8:8: The United States The United States of North America, 1786of North America, 1786

—1800—1800

““As the cities grew, new values took hold.” As the cities grew, new values took hold.” In the In the older, medieval, ‘corporate’ view of society, older, medieval, ‘corporate’ view of society, economic life ideally operated according to what economic life ideally operated according to what was equitable, not what was profitablewas equitable, not what was profitable. . Citizens Citizens usually agreed that government should provide usually agreed that government should provide for the general welfare by regulating prices and for the general welfare by regulating prices and wages, setting quality controls, licensing wages, setting quality controls, licensing providers of service. . . and supervising public providers of service. . . and supervising public markets where all food was soldmarkets where all food was sold. Such regulation . Such regulation seemed natural because a community was defined not seemed natural because a community was defined not as a collection of individuals, each entitled to pursue as a collection of individuals, each entitled to pursue separate interests, but as a single body of interrelated separate interests, but as a single body of interrelated parts where individual rights and responsibilities parts where individual rights and responsibilities formed a seamless web.” formed a seamless web.”

““According to the new view, if people were According to the new view, if people were allowed to pursue their own material desires allowed to pursue their own material desires competitively, they would collectively form a competitively, they would collectively form a natural, impersonal market of producers and natural, impersonal market of producers and consumers that would operate to everyone’s consumers that would operate to everyone’s advantageadvantage.” .” Historian Gary NashHistorian Gary Nash

Chapter Review QuestionsChapter Review Questions

Discuss the conflicting ideals of local and national Discuss the conflicting ideals of local and national authority in the debate over the Constitution.authority in the debate over the Constitution.

What were the major crises faced by the What were the major crises faced by the Washington and Adams administrationsWashington and Adams administrations??

Describe the roles of Madison and Hamilton in the Describe the roles of Madison and Hamilton in the formation of the first American political parties.formation of the first American political parties.

What did Jefferson mean when he talked of "the What did Jefferson mean when he talked of "the Revolution of 1800"?Revolution of 1800"?

Discuss the contributions of the Discuss the contributions of the Revolutionary generation to the Revolutionary generation to the construction of a national cultureconstruction of a national culture. .

IntroductionIntroduction

Open Door v. Closed DoorOpen Door v. Closed Door Balance of Power v. Collective Balance of Power v. Collective

SecuritySecurity Hard Power v. Soft Power [Joseph Nye] Hard Power v. Soft Power [Joseph Nye] Executive PrivilegeExecutive Privilege – Washington – Washington

and Jay Treaty documentsand Jay Treaty documents Over Washington VHSOver Washington VHS Biography VHS: George Washington, Biography VHS: George Washington,

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

A. A. Mingo Creek Settlers Mingo Creek Settlers Refuse to Pay the Refuse to Pay the

Whiskey TaxWhiskey Tax

BibliographyBibliography Charles and Mary Beard, Charles and Mary Beard, An Economic An Economic

Interpretation of the Constitution of the United Interpretation of the Constitution of the United StatesStates (1913) (1913)

Fawn Brodie, Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate HistoryThomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (1974)(1974)

Ralph Ketchum, Ralph Ketchum, The Anti-Federalist Papers and the The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention DebatesConstitutional Convention Debates (1986) (1986)

James Madison, James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James MadisonConvention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (1787)(1787)

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, The The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers (1787) (1787)

Dumas Malone, Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His TimesJefferson and His Times (1948-81) (1948-81) Forest McDonald, Forest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual

Origins of the ConstitutionOrigins of the Constitution (1985) (1985) Richard Morris, Richard Morris, Witness at the CreationWitness at the Creation (1985) (1985)

ChronologyChronology

1786 1786 Annapolis ConventionAnnapolis Convention1787 1787 Constitutional conventionConstitutional convention1788 1788 The The FederalistFederalist published, published, Constitution ratified Constitution ratified 1789  1789   First federal elections First federal elections                    President George Washington inaugurated NY        President George Washington inaugurated NY        

Judiciary Act Judiciary Act                    French Revolution beginsFrench Revolution begins 1790  1790   Agreement on site on the Potomac River for the Agreement on site on the Potomac River for the

nation’s capital nation’s capital                    Indian Intercourse Act Indian Intercourse Act 1791 1791  Bill of Rights ratificationBill of Rights ratification                     Bank of the United States charteredBank of the United States chartered                Alexander Hamilton’s "Report on Manufactures" Alexander Hamilton’s "Report on Manufactures"                  Ohio Indians defeat General Arthur St. Clair’s army Ohio Indians defeat General Arthur St. Clair’s army

1793   1793    England and France at war England and France at war                        America reaps trade windfall America reaps trade windfall                    Citizen Genet affair Citizen Genet affair                      President Washington proclaims American neutrality in Europe President Washington proclaims American neutrality in Europe                    British confiscate American vessels British confiscate American vessels                    Sp Court asserts itself as final authority in Sp Court asserts itself as final authority in Chisholm Chisholm v. v. GeorgiaGeorgia 1794  1794   Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion                      Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Fallen Timbers                      Jay’s Treaty with the British concluded Jay’s Treaty with the British concluded 1795   1795    Pinckney’s Treaty negotiated with the Spanish Pinckney’s Treaty negotiated with the Spanish                      Treaty of Greenville Treaty of Greenville                      Thomas Paine publishes Thomas Paine publishes The Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason 1796    1796     President Washington’s Farewell Address President Washington’s Farewell Address                         John Adams elected president John Adams elected president 1797    1797     French seize American shipsFrench seize American ships1798    1798     XYZ AffairXYZ Affair                        "Quasi-war" with France "Quasi-war" with France                         Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts                         Kentucky and Virginia ResolvesKentucky and Virginia Resolves 1800   1800    Thomas Jefferson elected presidentThomas Jefferson elected president / Mason Locke / Mason Locke

Weems Weems publishes Life of Washingtonpublishes Life of Washington

The Whiskey TaxThe Whiskey Tax In Mingo Creek, Pennsylvania, poor, independent In Mingo Creek, Pennsylvania, poor, independent

farmers lived a subsistence existence. farmers lived a subsistence existence. The federal government imposed an excise The federal government imposed an excise

tax on whiskey to pay for its unsuccessful tax on whiskey to pay for its unsuccessful campaigns against the Indians. campaigns against the Indians.

Throughout the backcountry, farmers protested Throughout the backcountry, farmers protested against the tax.against the tax.

In western Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Rebellion In western Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Rebellion broke out. broke out.

A 13,000 man army put down the Whiskey A 13,000 man army put down the Whiskey Rebellion.Rebellion.

B.B. Forming a New Forming a New GovernmentGovernment

Nationalist SentimentNationalist Sentiment

Nationalists, generally drawn from the Nationalists, generally drawn from the economic elite, argued for a stronger economic elite, argued for a stronger central government to deal with the central government to deal with the economic crisis of the 1780s. economic crisis of the 1780s.

Invited by the Virginia legislature, Invited by the Virginia legislature, representatives from five states met in representatives from five states met in Annapolis, calling for a convention to Annapolis, calling for a convention to propose changes in the Articles of propose changes in the Articles of ConfederationConfederation. Congress endorsed a . Congress endorsed a convention for revising the Articles of convention for revising the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention Fifty-five delegates from 12 states assembled Fifty-five delegates from 12 states assembled

in Philadelphia in May 1787in Philadelphia in May 1787.. Conflicts arose between large and small states, and Conflicts arose between large and small states, and

free and slave states. free and slave states. The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise provided a middle ground provided a middle ground

for agreement by:for agreement by: a bicameral legislature that had one house based on a bicameral legislature that had one house based on

population and one representing all states equally; population and one representing all states equally; andand

a compromise on free-state and slave-state interests a compromise on free-state and slave-state interests by agreeing to count five slaves as three freemen.by agreeing to count five slaves as three freemen.

To insulate the election of the president from To insulate the election of the president from the popular vote, an electoral college was the popular vote, an electoral college was created to select a presidentcreated to select a president..

Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution

Supporters of the Constitution called Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists. themselves Federalists.

Anti-Federalist opponents feared the Anti-Federalist opponents feared the Constitution gave too much power to Constitution gave too much power to the central government and that a the central government and that a republic could not work well in a large republic could not work well in a large nation.nation.

James Madison, Alexander, Hamilton, James Madison, Alexander, Hamilton, and John Jay published the influentialand John Jay published the influential The FederalisThe Federalist that helped secure t that helped secure passagepassage..

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

Several states including Virginia, Several states including Virginia, agreed to ratification only if a agreed to ratification only if a bill of rights would be added.bill of rights would be added.

The first ten amendments, better The first ten amendments, better known as the Bill of Rights, to the known as the Bill of Rights, to the Constitution served to restrain the Constitution served to restrain the growth of governmental power over growth of governmental power over citizens.citizens.

C: C: The New NationThe New Nation

The Washington PresidencyThe Washington Presidency

George Washington preferred that George Washington preferred that his title be a simple “Mr. President” his title be a simple “Mr. President” and dressed in plain republican and dressed in plain republican broadcloth.broadcloth.

Congress established the Congress established the Departments of States, Treasury, Departments of States, Treasury, War, and Justice, the heads of War, and Justice, the heads of which coalesced into the which coalesced into the CabinetCabinet..

An Active JudiciaryAn Active Judiciary

The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court system.federal court system.

States maintained their individual bodies of States maintained their individual bodies of law. law.

Federal courts became the appeals Federal courts became the appeals bodies, establishing the federal system bodies, establishing the federal system of judicial review of state legislation. of judicial review of state legislation.

Localists supported the eleventh Localists supported the eleventh amendment that prevented states amendment that prevented states from being sued by non-citizens. from being sued by non-citizens.

Hamilton's Controversial Fiscal Hamilton's Controversial Fiscal ProgramProgram

In 1790, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton In 1790, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton submitted a series of financial proposals to submitted a series of financial proposals to address America's economic problems including:address America's economic problems including:

a controversial credit program that passed a controversial credit program that passed when a compromise located the nation's when a compromise located the nation's capital on the Potomac River.capital on the Potomac River.

creating a Bank of the United States that creating a Bank of the United States that opponents considered an unconstitutional opponents considered an unconstitutional expansion of power.expansion of power.

a protective tariff to develop an industrial a protective tariff to develop an industrial economy.economy.

The debate of Hamilton's loose construction The debate of Hamilton's loose construction and Jefferson's strict construction strained and Jefferson's strict construction strained the Federalist coalition.the Federalist coalition.

Beginnings of Foreign PolicyBeginnings of Foreign Policy Foreign affairs further strained Federalist Foreign affairs further strained Federalist

coalition. coalition. Americans initially welcomed the French Americans initially welcomed the French

RevolutionRevolution, but when the Revolution turned , but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke out with Britain, public violent and war broke out with Britain, public opinion divided. opinion divided.

Though both sides advocated neutrality, Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared themwhile Jefferson feared them. .

The “The “Citizen GenetCitizen Genet” incident led Washington ” incident led Washington to issue a neutrality proclamation that to issue a neutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’s supporters. outraged Jefferson’s supporters.

The United States and the The United States and the Indian PeoplesIndian Peoples

A pressing “foreign” problem A pressing “foreign” problem concerned Indians who refused to concerned Indians who refused to accept United States sovereignty accept United States sovereignty over them. over them.

The Indian Intercourse Act made The Indian Intercourse Act made treaties the only legal way to treaties the only legal way to obtain Indian landsobtain Indian lands..

Little TurtleLittle Turtle

Under the leadership of Little Turtle Under the leadership of Little Turtle of the Miami tribe, an Indian coalition of the Miami tribe, an Indian coalition defeated a large American force in defeated a large American force in the Ohio Valleythe Ohio Valley..

He inspired Tecumseh, a future He inspired Tecumseh, a future Indian leader in the same region.Indian leader in the same region.

Spanish Florida & British Spanish Florida & British CanadaCanada

Spanish and British hostility threatened the Spanish and British hostility threatened the status of the United States in the West. status of the United States in the West.

The Spanish closed the Mississippi River The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American shipping, promoted to American shipping, promoted immigration, and forged alliances with immigration, and forged alliances with Indian tribes to resist American Indian tribes to resist American expansionexpansion. .

Britain granted greater autonomy to its North Britain granted greater autonomy to its North American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and constructed a defensive buffer against and constructed a defensive buffer against Americans.Americans.

Domestic & International CrisisDomestic & International Crisis

By 1794, the government faced a crisis over By 1794, the government faced a crisis over western policy.western policy.

Western farmers were refusing to pay the Western farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey tax. whiskey tax.

An army sent into western Pennsylvania An army sent into western Pennsylvania ended the Whiskey Rebellion. ended the Whiskey Rebellion.

General Anthony Wayne defeated the General Anthony Wayne defeated the Ohio Indians, leading to the Treaty of Ohio Indians, leading to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and the cession of Greenville in 1795 and the cession of huge amounts of land by the Ohio huge amounts of land by the Ohio Indians.Indians.

Jay's and Pinckney's TreatiesJay's and Pinckney's Treaties

The Jay Treaty resolved several key The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes between the United States and disputes between the United States and Britain; Opponents held up the treaty in Britain; Opponents held up the treaty in the House until Pinckney’s Treaty with the House until Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain granted them sovereignty in the Spain granted them sovereignty in the West. West.

The political battles over the Jay The political battles over the Jay Treaty brought President Washington Treaty brought President Washington off his nonpartisan pedestaloff his nonpartisan pedestal..

Washington's Farewell AddressWashington's Farewell Address

In his farewell address, Washintgon In his farewell address, Washintgon summed up American foreign policy summed up American foreign policy goals as:goals as: peace; peace; commercial relations;commercial relations; friendship with all nationsfriendship with all nations; and; and no entangling alliancesno entangling alliances..

D.D. Federalists and Federalists and Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

The Rise of Political PartiesThe Rise of Political Parties

During the debate over Jay's Treaty, During the debate over Jay's Treaty, shifting coalitions began to polarize into shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factions.political factions.

Hamilton’s supporters claimed the Hamilton’s supporters claimed the title “Federalist.” title “Federalist.”

Thomas Jefferson's supporters called Thomas Jefferson's supporters called themselves “Republicans.” themselves “Republicans.”

These coalitions shaped the election of These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which John Adams narrowly won.1796, which John Adams narrowly won.

Jefferson, the opposition’s candidate, Jefferson, the opposition’s candidate, became vice president. became vice president.

The Adams PresidencyThe Adams Presidency

Relations with France deteriorated Relations with France deteriorated after Jay's Treaty.after Jay's Treaty.

When France began seizing American When France began seizing American shipping, the nation was on the brink shipping, the nation was on the brink of war. of war. The X, Y, Z Affair made The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s popularity soarAdams’s popularity soar. .

The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts The Federalists pushed through the Alien and The Federalists pushed through the Alien and

Sedition Acts that:Sedition Acts that: severely limited freedoms of speech and of the severely limited freedoms of speech and of the

press: and threatened the liberty of foreigners.press: and threatened the liberty of foreigners. Republicans organized as an opposition party. Republicans organized as an opposition party. Federalists saw opposition to the Federalists saw opposition to the

administration as opposition to the state administration as opposition to the state and prosecuted leading Republican and prosecuted leading Republican newspaper editors. newspaper editors.

Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves that threatened to and Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Revolution of 1800The Revolution of 1800

Adams bid for re-election was weakened by:Adams bid for re-election was weakened by: Hamilton’s dispute with Adams; andHamilton’s dispute with Adams; and the Federalists becoming identified with the Federalists becoming identified with

oppressive warmongering. oppressive warmongering. In the election of 1800, the Federalists In the election of 1800, the Federalists

waged a defensive struggle calling for strong waged a defensive struggle calling for strong central government and good order. central government and good order.

By controlling the South and the West, By controlling the South and the West, Jefferson won the electionJefferson won the election. .

Democratic Political CultureDemocratic Political Culture

The rise of partisan politics The rise of partisan politics greatly increased popular greatly increased popular participationparticipation..

American politics became more American politics became more competitive and democratic. competitive and democratic.

Popular celebrations became Popular celebrations became common and suffrage increased.common and suffrage increased.

E. E. "The Rising Glory of "The Rising Glory of America”America”

ArtArt

The Revolutionary generation began The Revolutionary generation began to create a national culture. to create a national culture.

American artists depicted national American artists depicted national heroes and national triumphs.heroes and national triumphs.

ArchitectureArchitecture

Architects sought to create a national Architects sought to create a national capital that would create a capital that would create a “reciprocity of sight” for the national “reciprocity of sight” for the national buildings.buildings.

HousingHousing

Most Americans lived in small, bare Most Americans lived in small, bare houses. houses.

In coastal cities, the building boom In coastal cities, the building boom featured a new “federal” style.featured a new “federal” style.

The Liberty of the PressThe Liberty of the Press

The Revolutionary years saw a The Revolutionary years saw a tremendous increase in the number of tremendous increase in the number of newspapers.newspapers.

During the 1790s newspapers During the 1790s newspapers became media for partisan politicsbecame media for partisan politics. .

In response to prosecutions under the In response to prosecutions under the Sedition Act, American newspapers Sedition Act, American newspapers helped to establish the principle of a helped to establish the principle of a free press.free press.

The Birth of American LiteratureThe Birth of American Literature

As a highly literate citizenry, Americans As a highly literate citizenry, Americans had a great appetite for books. had a great appetite for books.

Writers explored the political implications Writers explored the political implications of independence or examined the new of independence or examined the new society including the emerging American society including the emerging American character. character.

The single best-seller was The single best-seller was Noah Webster’sNoah Webster’s American Spelling BookAmerican Spelling Book which attempted which attempted to define an American language.to define an American language.

Parson Weems’sParson Weems’s Life of WashingtonLife of Washington created a unifying symbol for Americans.created a unifying symbol for Americans.

Women on the Intellectual Women on the Intellectual SceneScene

Although women’s literacy rates were Although women’s literacy rates were lower than that of men, a growing lower than that of men, a growing number of books were specifically number of books were specifically directed toward women. directed toward women.

Several authors urged that women in Several authors urged that women in a republic should be more a republic should be more independent.independent.

Judith Sargent Murray Judith Sargent Murray