been derived, based on standard theory [10-12], that allowthe operation of a single solar cell, to be simulated using data from
manufacturers or field experiments.
Figure 2.Equivalent electrical circuit of PV module
The circuit parameters are as follows [10-12]:
The output-terminal current I equals to the light-generatedcurrent IL, less the diode-current Id and the shunt-leakagecurrent Ish.
The series resistance Rs represents the internal resistance tothe current flow, and depends on the p-n junction depth, theimpurities and the contact resistance.
The shunt resistance Rsh is inversely related with leakagecurrent to the ground.
In an ideal PV cell, Rs = 0 (no series loss), and Rsh = (noleakage to ground). In a typical high quality one square inchsilicon cell, Rs = 0.05 to 0.10 ohm and Rsh = 200 to 300 ohms[10]. The PV conversion efficiency is sensitive to small variations
in Rs, but is insensitive to variations in Rsh. A small increase in Rscan decrease the PV output significantly [10].
2.2. Mathematical Modeling of the PV SystemThe equivalent circuit of Figure 2, the current delivered to the
external load equals the current IL generated by the illumination,less the diode current Id and the ground-shunt current Ish. The loadcurrent is given by the expression:
(1)where:
V0 = Vsh = voltage on the diode and the shunt resistance
Id = diode Current (A).The cell could be represented by a voltage-current equation:
(2)where:
V = cell output voltage (V).I = load (cell) output current (A).IL = Photocurrent (A).I0= Reverse diode saturation current (A).
The two most important parameters widely used fordescribing the cell electrical performance are the open-circuitvoltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc. The short-circuit
current is measured by shorting the output terminals, andmeasuring the terminal current under full illumination. The
maximum photo-voltage is produced under the open-circuitvoltage. The open circuit voltage Voc of the cell is obtained whenthe load current is zero, i.e., when I = 0.
2.3. Mathematical Modeling of Environmental FactorsIn this research paper, a model of the PV system with
increased accuracy and complexity could be developed byincluding temperature dependence of the photocurrent IL and the
saturation current of the diode I0. The series resistance Rs isincluded, but the shunt resistance is ignored. The proposed modeladopts the simplified single diode version of the two diode model
presented in [13]. In the proposed model a single diode could be
used with adjusting the diode quality factor for the best curvefitting.
The general equation describing the (I-V) characteristics of thePV cell is obtained from Eq.1 by ignoring the last term of the
shunt resistance, and using the famous formula used for the diodecurrent [10], as follows:
/ 1 (3)where:
IL = photocurrent (A).I0 = diode saturation current (A).
q = electron charge = 1.6* 10-19 Coulombs.n = ideality factor.
K = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 * 10-23 Joule/oK.Tr = rated cell temperature in Kelvin.Rs = cell series resistance (ohm).
The non-linear Eq.3 describes the PV cell (I-V)characteristics, which adopts the equivalent circuit of PV cell
presented in Figure 2 and includes an explicit solar radiationdependency of the photocurrent (IL). The diode current (Id) ismodeled as a thermally activated device to account for variationsof module performance with temperature. Eq.3 is considered as
the benchmark model for a certain level of cell operating
temperature (Tr) in Kelvin, and Solar radiation level (Gr) in(W/m2). If those two important environmental variables are takeninto consideration, the voltage and current output of the PV cell
will follow their changes which should be included in the final PVcell model. When the cell is not illuminated, the relationship
between the cells terminal voltage and current is given by theShockley equation [10]. When the cell is open circuited and
illuminated, the photo-current flows entirely in the diode. The (I-V) curve is offset from the origin by the photo generated current ILas illustrated in Eq. 3.The value of the saturation current I0 at different operating
temperatures is calculated as presented in Eq. 4 [12, 13]:
(4)
/ 1 (4.a)where:
Vg = The band gap voltageVoc(Tr) = Open Circuit voltage at rated operating conditions.Isc(Tr) = Short circuit current at rated operating conditions.
An estimate must be made of the unknown ideality factor "n",which takes a value from 1 to 2. A value of 1.3 is suggested as
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typical in normal operation [6]. The relationship of I0 in Eq. 4 iscomplex, but fortunately contains no variables that requireevaluation [14]. The photocurrent IL(A) is directly proportional to
solar radiation level G (W/m2), as presented in Eq. 5 [14]:
1 (5) ,/ (5.a)
(5.b)where:
Isc = the short circuit temperature coefficient (A/sec)
When the cell is short circuited, a negligible current flows in
the diode. Hence the proportionality constant in Eq. 5.a is set sothe rated short circuit current ISC at the rated temperature isdelivered under rated radiation (usually 1 Sun =1000W/m2).
The relationship between the photo-current and the
temperature is linear in Eq. 5, and is deduced by noting the changeof photo-current with the change of temperature with the constant
value Iscspecified in Eq.5.b.The open circuit voltage is varied with temperature as
illustrated in Eq. 6:
1 (6)where:VOC = the open circuit temperature coefficient (V/sec).
The Manufacturers usually provide data about the temperature
coefficients. Temperature coefficients provide the rate of change(derivative) with respect to temperature for the main PV
performance parameters. ASTM standards address twotemperature coefficients, one for short circuit current and one for
open circuit voltage [15, 16]. The temperature coefficient for opencircuit voltage is usually assumed to be independent of the solar
radiation level, which is a reasonable simplification. Thetemperature coefficient for short circuit current must be scaled by
the ratio of actual radiation level to the level of 1000 W/m2 used
for determining the coefficients [17, 18]. All the constants in the
above equations are provided for typical rating conditions of 25oCcell temperature, a prescribed solar radiation of 1000 W/m2
radiation level, and zero angle of incidence.
2.4. Building the PV Simulation ModelMatlab-Simulink is used for the modeling task [10]. The
Simulink block diagram presenting the PV model is the core of
the system model. The model is flexible for any number ofmodules connected in series and/or parallel branches dependingon the PV system power required. A Solarex MSX60 PV type [19]is chosen for PV array modeling. This type is well-suited for
virtually all applications where PV systems are a feasible energysource, including pumping and irrigation, remote villages and
clinics, and aids to navigation. The MSX60 module provides 60Watts of rated power, and has 36 series connected polycrystalline
silicon cells. The performance of typical MSX60 modules isdescribed by the electrical characteristics parameters shown inTable 1[18, 19]. The Matlab-Simulink model is developed for onecell of the PV module based on the manufacturer data, and themathematical equations (from Eq. 3 to Eq. 6) as shown in Figure 3
the output presents the PV cell operating current. Three sub-systems are combined to present the complete PV cell model forspecific type of PV systems such as the Solarex MSX60 type, as
shown in Figure 4:1. Manufacturer data block: it presents the key specification
parameters of the PV module type in Table 1.
2. PV cell model bock: it presents one PV cell modeldeveloped in Figure.2.
3. PV voltage block: this block is built to find the value ofthe PV cell output voltage based on Eq.2 to give the
flexibility to use the model as a current or voltage sourceduring computer simulations, and to calculate the celloutput power.
As discussed earlier in this paper the model is subjected to
environmental conditions which are presented by the inputparameters of temperature and solar radiation level. The number
of series connected modules and parallel branches are alsoincluded in the input parameters, as illustrated in the graphical
user interface (GUI) block in Figure 5.
Table 1.Key specifications of Solarex MSX 60 [18,19].
Description Value
Typical peak power (Watts) 60
Voltage at peak power (Volts) 17.1Current at peak power (Amperes) 3.5
Guaranteed minimum peak power (Watts) 58
Short circuit current Isc (Amperes) 3.8
Open circuit voltage Voc (Volts) 21.1
Temperature coefficient for Isc = I 0.00063Temperature coefficient for Voc = V 0.0042
Figure 3. The proposed PV cell Simulink model
Isc_TaC
Isc_Tac
Voc_Tac
IL-Id
Voc1=Voc_T1/Ns
Voc_T1
EQ. (6)
EQ. (5)
IL= Photocurrent
I0
I0 (T1)
Vcell
q/ nK (TaC)
EQ. (4)
1+ K0(TaC-T1)
EQ.(2)
IL_T1
EQ.(3)
Icell
1
q:Electroncharge 2
1.6e-19
q:Electroncharge1
1.6e-19
q: Electroncharge
1.6e-19
nor A: Ideality ofcurve
fittingfactor 1
1.2
nor A: Ideality ofcurve
fittingfactor
1.2
Vg: bandgapvoltage , 1.12eV forxtal Si
1.12
exp(u)
exp(u)
u(1)^(3/u(2))
Math
Function
eu
K: boltzmanconstan 1
1.38e-23
K: boltzmanconstan
1.38e-23
Constant5
1
Constant4
1
Constant3
1
-1
Constant1
1
Constant
1
BETA_Voc
10
dIsc/dT= ALPHA_Isc
9
VD_Rs
8
Ns (Number ofsereis cells )
7
Input8:
OperatingTemp (TaC)
6
Input8:
irradiation
5
Input7:
Voc_T1
4
Input5:
Isc_T1
3
T1_refrence
2
Va: operatingvolatge (V)
1
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INREC10-4
Figure 4. The Complete PV cell Simulink block diagram
Figure 5. GUI block of Solarex MSX60 PV system
3. TESTING AND VALIDATION OF THE MODELThe proposed model is able to calculate current, voltage, and
power relationships, for different environmental conditions of
solar radiations, and ambient temperatures. The I-V and P-Vcharacteristics are produced by the proposed model for the chosenPV array type through Matlab-Simulink environment. Thevalidations of the results are done for three steps:
Validation under standard test conditions (full sun radiation(1000W/m2) and 25oC temperature).
Validation under different temperature level.
Validation under different solar radiation levels.Testing results of PV operating characteristics would be
compared to the ones produced by PV commercial software, and
the manufacturer data sheets, as will be explained in the followingsections.
3.1 Model Validation under Standard Test Conditions
The results are developed for standard test conditions of fullsun radiation (1000W/m2) and 25oC temperature, and they are
presented in Figure 6.
Figure 6.I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV model
PV-Design Pro. software package [20] is used to present theI-V and P-V characteristics for the same PV type from a large data
base built in it. This package is a detailed simulation program with
algorithms developed by King et al. [21]. These algorithms areused for the annual performance prediction of PV systems such asPV powered water pumping system. Figure 7 shows the I-V andP-V characteristics for the Solarex MSX 60 as developed by the
PV-Design Pro. at standard test conditions.
Figure 7.I-V and P-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60
by PV Design Pro. [20]
Table 2 shows the values of maximum power point at standardtest conditions (1000 W/m2, 25oC) as obtained from theManufacturer data sheet [10,19], the implementation of both PV-
Design Pro. software, and the proposed Simulink model.
Table 2. Maximum power points for different models(25oC and 1000 W/m2)
Model (at standard
test conditions)
Maximum
Power (Pm)
(W)
Voltage
at Pm
(V)
Current
at Pm
(A)
Manufacturer testsand data sheet
60 17.1 3.5
PV Design Pro.Software
59.85 17.1 3.5
Proposed model 60.1825 16.860 3.569
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
60P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
Discrete,
Ts = 2e-005 s.
powergui
Vpv
PV
To Workspace
irradiation (Suns)
Operating Temp (k)
N_Parallel
N_Series
Operating Voltage
Vpv
Ipv
Ppv
Solarex MSX60 Module(36 series cells)
1000
RADIATION
-C-Operating
Temperature (TaC=Kelvin)1
1
Nps = Number of Panels inEACH PARALLEL
STRING (I)
1
N_panels = Number of parallel
panel connection strings (I)
1000
1KW/m2
Variables
3
Ppv
2
Ipv
1
Vpv
T1
Isc_T1
Voc_T1
No_of_Series_Cells of_One_Module
TOTAL_Series_Resistance
ALPHA_Isc1
BETA_Voc1
Manufacturerdata
Va: operating volatge (V)
T1_refrence
Input5: Isc_T1
Input7: Voc_T1
Input8: irradiation
Input8: Operating Temp (TaC)
Ns (Number of sereis cells)
VD_Rs
dIsc/dT= ALPHA_Isc
BETA_Voc
Icell
IL
I0
MSX-60 PV CELL model
3.8
Icell
Icell
IL
I0
TaC
Ns
Rs
V_MODULE
Iarray
VD_Rs
I2V Transform
5
Operating Voltage
4
N_Series
3N_Parallel
2
Operating Temp (k)
1
irradiation (Suns)
RS
PV cellmodelblock
Manufacturerdata block
PVVoltageblock
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputPower
(W)
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Proceedings of the 1stInternational Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010
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Comparison of the results in Table 2 shows that it is withinacceptable accuracy and that the model is well-designed tosimulate the performance characteristics of the actual MSX60 PV
system under standard test conditions.
3.2 Model Validation for Different Temperature Levels and
Constant Radiation
To assure the flexibility and the accuracy of the developed
Simulink model, the model is tested under different temperaturelevel of 50oC, and the I-V and P-V characteristics are developedin Figure 8.
Figure 8.I-V and P-V Characteristics of the proposed modelat 50oC
The PV-Design Pro. offers a comparison between the I-Vcharacteristics for both 25oC and 50oC at a radiation of 1000
W/m2, from which; it is possible to obtain the values of the I-Vcurve knee points of the voltage and the current which presentsthe maximum power points, as presented in Figure 9.
Figure 9. I-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60 by PV-Design Pro. at 25oC and 50oC with 1000 W/m2 [20]
Table 3 shows the values of maximum power point at standardtest conditions (1000 W/m2, 25oC) as obtained from theManufacturer data sheet [10,19], the PV-Design Pro. software,
and the proposed Simulink model.
Table 3. Maximum power points for different models (50
o
C and1000 W/m2)
Model (at 50oC
and 1000 W/m2)
Maximum
Power (Pm)
(W)
Voltage at
Pm
(V)
Current
at Pm
(A)
Manufacturer testsand data sheet
54 15 3.6
PV-Design Pro.
Software54.2 14.8 3.648
Proposed model 53.8953 15.1640 3.5542
It is noticed from the results presented in Table 3 that it isaccurate enough to use the developed Simulink model fordifferent operating temperature levels, for a constant solar
radiation level.
3.3 Model Validation for Different Radiation Levels and
Constant Temperature
To further show the capability of the developed Simulink
model to operate, not only at different temperatures, but also fordifferent solar radiation levels, the model is simulated underdifferent radiation levels and the results are compared to assurethe accuracy. The PV-Design Pro. offers the I-V characteristics
with constant temperature of 25oC and for different radiationlevels from 200 W/m2 (bottom curve) up to 1000 W/m2 (uppercurve), as shown in Figure 10. The simulations results using thedeveloped Simulink model developed for both I-V and P-V
characteristics are shown in Figures from Figure 11 To Figure 14.
Figure 10.I-V characteristics of the Solarex MSX 60 by PV-Design Pro. At 25C for radiation levels from 200 W/m2 to
1000 W/m2 [20]
Figure 11.I-V and P-V characteristics at 25oC and 200 W/m2
Figure 12.I-V and P-V characteristics at 25oC and 400 W/m2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
5
10
15
20
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
2
4
6
8
10
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2005
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputPower
(W)
OutputPower
(W)
OutputPower
(W)
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Proceedings of the 1stInternational Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010
INREC10-6
Figure 13. I-V and P-V characteristics at 25oC and 600 W/m2
Figure 14.I-V and P-V characteristics at 25oC and 800 W/m2
The comparison of the I-V characteristics at each radiationlevel verifies the accuracy of the developed Simulink model.
4. CONCLUSIONSThis paper introduces a model of PV system for computer
analysis. Based on a proposed framework, a detailed simulation
model of the PV system is developed, and demonstrated inMatlab-Simulink for a typical 60W solar panel. The I-V and P-Vcharacteristics of the model, is compared with those availablefrom the datasheets and those developed by PV-Design Pro.
software package. Results of comparison verify the accuracy ofthe developed Simulink model, and they show the model realityand flexibility with different levels of environmental conditions.The proposed model has the advantage of generalized structure so
that it can be used for performance testing of different PVcommercial types, and it could be used for simulation and study ofdifferent decentralized generation applications by establishing
proper interfacing and controllers, which will be investigated in a
future work.
5. REFERENCES[1] Kandil, M. S., El-Saadawi, M .M., Hassan, A. E., Abo-Al-Ez
K. M., "Performance Analysis of a Biomass MicroturbineDG for Rural Electrification", 3rd International Power
Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2009),Shah Alam, Malaysia, June 2009.
[2] Thompson, A.M., "Reverse-Osmosis Desalination ofSeawater Powered by Photovoltaics without Batteries",
Doctoral Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003.[3] Walker, G., "Evaluating MPPT Converter Topologies Using
a MATLAB PV Model", Journal of Electrical andElectronics Engineering, Australia, IE August, Vol.21, No.1,2000.
[4] Lopez, L.A.C, Lienhardt, A.M., "A Simplified NonlinearPower Source for Simulating PV Panels", 34th IEEEConference of Power electronics specialists PESC'03, June2003.
[5] Gow, J.A., Manning, C.D., "Development of a PhotovoltaicArray Model for Use in Power Electronics SimulationStudies", IEE Proceeding on Electric power applications,
Vol.146, March 1999.[6] Gonzalez-Longatt, F. M., "Model of Photovoltaic Module in
MATLAB", Proceeding of 2nd CIBELEC 2005 Conference,Venezuela, 2005.
[7] Colin, H., Boulanger, P., "Photovoltaic Hybrid SystemModelling with Hybrid2 Software", Journal of PVHPS,September 2000.
[8] http://www.mathworks.com.[9] Ferret, F. A., Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy,
IEEE Press & Willey Interscience, 2006.[10]Patel, M.R., Wind and Solar Power Systems, CRC Press,
1999.[11]Sorensen, B., Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering,
Use, Environmental Impacts, Economy and PlanningAspects, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.
[12]M. Buresch, Photovoltaic Energy Systems Design andInstallation, McGraw Hill. Inc., 1983.
[13]Thevenard, D., "Review and Recommendations forImproving the Modeling of Building Integrated Photovoltaic
Systems", 9th
International IBPSA Conference, Montreal,Canada, 2005
[14]Schmitt, W., Modeling and Simulation of PhotovoltaicHybrid Energy Systems Optimization of Sizing and ControlConference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists
Conference, 2002.
[15]ASTM E 948 standard, "Electrical Performance of Non-Concentrator Terrestrial PV Cells Using Reference Cells".
[16]ASTM E 1036 standard, "Electrical Performance of Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference Cells".
[17]King, D. L., "Photovoltaic Module and Array PerformanceCharacterization Methods for All System OperatingConditions",NREL/SNL Program Review, AIP Press, 1996.
[18]King, D.L., Kratochvil, J.A., Boyson, W.E., "Temperature
Coefficients for PV Modules and Arrays: MeasurementMethods, Difficulties, and Results", Proc. 26th IEEEPhotovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA,1997.
[19]http:// www.solarex.com.[20] PV-Design Pro.2000, Solar design studios, V4.0, Maui Solar
Energy Software Corp., Haiku, HI.[21]King, D.L., W.E.Boyson, and J.A. Kratochvil, "Photovoltaic
Array Performance Model", Sandia Report No. SAND 2004-3535, 2004.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
P-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
I-V Characteristics
Output Voltage (V)
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputCurrent
(A)
OutputPower
(W)
OutputPower
(W)