8th

The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther would criticize the Roman Catholic Church for being too

wealthy and abusing its power this criticism would start the Protestant Reformation.

• The printing press helped to quickly spread the ideas of the Protestant Reformation.

• Conflicts between Christians and Protestants would take place all over Europe. for example in France a Civil War would begin between Catholics and a group of Protestants known as the Huguenots.

• in England King Henry VIII would make the church of England or the Anglican church and declared himself the leader.

Spain and England go to war

• In the 1500s King Philip II of Spain angered by English piracy and wanting to drive the Protestant movement out of England made the Spanish Armada to invade England.

• The Spanish Armada would be defeated by the British. the destruction of the Spanish Armada combined with inflation caused by the large amounts of silver and gold brought to Spain from the Americas would severely weaken the Spanish.

Search for the Northwest passage

• European explorers such as John Cabot , Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson would all explore the Americas in the hopes of finding a Northwest passage none of them would find a Northwest passage.

English presence in the New World

• In the 1500s England created its first permanent settlement in North America Virginia.

• Not all colonies established in the New World would be successful for example the Roanoke colony.

French presence in the New World

• French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded the French colony Québec which would open fur trading routes for the French.

• French territory would expand as far as modern day Detroit, St. Louis ,and New Orleans.

• Because of the French's close trading relationship with the Native Americans the French treated the Native Americans with much more respect than other Europeans did.

7th

Physical features and climate

• Arabia has a hot and dry climate with temperatures that can reach up to 100°. The climate has created a band of deserts across Arabia and Northern Africa. Arabia's deserts have very limited water the only place that water does exist are in oasis which are often used as rest stops on trade routes.

Two ways of life

• Some Arabs were Nomads and lived in tents and raise herds of sheep, goats, and camels. Nomads travel with their herds across the deserts in search of food and water for their animals.

• Other Arabs created settlements near Oasis and trade routes these settlements would become the center of trade in the region.

Muhammad

• Muhammad was born into an important family in the city of Mecca.

• Caravan trade made Mecca rich but most of the wealth belonged to just a few people.

• Concerned about the poor people in Mecca Muhammad prayed. Muslims believe that while Muhammad was praying an angel appeared to him and made him a prophet Muhammad then went on to create the religion of Islam.

Muhammad's teachings

• Muhammad taught that there was only one god

• Muhammad also taught that all people were bound together like members of a family. And because of this people should take care of the poor and slave owners should free their slaves.

Islam spreads in Arabia

• Although Muhammad's religion would start with only a few followers the Islamic religion would become widely accepted in both Mecca and Medina and would eventually spread far beyond the Arabian Peninsula.

6th

Limits on life

• Environmental conditions limit were plants and animals can live

• Over long periods of time both plants and animals can adapt to live in different environments.

Connections in nature

• The interconnections between living things in the environments form ecosystems

• Each part of an ecosystem fulfills a certain role.

Changes to environments

• A small change to one part of an ecosystem can have large effects on the rest of the ecosystem.

• Both natural environmental change and people can negatively affect an ecosystem

• Extreme changes in ecosystem can cause species to die out or become extinct

Soil and the environment

• Soil helps determine what plants will grow in an area.

• Fertile soil is filled with minerals

• Soil can lose its fertility from erosion, over farming, and drought

• If soil becomes too worn out it can eventually lead to desertification.