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8th IT STAR WS on History of Computing
History of Computing in the West Balkan Countries
Republic of CroatiaRepublic of Slovenia
Mr.sc Marijan FrkovicCITA, president and National ECDL Coordinator
Museum of Computer HistorySzeged, 19th of September 2014
CROATIAN IT ASSOCIATION (CITA)
CITA (www.hiz.hr) is the umbrella organization of Croatian ICT experts founded in 1975, ever since it has been acting continuously CITA participates in the work of international ICT associations of informatics experts; ITSTAR (www.starbus.org), CEPIS (www.cepis.org) and IFIP (www.ifip.org). CITA has ECDL license (www.ecdl.hr), and license for the certification of professional ICT experts www.eucip.hr) in Croatia..
CITA AND IT STAR
• Member from 2002
• CITA and IT STAR organized
regional conference on e-business
held in Zagreb on 2010, where it
was opportunity to exchange
experiences of e-business in the
countries of Central and Eastern
Europe (
www.starbus.org/ws5/ws5.htm).
CITA i their Organisation and Forums
Croatian Society for Open Systems and Internet, founded 1992
Croatian ORACLE User Group, founded 1995
Croatian Society of Young Informaticians, founded 1985
Croatian Linux Users Group, founded 1996
Croatian Society of Geographic IS, founded 1994
Croatian Society of SAP, founded 1996
Croatian Society of ECDL test, founded 2003
Marijan Frkovic, CV
Active in informatics for more than 46 years having spent 24 years in a large steel company (13.000 employees) and 18 years in Croatian Chamber of Commerce 1968 - Programmer (UNIVAC 1004) II-nd generation, with external programing 1970 - Programmer and system analist (UNIVAC 1106) 1975 - Main system programmer and DB administrator 1982 - Project department leader 1983 - Computer centre director 1986 - Member of the Business Board of Stell Corporation for informatics (UNISYS 1100/72) 1992 - Director of Informatics department in Croatian Chamber of Commerce (UNISYS 80) 1993 - Member of the WG in ICC Paris for development World Chambers Network ( result 10.000 Chambers on the Net, Worldwide) 2005 - Member of the WG in ICC Paris for development e-business 2010 - Retired 1994 – 2002 President of CITA 2002 – 2011 Vice president and National ECDL coordinator 2011 – President of CITA
Balkan CountriesWest Balkans Countries
History of Computing in the former Yugoslavia
There were no political barriers to
import computer equipment from the
West, which significantly influenced
faster development of information
systems and professional trainings of
computer programmers.
Countries of the former Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia - Open computers market
Open market had a negative
influence on the development of
computing in Croatia because users
were buying computers mainly from
abroad.
Installed computers in the Yugoslavia, 1988
Computer Total Very Small Small Medium LargeAPPLE 337 337 _ _ _ALEGON-QUME 400 400 _ _ _BULL 4 _ 4 _ _BURROUGHS 533 181 291 59 2BUNKER RAMO 199 199 _ _ _BYTRONIX 1 1 _ _ _CBM 4 4 _ _ _CDC 21 12 8 _ 1COMPUTER 1 1 _ _ _COMMODORE 622 601 18 3 _CONTROL 7 5 _ _ 2CII 4 _ 4 _ _CROMEMCO 18 16 2 _ DARO 62 59 3 _ _DATA GENERAL 1 _ 1 _ _DEC 29 1 14 11 3DFE 1 1 _ _ _DIGISET 1 1 _ _ _DIGITAL 189 41 69 74 5DIGITRON BUJE 7 6 1 _ _EI HONEYWELL 460 319 114 15 12EI NIS 13 13 _ _ _EI KIENZLE 159 139 17 3 _ELWRO 3 2 1 _ _EMOK 8 _ 5 3 _EPSON 51 51 _ _ _
Very small - up to 10.000 $Smal l- 10.000 – 50.000 $Medium - 50.000 – 500.000 $Large - more than 500.000 $
Installed computers in the Yugoslavia, 1988
Total Very small Small Medium LargeFUJITSU 31 5 14 11 1GENERAL 2 1 1 _ _GCS 2 1 1 _ _HELWETT PACKARD 552 418 106 27 1HITACHI 1 1 _ _ _HONEYWELL 198 35 129 23 11HUGIN 9 9 _ _ _IBM 8447 7699 410 233 105ICL 182 49 110 15 8INFOREX 17 12 1 4 _INFOSISTEM 15 15 _ _ _IRIS 209 197 12 _ _ISKRA 1759 1146 306 303 4IVASIM 217 217 _ _ _JAVOR BITOLA 35 30 5 _ _KIENZLE 229 159 66 4 _KOPA 37 18 16 3 _LITTON 1 1 _ _ _LOGABAX 3 3 _ _ _MEAL 67 58 9 _ _MAI 15 14 _ 1 _MDS 388 355 18 15 _MERA 16 15 1 _ _MICOS 25 1 24 _ _
Installed computers in the Yugoslavia, 1988
Total Very small Small Medium Large
MRI 2 2 _ _ _NCR 303 200 76 26 1NIXDORF 43 18 22 3 _NOVKABEL 48 5 42 1 _OLIVETTI 1113 1037 75 _ _ORIC NOVA 35 30 5 _ _PEL VARAZDIN 65 65 _ _ _PERTEC 6 4 2 _ _PHILIPS 28 28 _ _ _RAVI 5 5 _ _ _RGB 402 399 3 _ _ROBOTRON 91 86 3 2 _RUF 15 15 _ _ _RIZ 140 135 4 1 _SDP 1 _ 1 _ _SIMENS 1 1 _ _ _SINGER 3 2 _ 1 _SPERRY 353 300 27 16 20TEHNICAR 188 188 _ _ _TEKTRONIX 11 3 8 _ _TIM 280 237 36 7 _TOVARNA MERIL KOPA 10 6 3 1 _TRIUMPH-ADLER 13 13 _ _ _TRS 226 213 13 _ _
Installed computers in the Yugoslavia, 1980
Total Very small Small Medium LargeUNIVAC 32 7 8 13 4VARIAN 7 1 6 _ _VIDEOTON 34 11 20 3 _WANG 14 11 3 _ _OTHERS 822 744 63 14 1Total
Source: Yugoslav IT Association, 1989
Installed computers in the Yugoslavia, 1988
Republic Number of Computers %
Slovenia 9,400 47,27
Croatia 5,682 28,60
Serbia 3,565 17,92
Bosnia&Herzegovina 769 3,86
Macedonia 409 2,05
Montenegro 55 0,27
Total 19,883 100,00
Source: Yugoslav IT Association, 1989
Installed computers in Croatia in the 1985th to 1989th
Year Very small Small Medium Large
1985 1566 1025 104 22
1987 4098 3154 129 48
1988 5020 3857 166 51
1989 6582 5300 2010 72
Source: Croatian IT Association, 1990
History of Computing in the former Yugoslavia
On the begining, computer used in nuclear instituts for atomic weapons research.No data about it..
Instituts
Vinca, Beograd Serbia, 1948
Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb Croatia, 1949
Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana Slovenia, 1949
History of Computing in the former Yugoslavia
The history of computing in in the
former Yugoslavia can be divided into
three periods: before 1965s, 1965s to
1975s, and after 1975s.
History of Computing in the former Croatia – Before 1965
The development and manufacture of
computers started in 1948 when
Computing machinery factory Zagreb
– (TRS ) was set up, the first of its
kind in Croatia. At the beginning, the
factory produced mechanical
computers.
History of Computing in Croatia - Before 1965
First digital computer in Croatia, 1959
Initiator and the one who built the first
digital computer in Croatia was a
Croatian scientist, the doyen of
computer science, both in Croatia and
worldwide, professor Branko Soucek,
Professor Branko Soucek, PhD
Institut "Rudjer Boskovic„ Zagreb,
Beginning of computer science development in Croatia.
First digital computer in Croatia, 1959
First computer called "256-channel
analyzer, memory, logics and
programs": based on vacuum tubes,
the magnetic cores memory, speed
of million cycles p/s, which was
incredible at that time.
Cathode tube was used as an output
unit to display the data.
Croatia - Before 1965
Business computer
• Usage of computers and the development of IS started it was based mainly on imported equipment.
• Due to high price, only large organizations could buy computers.
• Although the equipment had limited capacity, highly trained staff could develop complete applications, thus compensating for limited capacities.
UNIVAC 1004/USA
Croatia - Before 1965
Characteristics
• Plug-board programmed, punched card data introduced in 1962, core memory 961 characters (6 bits)
Peripherals• card reader (400 cards/minute),
card punch (200 cards/minute) using 90-column, cards
• drum printer (400 lines/minute)
• Plug-board
UNIVAC 1004
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
Unfortunately
Unfortunately, we were young and we
did not think that this equipment
should be preserved.
This (large size) computers and all
equipment used later (large scale
computers) ended up in the
steelworks.
Steelworks
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
Local production
• During 1968 , the first electronic calculator with optical display was developed.
• The calculator was based on 100 10-component integrated circuits produced in the factory RIZ in Croatia.
• At that time, there were no LSI or VLSI-chips in the world, as well as integrated circuits of high and very high degree of integration.
Calculators
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
Colaboration with Slovenia
TRS collaborated with the company
MDS and Metalka from Ljubljana in the
production of 711 series computers as
well as with the company IBM in the
production of Series i and System 1,
equipped with peripherals from
Croatia, intended for use in economy,
schools, railway and others.
System 1
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
3rd generation
• real time applications, ,
communication systems,
• databases,
• multiprogramming, which enabled,
the faster processing units and
larger storage of external
memories, the development of IIS
UNIVAC 1106/USA
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
4rd generation
• Main companies were IBM,
UNIVAC, ICL, Burroughs , BULL
GAMMA, Honeywell, PDP and
others.
UNIVAC 1100/72
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
During 1974 there was an idea that the development of
computer equipment production in Croatia can progress in
collaboration with only foreign partner - technologically
developed and well off.
Therefore, in 1976 the Government of the Republic of
Croatia supported this initiative, so the Government
contacted the companies ICL and SPERRY UNIVAC.
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
In other parts of Yugoslavia the contacts were established as well,
• Slovenia with Philips,
• Serbia with Olivetti and Rockwell,
• Bosnia and Herzegovina with NCR and Olympia
Croatia - From 1965 to 1975
New studies Computer science and Digital computers
• In 1970 at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Faculty
(FEE) of Science Zagreb were the first in Croatia introduced
new study for undergraduate students in the 3rd and 4th year
of the study: Computer science, and for the postgraduate study
• 1970 introduced new college: Digital computers, too
After 1975
Local Production
• Couple of Croatian companies that produce the equipment for process management in telephone exchange, CAD CAM systems and graphics workstation, personal computers and peripherals (printers, cash registers, video terminals, discs) etc.
• With open market, production of hardware in Croatia developed more slowly.
After 1975
• In Croatia there were leading foreign manufacturers of computer
equipment, IBM, SPERRY UNIVAC ( UNISYS) and others, who
continued their work by installing computers of great capacities,
• Developing IS with the support of highly trained croatian experts,
which later resulted, after 1990 in establishing private IT companies
that positioned well in the foreign market.
After 1975
• Development of Croatian software and network accelerated, as
result
• Well educated of ICT professionals
• Possibilities of buying hardware and software from abroad
• Possibilities of more productive collaboration with the foreign
• partners.
After 1975
Croatia could not compete with the world in the development of
hardware and system software, but the experience and knowledge
of our experts used in the development of application software
Museum of the old small computers and ITopened 2007
PEEK&POKE Club/Computer museum Rijeka
Several hundred computers and more than the thousand calculators
Very early calculators and game consoles to rare and obsolete computers from the nineties.
Still had survived
A Brief History of Computing in Slovenia
• Overview
• Before 1965
• 1965 to 1975
• After 1975
• Present
Slovenia - Before 1965
Computers are a new phenomenon with a poor understanding of their potential worldwide
The same is true of Slovenia of that era
Main calculating aids were electromechanical devices and slide rule
However -
There was an awareness that electronic computers might be useful in scientific and technical domain.
As a result, Zuse 23 computer has been bought and installed as early as 1962.
Its usage:- Physics- - statistics- - extensive calculations in engineering (e.g. statics)
However, it was still in function in 1967 and deployed to calculate score in
1967 European Figure Skating Championship in Ljubljana
Slovenia - 1965 to 1975
Highlights
In the world computers are recognized as a tool to enhance efficiency and productivity of commercial companies.
Computers are recognized as a useful tool in public administration
In Slovenia
Major computer companies are represented:
UNIVAC, National Cash Register, RCA, General Electric, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, Burroughs, Digital Equipment Corporation, Olivetti and more
First IBM Training Centre is established in Radovljica
Major companies and administrative bodies start to establish data processing departments
No own production of computers or peripherals yet.
Slovenia - After 1975
Highlights
Computers are here to stay as inevitable tools in all industries and activities
Minicomputers start taking over the role of mainframes
New concepts in computing:- distributed computing- cooperative computing- client – server scheme- computer networks
In Slovenia
Iskra Delta is established
Development of Triglav/Trident – a most advanced personal computer of the time
Start of “own“ production - Delta 340
Development of IBM-compatible application programs
However
In the late 1980s Iskra Delta dissolved, end of Slovenian computer production
Slovenia - Present
Highlights
Ubiquitous computer and computing
Internet
Intelligent devices
Mobile computing
Social networks
Massive data processing
Need of computer skills recognized
In Slovenia
No own computer production
Thousands of companies active in software development and providing related services
Niche software products
Bottom line: not to produce or own, but use intelligently
Thank you
• Marijan Frkovic• Croatian IT Association
Prezident• e-mail: [email protected]• 10000 Zagreb, Ilica 191e• CROATIA• www.hiz.hr, www.ecdl.hr