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Transcript of 8 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario Memory Introduction to Learning &...
Memory8 - 1
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Introduction to Learning & Memory
Memory8 - 2
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Memory
1. Biological Basis of Memory 2. Overview and Sensory Memory3. Short-Term or Working Memory4. Learning and Encoding in Long-Term
Memory5. The Organization of Long-Term
Memory6. Remembering
Memory8 - 3
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
Recall that synaptic transmission is the mode of information passing which occurs in the brain between neurons
So is there a synaptic mechanism that correlates to memory?
YES it is called long term (synaptic) potentiation
Memory8 - 4
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
Excitatory Synaspes
Recording Electrode
Glutamate Receptors
Response to Input A or B
Stimulus
20 40
After stimulating A + B for one hour response to original stimulus at A or B becomes largermsec
Memory8 - 5
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
200
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100
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60
Am
plitu
de (
% o
f co
ntro
l)
Time (min)100 20 30 40 50 60 70
Potentiation of this response can also be created by briefly giving a high frequency stimulation for just a short time (1s)
This brief stimulation can last for hours (or days)
Control response to one stimulation
Response to one stimulation after high frequency stimulation
Memory8 - 6
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
LTP is the increased synaptic response to excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)
It causes a neurone or a group of neurones to be more efficiently stimulated by (an)other excitatory neurone(s)
Drugs that block glutamate response stop memories from being formed
This first occurs in the hippocampus A brain area in the limbic system of the brain, located deep in the temporal lobe, it plays an important role in memory.
ALSOLTP also involves structural changes in formed synapses as well
as the formation of new synapses
Memory8 - 7
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Flow information from input through to memory
Memory8 - 8
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Overview and Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory: a form of sensory memory that holds a brief visual memory of something that has just been received
Memory8 - 9
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Echoic Memory
Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory for sounds that have just been perceived.
MAL
LET
MAL
CONTENT
Memory8 - 10
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Short-Term or Working Memory
Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term Memory
Primacy and Recency Effects Loss of Information from Short-Term
Memory
Memory8 - 11
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Limits of Working Memory
Is defined as the immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived. It is limited in terms of both capacity (7 ± 2 chunks of information) and duration (less than 20 seconds).
5 1 4 3 9 8 5 7 1 1
But chunking of information can help:
514-398-5711 a phone numberOr better still :CBCCSISFBI becomes:
CBC CSIS FBI
Memory8 - 12
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term
Memory
F 8.3
Encoding of short term memory usually requires an interaction with long term memory
Your ability to memorize the following requires a familiarity with symbols or thing to be remembered.
Memory8 - 13
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term
Memory
Short term memory becomes very difficult if there is no point of reference
Try memorizing the following:
Memory8 - 14
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Primacy and Recency Effects
Read this list of words: Dog Cat Fish Leg Hat Pen Top Pat Gut Mat
Memory8 - 15
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Primacy and Recency Effects
Primacy effect is the tendency to remember initial information because we can rehearse it. dog, cat vs. top or pen
Recency effect is the tendency to recall later information because it has been committed to short term memory
gut, mat vs. fish or leg
Memory8 - 16
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Varieties of Working Memory:
Phonological
F 8.5
Memory8 - 17
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Aphasia: A Disruption of the Phonological System
F 8.6
Memory8 - 18
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory
The Consolidation Hypothesis
The Levels of Processing Hypothesis
Improving Long-Term Memory
Memory8 - 19
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Consolidation Hypothesis
Consolidation is the process by which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.
This is very effective and involves primarily rehearsal of the facts.
Brain injury can and does effect our ability to retrieve facts this is called retrograde amnesia but short term memory may be uneffected
Thus long term and short term memory seems to be stored separately implying that there is a “movement” of information from one brain process to the next.
Maintenance rehearsal is the main strategy here: i.e. rote repetitionShallow Processing: the analysis of the superficial characteristics of
stimulus such as size or shape recognising a word such as “fish”
Memory8 - 20
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Levels of Processing Hypothesis
The strategy here is: Elaborative Rehearsal: processing of information in
such a way as an association or meaning is attached. Thus you may more readily recall something if another
complexity or contextual reference added to the information.
Deep processing: refers to the analysis of the complex characteristics such as its meaning or impact
“Fish” becomes big and small, slimy, lives in water, sometimes good to eat.
Memory8 - 21
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Read This and try to memorise it!
With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he had said” An egg not a table correctly typifies this unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along sometimes through calm vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumours about the edge.
Memory8 - 22
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Voyage of Cristopher Columbus
With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he had said” AM egg not a table correctly typifies this unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along sometimes through calm vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumours about the edge.
Familiarity helps encode memory
Memory8 - 23
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Levels of Processing Hypothesis
Effortful Processing: practising information rehearsal, typically studying
consciously focusing our attention on something
Automatic Processing: formation of memories requires no little or no attention, It nevertheless involves the repetition of fact or situation
but we involuntarily remember
Memory8 - 24
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Organization of Long-Term Memory
Episodic and Semantic Memory
episodic memory A type of long-term memory that serves as a record of our life’s experiences.
semantic memory A type of long-term memory that contains data, facts, and other information, including vocabulary.
Memory8 - 25
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit memory is memories that can be described verbally, and thus, we are consciously aware of. facts, knowledge
e.g., names of the provinces in Canada
Implicit memory is memories that cannot be described verbally, and thus, are not available to consciousness. skills, habits
e.g., riding a bicycle
Memory8 - 26
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory
AnterogradeAmnesia(After the event)
Traumatic Event
Retrograde Amnesia (before the event)
Memory8 - 27
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Remembering
Remembering and Recollecting How Long Does Long-Term Memory
Last? Remembering and Interference
Memory8 - 28
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Improving Long-Term Memory Through Mnemonics Mnemonics are a system of conscious
strategies designed to improve memory. Lines of the music staff are the notes
E,G,B,D,F
4
4
#
e
g
b
fd
fooddeservesboygoodevery
Memory8 - 29
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Method of Loci
F 8.11
method of loci A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are mentally associated with specific physical locations or landmarks.
Memory8 - 30
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Peg-words
F 8.12
peg-word method A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are associated with a set of mental pegs that one already has in memory, such as key words of a rhyme.
Memory8 - 31
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Remembering and Recollecting
F 8.15
Its automatic and difficult to control
Memory8 - 32
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Retroactive and Proactive Interference
F 8.20
Memory8 - 33
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Retroactive and Proactive Interference
proactive interference Interference in recall that occurs when previously learned information disrupts our ability to remember newer information.
retroactive interference Interference in recall that occurs when recently learned information disrupts our ability to remember older information.