8th Grade Forensic Science

Fingerprint Principles

A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern.

A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases.

Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

In fact identical twins can have same DNA, but completely different fingeprints.

A visual inspection of friction skin reveals a series of lines corresponding to hills (ridges) and valleys (grooves). The shape and form of the skin ridges are what one sees as the black lines of an inked fingerprint impression.

Skin is composed of layers of cells. Those nearest the surface make up the outer portion of the skin known as the epidermis, and the inner skin is known as the dermis. A cross section of skin reveals a boundary of cells separating the epidermis and dermis. The shape of this boundary, made up of dermal papillae, determines the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin.

Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based

upon their visual pattern: Arches, Loops, and Whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the

lists below.

ArchPlain arch

Tented arch…….

LoopRadial LoopUlnar loop

WhorlPlain whorl

Central pocket whorlDouble loop whorl

…….

60% Loop 30% Whorl 5% Arch

Interesting Info

Did you know

Fingerprint

Factoid ?

Principle #3: Arches

The plain arch is the simplest of all fingerprint patterns. It is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print and exiting on the opposite side. Generally, these ridges tend to rise in the center of the pattern, forming a wavelike pattern.

The tented arch is similar to the plain arch except that instead of rising smoothly at the center, there is a sharp upthrust or spike, or the ridges meet at an angle that is less than 90 degrees.

Arches do not have type lines, deltas, or cores.

Arches Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by

ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No

deltas are present.

Plain ArchRidges enter on one side and

exit on the other side.

Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch,

but has a spike in the center.

Spike or “tent”

Character

Be practical, cautious and

suspicious thinker.

Always in search for a

concrete proof of ideas.

Find security,

step by step

Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones.

Delta

Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb)Loop opens toward

right or the ulna bone.

Radial Loop (Right Thumb)Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.

NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop,while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

LOOP

Principle #3: Loops

The pattern area of the loop is surrounded by two diverging ridges known as type lines. The ridge point at or nearest the type-line divergence and located at or directly in front of the point of divergence is known as the delta.

To many, a fingerprint delta resembles the silt formation that builds up as a river flows in the entrance of a lake - hence the analogy to the geological formation known as a delta. All loops must have one delta. The core, as the name suggests, is the approximate center of the pattern.

Principle #3: Loops

Willing to be in the flow of life

Be adaptable, easy –going and flexible

Express yourself

according to your feeling

Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb)Loop opens toward

right or the ulna bone.

Delta

CHARACTER

Radial Loop (Right Thumb)Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.

LOOP

Has strong innovative

ability

Use converse thinking, out-of –world methods to manage work

Be judgmental characteristics

Delta

WhorlsWhorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.

Plain Whorl

Central Pocket Whorl

Goal –oriented people

Be strict task masters

Fixed opinions and strong views

Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.

Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

Plain Whorl

Central Pocket Whorl

Whorls

Accidental Whorl

Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

Double Loop Whorl

Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.

Delta

Delta

Whorls

Identify each fingerprint pattern.

?A B

C

D ERight Hand

Left Hand

Left Hand

Right Hand

Right Hand

It’s time to makesome prints!

Avoid Partial Prints

GOOD PRINTGet as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

Principle #1If prints are to match, they must reveal characteristics that not only are identical, but have the same relative location to one another in a print. In a judicial proceeding, a point-by-point comparison must be demonstrated by the expert, using charts.

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