• 8. Dept. of Labor: 1913, protect well-being of American workers (OSHA).

Labor: Seth Harris (Acting) (D)

• 9. Department of Health and Human Services: 1953, direct programs for health/social service needs of Am. people.

HHS: Kathleen Sebelius (D)

• 10. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development: 1965, preserve nation’s communities and ensure equal housing

HUD: Shaun Donovan (D)

• 11.Dept. of Transportation:1967, regulate all aspects of American Transportation needs

Transportation: Ray LaHood (R)

• 12.Dept. of Energy:1977, Plan energy policy, develop technology.

• 13.Dept. of Educ:1979, Federal assistance program for schools. (except college)

• 14.Dept of Vet. Affairs:1989, Administer benefit to vets and families.

Energy: Steven Chu (D)

Education: Arne Duncan (D)

Veteran Affairs: Eric Shinseki

• 15.Dept. of Homeland Security: 2002, oversee all agencies depts. relating to protecting the US.

• a. Largest reorganization in US History.• b. Incorporates 22 agencies!

Homeland Security: Janet Napolitano (D)

• C. Independent Agencies: More than 100 that are not part of exec. branch.

• 1.Environmental Protection Agency• 2.National Aeronautics and Space Administration• 3. The Federal Reserve• 4.Selective Service• 5.National Labor Relations Board

• D. Government Corporations: Gov’t businesses.• 1.US Postal Service• 2. Amtrak: Railroad.• 3. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation:

Protects bank deposits.

• Regulatory Commissions: Independent, almost 4th branch, 5-11 people, Pres. Appoints, Senate approves, bipartisan, can’t fire.

• 1.Interstate Commerce Commission• 2.Federal Trade Commission: Enforces anti-

trust laws.• 3.Securities and Exchange Commission:

Regulates Stock Market.

• 4.Federal Communications Commission: TV/Radio• 5. Consumer product Safety Commission:

Directs recalls.

Sec2B: Civil Service System

• A. The Origins• 1. spoils system.• 2.Results in 2 things.• a. Inefficiency• b. Corruption

• 3. 1881, Pendleton Act ends Spoils (Garfield).• a. Employment based on open, competitive exams

and merit.• b. Run by 2 agencies.• 1)Office of personnel Management: Recruitment • 2)Merit System Protection Board: Settles

Disputes/Complaints

• 4. The Civil Service System Today• a. Jobs attractive due to stability and benefits.• b. Hatch Act: Can’t participate in elections/endorse

candidates.• c. 90% of jobs=Civil Service.• d. Civil Service jobs usually careerists.

Sec3B: Bureaucracy and Public Policy• A. Federal Bureaucrats perform many

functions and in doing so, they help make policy in several ways

• 1. Implement laws

• 2. Prepare laws• 3. Issue licenses• 4. Give out welfare/social services.• 5. Advise Pres/Cabinet

• B. Why has role and size expanded?• 1. Growth of nation and technology• 2. International crises• 3. Economic Problems• 4. Citizen Demands• 5. Nature of Bureaucracy: Once agency created,

hard to get rid of it.

Foreign Policy and National Defense

Unit 1

Sec.1: US Foreign Policy

• A. Definition of Foreign Policy• 1.Foreign: Beyond US boundaries• 2.Policy: Decisions/Programs that guide

behavior or achieve goals.• 3.Foreign Policy: Decisions about

people/places beyond boundaries, w/ intent to effect behavior of the other place.

• B. Aims of Foreign Policy: Insure balance of power by creating allies so we are as strong as likeliest attacker.

• 1.National Security: Free/Independent & secure from foreign influence/invasion.

• 2. Promote World Peace: Settle disputes, supply economic aid, keep strong military.

• 3. Promote and Protect Democratic Gov’ts.• 4. Promote Free & Open Trade: Access to natural

resources, encourage new markets.• 5. Protect Human Rights: Humanitarians• 6. Stop Terrorism

• C. Development of US Foreign Policy• 1. Early Years to Present• A. Isolationism• 1. Washington: No entangling Alliances• 2. Monroe Doctrine: Europe out of W.

Hemisphere• a. Americas no longer colonies• b. Warning to Europe regarding Latin Amer.• c. No US interference in Europe.

• B. Continued Territorial Expansion through mid-1800s• 1.Texas (1845)• 2. Oregon (1846)• 3.Mexican War: CA, West (46-48)

Manifest Destiny• 4. Gadsden Purchase (SAZ 1853)• 5. Alaska (1867)

• C. Imperialism: Building a world empire through Colonies. US Policy goes from interventionism to expand US businesses thru world markets.• 1.Spanish-Am War (1898)• a.Phillipines, Guam in Pacific• b.Puerto Rico, Cuban Indep in Caribbean• 2. Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Samoa

(1900)

• D. Policy towards Latin America• 1. Roosevelt Corollary (1904): Extends Monroe

Doctrine, US policed W.Hemisphere (Big Stick)• 2. Led to resentment by L.A.: Yankee Imperialism,

Gunboat diplomacy, dollar diplomacy.• 3.Good Neighbor Policy: FDR (1933) stress

cooperation, no military intervention.