8/12/2015 Behavior Management Practice and Principles.
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Transcript of 8/12/2015 Behavior Management Practice and Principles.
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Behavior Management
Practice and Principles
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Public Law and Behavior Management PL 94-142 - The Education for All
Handicapped Children’s Act of 1975 PL 99-457 - The Education of the
Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 PL 101-476 - Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act PL 101-336- American with Disabilities Act.
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Chapter 1: Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis Chapter objectives:
To describe the requirements for meaningful and useful explanations of human behavior.
To define and describe several explanations of human behavior which influence large numbers of practitioners, including teachers. These include biophysical, developmental, cognitive, and behavioral explanations.
To describe the historical development of behaviorism.
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Learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior!
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Behaviorists
Those who study behavior and behavior management strategies, do not employ a single technique to teach, change, or modify behavior.
The behavior management strategies used by behaviorists have a solid foundation in the research literature across populations, settings, and situations.
Zirpoli & Melloy, 2001
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Explanations
Inclusive Verifiable Predictive utility Parsimonious
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Inclusive
Must account for substantial quantity of behavior
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Verifiable
Should be able to test in some way that it does account for the behavior
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Predictive utility
Should provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances, then you can change behaviors by changing conditions
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Parsimonious
Simplest one that account for observed phenomena (may not be the correct explanation however).
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Explanations
Inclusive Verifiable Predictive utility Parsimonious
Explain how these concepts are useful to the educational practitioner.
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Explanations of Human Behavior Biophysical Developmental Cognitive Assignment: Describe the explanation of human
behavior that your group has been assigned. Then summarize what useful information you may gain from this explanation of human behavior about your students.
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Definitions
Behavior Antecedents Consequences Stimuli Responses Reinforcement
positive negative
Punishment
Natural prompts Verbal prompts Gestural prompts Modeling prompts Physical prompts Shaping Operant conditioning Respondent conditioning
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Behavior
Broadly defined as covert responses and overt responses that are observable and measurable.A behavior is considered observable when it
can be seen and measurable when it can be counted.
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Antecedents
Stimuli that occur prior to behaviors. Typically stimuli refers to a specific
events or prompts before a target behavior while antecedents refer to the broader picture of influences that exist in the environment before the target behavior.
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Consequences
Events or changes in the environment following a target behavior.
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Example 1: Jill
What were the consequences of Jill’s running away behavior?
Who provided these consequences? In your opinion, were these consequences
primarily reinforcing or punishing? Do you think Jill will want to run away
again?
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Stimuli
Events or activities within the environment that are capable of forming a relationship with behavior as either an antecedent or a consequence.
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Responses
A behavior that is observable and measurable.
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Reinforcement
A type of stimulus that serves as a consequence for a response/behavior.
A stimulus may not be considered a reinforces unless it affects the preceding behavior in one of the ways we will discuss.
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Reinforcement may…..
Maintain the current rate, duration or intensity of a response.
Increase the probability that a new response will occur again.
Increase the future rate, duration or intensity of a response.
Strengthen a response that is weak and inconsistent.
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Reinforcement
Positive Positive reinforcement is demonstrated when a
behavior is followed by a consequence that INCREASES the behavior’s rate of occurrence.
NegativeRemoving or reducing the intensity of an
environmental condition (usually something unpleasant) which INCREASES a behavior’s rate of occurrence.
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Punishment
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Punishment
Describes a relationship - a behavior is followed by a consequence that decreases the behavior’s future rate of occurrence. An event is only a punisher if the rate of the preceding behavior decreases and if a a functional relationship can be established
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Natural prompts
An environmental stimulus that naturally occurs prior to target behaviors.
Natural prompts are ALWAYS preferable.
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Examples of natural prompts
Getting up in the morning - alarm clock
Going to school on time - clock or watch
Being quiet and listening - teacher begins to talk
Changing classes - ringing of the bell
Being loud and playful - recess or entering the gym
Raising you hand - when you need help, when you have a question or when you know the answer.
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Verbal prompts
Most common type of prompt Class, it is time to go to lunch
line up by the doorwalk to the bathroom and wash you handswalk to the lunchroom
(After a while the the first prompt of “class, it is time to go to lunch” becomes the natural prompt for the rest of the instructional sequence)
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Gestural prompts
A simple gesture Pointing to the door when you want the
class to line up for lunch. Should be paired with verbal for added
strength. Both gestural and verbal prompts should
be phased out over time.
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Modeling prompts
Consist of demonstrating part of all of the desired behavior to the student who imitates or repeats the action immediately.
Should be paired with verbal prompt.
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Physical prompts
Consists of physically guiding a child in the performance of the target behavior.
Most intrusive type of prompt Recommended only as a last resort Very unnatural and may promote hostility
and defensiveness Paired with verbal prompt
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Shaping
Uses the reinforcement of successive approximation to a desired behavior to teach new behavior
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Extinction
when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, its rate of occurrence decreases. All learning principles are defined on the basis of what actually happens, not what we think is happening. The behavior stopped when the positive reinforcer was withdrawn.
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Stimulus control
describes a relationship between behavior and an antecedent stimulus ( an event or condition occurring before the behavior is performed). The antecedent condition or event now serves as a signal or cue for the behavior.
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Operant conditioning
Deals with behaviors usually thought of as voluntary rather than reflexive. Operant conditioners are concerned primarily with the consequences of behavior and the establishment of functional relationships between behavior and consequences. Skinner -described the concept of operate
conditioning, also the promotion of the use of valid and reliable methods
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Classical conditioning
This type of conditioning is concerned with respondent behaviors that are not controlled by the individual and are referred to frequently as involuntary, reflex behaviors or unconditioned responses.
Pavlov - father of classical conditioning. His meticulous approach advanced the scientific
approach in the study of behavior
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Associationism – The Law of Effect any act which in a given situation
produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is more likely than before to recur also
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The Law of Exercise
a response made in a particular situation becomes associated with the situation. The relationship of the Law of Effect with the principle of positive reinforcement is obvious. The Law of Exercise is similarly related to the stimulus control principle. (Thorndyke)
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Applied Behavior Analysis
Expanded laboratory principles of operant conditioning to everyday situations and settings.
Baer, et al. (1968, 1987) state that ABA ought to be applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, and capable of generalized outcomes.
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SO…...
To qualify as a behavior it must be observable and quantifiable. We must be able to see, hear, feel or even smell the behavior. To make it meaningful, some way of measuring the behavior in quantitative terms must be established (how much, how long, how often).
So if you can see it, hear it, feel it or smell it, it’s observable. If you can count it or measure it, it’s quantifiable.
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Project 1: Identify a participant
Worth 5 points You will choose a participant with whom you
will have an opportunity to institute a behavioral change technique to INCREASE a target behavior.
Describe the participant in terms of gender, age, occupation, or other pertinent information.
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Chapter 2
Behavior modification refers only to procedures derived from the experimental analysis of human behavior
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Examples of ABA and BM procedures ABA- the systematic
changing of behavior by the application of behavior principles: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punishment extinction stimulus control modeling shaping
BM-procedures derived from the experimental analysis of human behavior hypnosis psychosurgery brain implants drug therapy electro convulsive shock
treatment
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Aversive or exclusionary procedures may create problems in two ways: Their misuse is common and
often described by users as behavior modification
Their use, even when appropriate, causes more concern than other behavioral procedures
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Interactions between behavior and environment are reciprocal. One does not operate in a vacuum.
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A therapeutic environment – safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs
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What is your reaction to full inclusion? Inclusion is a civil right and it is
unethical to exclude any student, regardless of the effects it will have on typical students or those with disabilities.
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Services whose overriding goal is personal welfare – behaviors targeted for change should be those whose change will benefit the STUDENT (not the convenience of the caregivers, teachers or institutions).
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Treatment by a competent behavior
analyst Programs that teach functional skills
– students need to learn skills that will enable them to function effectively in their environment. Teaching those skills should be the primary focus of every student's educational program. Development of in the student that leads to improved learning or social interaction, constructive behavior.
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Behavioral assessment and ongoing
evaluation –
Most effective treatment procedures available – proven effectiveness.
Accountability – teachers are accountable to their profession, community, administrative superiors, parents, students and themselves.
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Suggestions for ethical use
Assure competence of all staff members
-Choose appropriate goals -Ensure voluntary participation -Be accountable
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Basic Assumptions of ABA Behaviors are learned Most behaviors are stimulus specific Behaviors can be taught, changed or
modified Behavior change goals should be specific
and clearly defined Behavior change programs should be
individualized, focus on the here and now, & on the child’s environment.
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Myths and misconceptions about ABA Changing another person’s behavior is coercive. The use of reinforcement to change behavior is
a form of bribery. Children will learn to behavior appropriately only
for reinforcement Children should ‘work’ for intrinsic reinforcers All children should be treated in the same way
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Ch 3
Reasons for writing behavioral objectives:
.clarify the goals of a behavior-change program and facilitate communication among people involved in the program
.clearly stated target for instruction facilitates effective programming by the teacher and ancillary personnel.
.provide for precise evaluation of instruction
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pinpoint behavior –
What does the student do? What exactly do you want the
student to do?
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Educational goals Educational goals provide the
framework for the academic year. Should evolve from assessment information and be correlated with curriculum planning.
Establishment of goals – evaluation data from school psychologist, education, adaptive behavior, therapeutic services, physical health see book pg. 63-4
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Other factors
rate of development, physical and communicative capabilities, inappropriate behaviors, skills the students lack for functioning in the home and school, amount of instructional time, prerequisites, functional utility of skills, availability of specialized materials, etc.
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Educational goal: statements of annual program intent
Behavioral objectives: statements of actual instructional intent, usually for a 3-4 month period for individuals with more severe disabilities and for the length of time of the school’s grading period for students with mild disabilities (p.65).
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What’s wrong with this objective?Sharmaine will understand the math
concepts of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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Write goals in observable and quantifiable terms Behavioral objectives: Identification of learner Identify target behavior Identification of the conditions of
intervention Identification criteria for acceptable
performance Several formats are available on pages 37-39
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Hierarchy of Response Competence generalization maintenance
(increase functional use of a response)
fluency acquisition
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definitions
Acquisition - ability to perform a newly learned response to a certain criterion
Fluency - the rate at which a newly acquired response is performed
Maintenance-ability to perform a response over time without re-teaching
Generalization - ability to perform the behavior in untrained situations
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Four dimensions of Generalization The ability to perform a behavior when
presented with various instructionsmaterialssettingspersons
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Hierarchy of Levels of Learning
Evaluation Synthesis Analysis (inc functional use of a
behavior)
Application Comprehension Knowledge
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Definitions (Bloom, 1956)
Knowledge - recall or recognition of information Comprehension - understanding of meaning Application - use of a method, concept, or theory in
various concrete situations Analysis - ability to break down materials into parts in
order to identify the parts, discuss their interrelationship, and understand their organization to as a whole
Synthesis - ability to bring parts together resulting in a different, original, or creative whole
Evaluation - ability to make a judgement of value
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Central issue for kids that are
difficult is the frequency or degree. Noncompliance – not following a
direction within a reasonable amount of time
Pain control behaviors – (Process to force a request to be withdrawn by the teacher) by arguing, whining, excuse-making, delays, tantrums, aggression, and property destruction.
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Impacts academic and social skill
development. Develops a deficit in self-management skills or rule following behavior.
Issues in academic deficits – reading writing spelling and arithmetic are critical
Parallel behaviors include on task behavior and academic learning time
Difficult students have a significant reduction in their on task time.
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Social skills – usually socially
immature, pushy, non-cooperative, bullies, or students who must always be in control. Social skills must be taught, practiced, and then tried in natural peers interactions.
Lack of rule following and self-management skills – immediate gratification, not learning self management skills
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basic steps for the development of self management
.learning to comply to requests
.learning self control.learning problem solving skills
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Behavioral excesses include
noncompliance, arguing, excuse-making, throwing tantrums, and aggression
Deficits include; academic and social skills, rule following and self – management skills
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Assessment is important for the following reasons – accurately identify a student, determine exact problem behavior(s) that will require some type of program, and use a standard measurement approach to evaluation to determine whether progress is made after a program is started.
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Reliability – how consistent across time or raters
Validity – measures what it purports to measure
Standardized – good reliability and validity, based on hundreds or thousands of students
Standard deviation – measure of variability and can help define deviant or abnormal scores
T & Z scores – Mean score of a t score is 50 Mean score of z score is always zero