Estate sys: where member states are mutually dependant on each other.STATE SYS: earlr it was confined to only eurpoe. It latr spread to rest of the world through 1. Colonization thus estate sysy becomes a global phen by a link between paren ans satellite state2. Decolonization when cntries got independenciesAtantic charter- colonies having righ to self deteremination and hence colonies must be set free.- this is also a cause for Indias freedom- this decol resulted in for o f modern nation states.Cuases of changes in estate sys1. International trade: jan 1 1995 after urugauy round of talks GATT becomes WTO. This diluted national borders and national soverignityMost favored nation status2. FDI: because of positive sum game, fdi is accepted well.3. MNCs &Ngos: pressure of ngoson state by say giving statics of human rights violtion and dependin on the violation reducing the grants(amnesty), or by launchin campaigns(greenpeac)4. Travel & Tourism: cultural mix ppl more aware and thus chage in policy matters. Preconceivd notions may change. Then tourist economy boost5. IT & Science and Tech.: world shrink, jobs vanishing (outsourcing acc obama) and jobs being created.Interisciplinary Approach:1. Pol sc: ir is part of pol sc,2. History: ir deals with theories and history with facts which has to be read together3. Law: conventions treaties4. Eco- int trade aspects5. Sociology: behavioralism of ir can be understtod if sociology and psychology learnt6. Statistic & mathsHow ir evolved as a discipline: merged in 19th c from diplomatic history, diplomatic history is just facts, ir to analyse and explain diplo histry with theoriesScope of ir: 1950s-80s cold war: it was then ir evolved. So focus o f ir was on the two super power, their diplomats, movements, milita etcIn 1983 there is radical change to scope of ir: ussr dissolved, only one superpower- us1990- major area of focus of ir was ethnic conflicts, regional conflicst, liberalaisation, privatization and globalization.2000 shift to lookin international terrorsim as Islamic terrorism and national security as a result of 9/11

9/1Actors in IRState: Government & State Head Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies- cia v ksb, to overthrow government. Diplomats BureaucracySubstate: Media & Press- forma liaison between government and the people, not part of or owned by government Academicians- think tanks Public opinionNon State: International Organisations like UNO MNCs, Investors NGOS TerroristsIssues that are dominant in International Relations: Environment Terrorism International trade & increasing economic interdependance Human rights Gender Equality DevelopmentIR Theories:1. LiberalismWoodrow Wilson- he was instrumental in the formation of League of NationsHe is the propounder of Liberalism in the 20th CenturyHis 14 points are: (Wilsonian Liberalism) End to Secret Diplomacy-this is one reaon for 1st world warin the European continent Promotion of democracy and self determination- ppl hav rit to choose under which territorial entity that they want to be in. thist doctrine lead to signin of the Atlantic charter, and freeing of colonies and also formation of Yugoslavia. Also a part of the Un Charter Respect for International Law and International Organisations. Non respect can create anarchy- this lead to the formation of League of nations Peaceful co-existance World peaceLeague of nations was brainchild of Wilson, but America was never a part of itNorman Angle:Why conquests are unnecessary and why war is obsolete. Very expensive Destroys trade and commerce- business can only flourish if there is peace- look at jains Politically divisive. War is obsolete cos of increasing economc interdepence and increasn modernization.Nazism (absoluted authoritarianism), Fascism(diluted Authoritarianism), Authoritarianism gave a jolt to liberalismEarly Liberal Thinkers: locke, roussue, Bentham12/1Liberal School:Basic Assumptions:1. Human Nature: they have optimistic approach, as they believ ppl are inherently good2. Human Reason: human being are rational in nature3. Colloborative And co-operative: Humans are co-operative and collaborative in nature among themselves4. Progress individuals essentially have a tendency for progressMaterial progress, control over environment where u live, aesthetic progress5. State: constitutional entity to ensure the rule of law.- democratic state is the best state.Four aspects(categories) of liberalism:1. Sociological Liberalism: interactions between groups societies, individuals towards states or among statesProcess of dialogue must continueTrack II diplomacy: co-ordination between two nations, (aman ki asha) project to ease tensions between India and Pak- interaction between students of two countries, or chambers of commerce, etc.Ping pong democracy: football match to ease tensions, etc.

2. Interdependence liberalism: increased eco dependence has the potential to reduce conflicts. Now a days mncs increase a lot of interdependence on countries, because of globalization. Neo Functionalist theory of Integration(spillar Effect) Ernst Hans- increasd co-operation in one area leads to increased coop in another area and finaly integrationEg: India Moscow relnship- treaty that prevented us coming to India,The EU eg. Euro emerges as competiotion to dollar due to integration between the nations3. Institutional Liberalism: international institutions help reduce fear of one state about another, and thus co-operation is made possible. How international institutions have a role in r, it creates a forum where states can negotiate. It provides a sense of stability into the international system Eg: WTO 4. Republic liberalism: democracies and republics dont genrally fight with each and promote peace.15/1Realism: Human nature: selfish n nature, quarrelsome, egotistic & have lust for power- pessimistic viw of human nature IR is conflictual: IR is full of wars and evry dispute can be resolved by war NATIONAL Security: national survival, national interste Sceptc about progress: when everyone is selfish, no progress is possible Power POltics: IR is power politicsClassical THikers:1. Thucidides: contemporary of greek City statei) Political animals are highly unequal in their power & capacity to dominate othersii) There has to be ethics of caution and prudence in the conduct of foreign policyiii) Justice is not about equal treatment of all but about accepting the reality of unequal poweriv) Strong do what they have the power to do and weak accept what they can accept2) Machiaveli:Foreign power- lion(power), fox(deception)Supreme Political Value: National Freedom/ IndependeceIf the state is not independent, everything else becomes useless Theory of survival: Foresee that a foreign system is anarchical World is a dangerous place and in order to survive there, there is a necessity of awareness of danger If we 2are aware, we can take precautionsChristian ethics: love thy neighbor, be peaceful, b echaritable, avoid war except for self defence, these ethics are to avoided in foreign policy . if followed it is the height of political irresponsibility.3) Thomas hobbes:State of nature- anarchy chaos and lawlessnessPeople should develop contact with state for protection of their life and property and to surrender . presence of war is never endingIn order to escap ehte state of war there should be collaboration an a soverien should emerge. They will ensure each others saftety. But this is temporary escape cos this will lead to 2nd state of nature.Mututallly due to clashof inerest, the state shall fight. This is termed security dileamaOnly solution to this is warInternational law shall be followed only as long as it doesnot hinder national law.Category of realism:Modern realist thinkers:1. Neo classical realism- hans morganthau- politics among nationsa. Animus dominande: human lust for powerAll human have lust for power. international pol is power polb. Political wisdom: he says the most imp pol wisdom is the one while deciding the policy for the state, the foreign policy. Morals and economics cant comes promise over state politics. Like machaiveli says no to christiannity. This is no moral compromise.In case of economic compromise. Any such welfare motive that is not in favors of state should be avoided c. Changing political Reality: no1 is a permanent friend or enemy in international relations. China ussr initially wer good frns cos of communism. China latr moved away. Maoism is the kind of communism in china. Maoism blivs in total change. Has no faith in parlimentarty politics. USSr invoked parl pol, it was a part of their pol. So china cald them revisionist cos they have diluted the idea of revolution. Another reason for the split was border issued. Public v private morality: a state actor might be very moral in personal ife, but when deciding the faith of nation, the private life or morality should not interfere or should not dominate. Eg: chanankya, Jinnahe. Resist dominance: in foreign policy and international relations, u shold nt be dominated by other nations or leaders.

2. Strategic Realism: Thomas SchellingGives various guidelines on foreign policy central aspect is on foreign policya. Diplomacy is the art of possible. Diplomacy is bargaining that can be polite, rude. It entails threat or offers, but there must be some common interest. b. Application of power: what u want others to do, do that which will make them do it. and what u want others to not do that what wont make them do it, as in a game of chessc. Free from moral choiced. Tries to distinguish between brute force and coercion

3. Neo realism- Keneth Walter- 1970sPositivistic model-scientific explanation- in international relation, a structure is more important, institution more imp than individual. Structure determines the action and behavior of actors. So ;it is called deterministic model.Bipolar system-his idea more related to the cold war bipolar system. He believes cold war not cos of actors but structure.Criticism:Kenth has not discussed about human nature which is a central idea in realism.It is considered as not very fruitful effective for foreign policy guidelines cos cos human behaiviour not in consideration and actors have a marginal role.Reality is that 22/1:International Society: Martin White and Headley Bull.Focus of this school: order and justice : comity of ations are inter relatedApproach:midway between classical liberalism and realism. All selfist: crealism, and all good nature of liberalism arebeing rejected. Blives in a midway*************************y where both these intersect.Peace progress and prosperity approach ofliberalist rejected- haf truth, ir not always brings ppp. Human rights Is also an important focus of thic schoolBasic Assumptions of this school: IR as a branch of human relations Basic Values of the school: independence freedom security order and justice Statecraft: statesmanship: the rules of governance, the way has tobe ruled over: it is considered a vry important activity. Governance is a matter of evry citizen of a state, not jus of the government or of a few people. International justice and human rights:Pluralist v Solidarist debate:If astate is involved in serious human rights violation against its own citizens, then should the international community should intervene into the affairs of the state or the sovereignty of the state shouldPluralist eliev thatthere must be intervention and that the states sovereignty must be respecte.Solidarists but believe there has to intervention in case of hr violationsThe next school is International Political Economy:Focus: poverty, welfarePolitical economy: it has dual interactions one interaction of pol and economy, and on the other hand the interaction between state and market.Merchantilism: strong state regulation and control over the economy, flag preceds tradeAlexander Hamilton and Frederik List are the three important thinkersGold god gloryIdea of monopoly is central to the idea o fmerchantilismZero sum game: my gain at your lossAggressive merchantilism : imperialism, colonialism, expansionism, based on zero sum gameBenign merchantilism:no more a zero sum game, but a positive sum game, all can simultanoeulsy get benefitted.Economic liberalism: adam smith: he advocates lassie faire, said that markets have a natural tendency to grow provided state doesnot interfere. Also said Economic market is a place of peace progess and prosperity Ricardo: propounded law of comparative advantage: free trade ensures diviosn of labour, it leads to specialization which ensures efficiency and this furthur ensures productivity.in free trade there is olways an incentive and fear, i.e, the more shrts u make in a cotton industry, if there is free trade, then workers have this tendency to produce more because the more they produce, the more the profit and the more the wages, but if no free trade, this doesnot exist. Instead it is like ur production may go down but ur wage stays Rejects zero sum game27/1: theory of comparative advantage:Keynes was basically an advocate of liberslism and of free trade, but he said there has to be osme state regulations. E tokd of pol managent of marketsMarxism is another stream if ipe. Marxim rejects eco liberalism. They bliv it is a site of human explotation rather than peace progress and prosperity as adovacted by liberalistsIt also attacks zero sum arguments. It applies between clases not between statea. On clas is flourishin at the cost of othe. Bourguis gets rich at the cost of pleritharith.Capitalism is highly critiqued by Marxist. Is is consideredas antithesis .thesis antithsis emerging into the synthesis of the socialist state.Marxism blivs capitalism as progress. This is cosat1. when cap is imported in a sys it destroys the existin feudal structure.a. The labour force can sell itself, it can bargain better than th econdition at feudal state2. It is capitilsm that ultimately leads to revolution which leads to the socialist stateNew Marxism:Basics of marxsm has undergone fundamental change. Neo marxism is very diiangleff from marximsNeo Marxism:Robert cox: he toks o f a historical structure that can be seen by a tr

Due to incresin eco lib, diff social forces are merging. Hence there is a migration of skills from south to the north, i.e from developing countries to developed.This has also led to the rise of new social movements like feminism or environmental movements dut to the increased globalization.