7.XRAY & BRAGG'S LAW

7/23/2019 7.XRAY & BRAGG'S LAW

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NWX^]KJJ@LWKUAX QWKX & GWKLL^ JK\ ]AB@WX

Q-Wkys

Hctr`munth`c 9

W`ctlbc hc ;182 mhsn`vbrbm tab Q-Wkys wabc ab wks stumyhcl tab pabc`dbc`c `f

mhsnakrlb `f bjbntrhnhty tarùla rkrbfhbm lksbs.

\ahjb bxpbrhdbcthcl whta nkta`mb tugb ab fùcm takt wabc k gbkd `f fkst d`vhcl

bjbntr`cs strhob k s`jhm tkrlbt, kcm hcvhshgjb, ahla pbchtrkthcl rkmhkth`c krb pr`munbm.

Gbnkusb `f tabhr ucoc`wc rkmhkth`c ckturb Wàtlbc nkjjbm tabsb rkmhkth`c ks Q-rkys.

Q-rkys krb bjbntr`dklcbthn rkmhkth`c / wkvbs `f vbry sa`rt wkvbjbclta. ( 4 ; ;55)

Ur`munth`c `f Q-rkys 9

]ab Q-rkys krb pr`munbm wabc fkst d`vhcl bjbntr`cs strhob k tkrlbt `f suhtkgjb

dktbrhkj. \abc fkst d`vhcl bjbntr`cs krb summbcjy st`ppbm gy tkrlbt, k sdkjj pkrt `fohcbthn bcbrly lbt n`cvbrtbm hct` Q-rkys.


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D`mbrc N``jhcl ]ugb 9

A]

N``hcl

dbnakch

D

]

F

\

Q-rky

Fhl 9 N``jhcl ]ugb

N`cstrunth`c 9

k) Ht n`cshst `f ahlajy bvknujktbm ljkss gujg n`ctkhchcl nkta`mb kcm kcthnkta`mb

`r kc`mb.

g)

Nkta`mb n`cshst `f tuclstbc gy pksshcl kcm bjbntrhn nurrbct t` lbt tabrdh`chn

bdhssh`c f bjbntr`cs.

n)

]ab fhjkdbct hs surr`ucmbm gy dbtkj nup D kt cblkthvb p`tbcthkj t` tab

fhjkdbct. Abcnb bjbntr`cs bdhttbm fr`d tab fhjkdbct krb n`jjhdktbm hct` fhcb

pbcnhj `f bjbntr`chn gbkd.


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m)

Abrb bjbntr`cs krb knnbjkrktbm t`wkrms kc`mb (tkrlbt) gy vbry ahla

p`tbcthkj mhffbrbcnb (krùcm fbw ov) gbtwbbc nkta`mb & kc`mb.

b) ]ab tkrlbt ] n`cshst `f n`ppbr gjkno hc wahna k pjknb `f tuclstbc hs fhttbm.

(bl. ]uclstbc \, D`jygmbcud D`)

Wbquhrbdbct f ]krlbt Ht saùjm akvb

k) Ahla kt`dhn wbhlat 9

]` rbmunbm akrm Q-rkys .

g) Ahla dbjthcl p`hct 9

^` takt ht saùjm c`t dbjtbm mub t` tab g`dgkrmdbct `f fkst d`vhcl

bjbntr`cs wahna nkusb j`t `f abkt lbcbrkth`c .

n)

Ahla tabrdkj N`cmunthvhty 9

]` nkrry kwky lbcbrktbm abkt.

h.

Gbnkusb wabc fkst d`vhcl b-s strhobs tab tkrlbt, krùcm 88% `f bcbrly hs

n`cvbrtbm hct` abkt kcm `cjy ;% wahna lbts n`cvbrtbm hct` Q-rkys .

hh. ]ab tkrlbt hs pjknbm kt =2 whta tab pkta `f b- gbkd .

hhh.

]ab tkrlbt hs n``jbm gy fj`whcl n` jbm wktbr hct` a`jj`w tuvb kttknabm whta

tab tkrlbt.


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F`r hcmustrhkj purp`sb, tab pkrkdbtbrs `f Q-rkys wahna cbbms t` gb n`ctr`jjbm

krb

H)

Hctbcshty

HH)

akrmcbss.

H) Hctbcshty 9

Ht hs pr`p`rth`ckj t` tab cudgbr t` b-s strhohcl tab tkrlbt kcm ht nkc gb

n`ctr`jjbm gy vkrhcl fhjkdbct nurrbct.

HH) Akrmcbss 9

k) Ht hs k qukjhty `f Q-rkys wahna rbprbsbct tab pbchtrkthcl p`wbr, mbpbcms up`c

tab p`tbcthkj mhffbrbct gbtwbbc tab nkta`m kcm tkrlbt.

g)

Ahlabr hs tab knnbjbrkth`c v`jtklb, hlabr hs tab spbbm `f strhohcl bjbntr`cs

kcm n`csbqubctjy d`rb pbchtrkthcl Q-rkys krb pr`munbm kcm tbrdbm ks akrm Q-

rkys(^a`rt wkvbjbclta)

n) J`wbr hs tab knnbjbrkth`c V`jtklb, j`wbr hs tab spbbm `f strhohcl bjbntr`cs

kcm j`wbr pbchtrkthcl Q-rkys krb pr`munbm whta n`dpkrkthvbjy j`cl

wkvbjbclta , tabsb Q-rkys tbrdbm kss`ft Q-rkys.


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Q-Wky ^pbntrk

H.

Nakrkntbrhsthn `r Jhcb ^pbntrk

9

Hcnh.

k)

Fbw fkst d`vhcl bjbntr`cs akvhcl vbj`nhty kgùt `cb tbcta `f tab vbj`nhty f

tab jhlat dky pbchtrktb tab surfknb kt`ds `f tab tkrlbt dktbrhkj kcm oc`no ùt

tab ahlajy gùcm bjbntr`cs bvbc fr`d tab hccbr- d`st sabjjs (jhob O, J sabjj,

bnt.) `f tab kt`d.

g) C`w, vknkcnhbs s` nrktbm dky gb fhjjbm gy tab b- fr`d ahlabr sabjj.

n) ]aus bjbntr`chn trkcshth`cs tkob pjknb.

m)

]ab bcbrly mhffbrbcnb hs rkmhktbm hc tab f`rd `f Q-rkys `f vbry sdkjj gut

mbfhchtb wkvbjbclta.

b) ]ab wkvbjbclta mbpbcms `c tab tkrlbt dktbrhkj.

f) ]ab spbntrk n`cshst `f sakrp jhcbs kcm hs tab nakrkntbr `r tkrlbt dktbrhkj,

Abcnb tab spbntrk oc`wc ks nakrkntbrhsthn `r Jhcb Q-rkys spbntrk.


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l)

Hf hcnhmbct bjbntr`c oc`no ùt bjbntr`c fr`d o sabjj kcm tab vknkcny hs fhjjbmgy tab b- fr`d J-sabjj, tab spbntrkj jhcb rbprbsbcthcl tahs trkcshth`c hs nkjjbm ojhcb

_BBO4 a;T 4

a) Hcstbkm `f J-sabjj hs vknkcny hs fhjjbm gy b-fr`d D-sa tabc ht wùjm akvb gbbc

o

jhcb

_BBO4 a7T kcm

Abcnb 3 --- _o jhcb Q rkys krb d`rb bcbrlhkcm sa`rt wkvbjbclta T

h) Q-rky kcm spbntrk `f mhffbrbct bjbdbcts krb fùcm t` shdhjkr t` bkna `tabr,

kjj krb akvhcl O.. J, D sbrhbs gut ht wks `gsbrvbm gy d` takt frbqubcny `f jhcbs

f`r bvbry sbrhbs fr`d tab bjbdbct `f ahlabr kt`dhn cudgbr hs lrbktbr takc takt

pr`munbm gy kc bjbdbct `f j`wbr kt`dhn cudgbr.

i) Knn`rmhcl ` D`stjy,

Frbqubcny bdhttbm gy spbntrkj jhcb kc nakrkntbrhsthn Q-rky spbntrud hs

fucnth`c `f kt`dhn cudgbr. ( g)


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Fhl.

frbqubcny `f spbntrkj jhcbkt`dhn cudgbr

g snrbbchcl n`cstkct.

\kvbjbclta

_Fhl 9^pbntrud `f nakrkntbrhsthn Q-rkysT

o) Hc nksb f nakrkntbrhsthn Q-rky spbntrud, spbntrud hs `gsbrvbm hc tbrds `f

sakrp pbkos.

j)

]ab pbko mbpbcms up`c, bcbrly jbvbjs `f kt`d kcm bcbrly jbvbj pkttbrc hs

nakrkntbrhsthn `f tab pkrthnujkr typb `f bjbdbct t` wahna tab lhvbc kt`d

gbj`cls t`

d) Ht dbkcs takt pbko mbpbcms `f tab tkrlbt dktbrhkj usbm, kcm hs hcmbpbcmbct

`f tab bcbrly f hcnhmbct bjbntr`c h.b. hcmbpbcmbct `f tab `pbrkthcl p`tbcthkj .

HH. N`cthcu`us Q-rky ^pbntrud 9

k)

K fbw fkst d`vhcl bjbntr`cs pbcbtrktb mbbp hct` hctbrh`r `f tab kt`ds `f tkrlbt

dktbrhkj kcm krb kttrkntbm gy tab kttrknthvb f`rnbs `f tabhr cunjbh.

g) Mub t` tabsb f`rnbs, tab bjbntr`cs lbt mbfjbntbm fr`d tabhr `rhlhckj pktas.


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n) Hc tahs wky, tab bjbntr`cs krb mb-knnbjbrktbm h.b tabhr vbj`nhty hs rbmunbm kcm

tahs lhvbs rhsb hs j`ss `f bcbrly.

m)

]ahs j`ss `f bcbrly murhcl rbtkrmkth`c hs lhvbc `ff hc tab f`rd `f

bjbntr`dklcbthn rkmhkth`c h.b Q-rkys `f n`cthcu`us vkrhcl wkvbjbclta.

b)

]ab Q-rkys n`cshst `f n`cthcu`us rkclb `f frbqubcnhbs upt` dkxhdud

frbqubcny `r dhchdud wkvbjbclta

f) Jbt tab vbj`nhty b-nakclb fr`d vt` vmub t` mbfjbnth`c

J`ss `f bcbrly 4 a 4 dv dv --- (;)

l) ]ab ahlabst frbqubcny `f tab bdhttbm Q-rkys n`rrbsp`cmhcl t` tab p hct wabrb

bjbntr`c hs n`dpjbtbjy st`ppbm h.b

v 4 5 dv 4 ax 4 --- (7)

a)

\abc bhs knnbjbrktbm gy k p`tbcthkj V, tabc ohcbthn bcbrly hs ,

dv

4 bV ---(>)

4

416.6

.6 8

4=

--- (=)


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bqc (=) sa`ws takt , kcm 4 5, V 4 wahna hs c`t

p`sshgjb.

h)

]abrbf`rb n`cthc`us Q-rky spbntrud, tabrb kjwkys bxhst k c`c Ybr` .

25 ov

=5ov

>5 ov

\kvbjbclta

_ Fhl 9 N`cthcu`us x-rky T

i)

Kjj nurvb stkrt whta c`c zbr` vkjub `f dhchdud wkvbjbclta nkjjbm .o)

Kjj tab nurvbs kttkhc k pbko kcm kftbr takt fkjjs `r lrkmukjjy.

j)

U`shth`c `f pbko mbpbcms up`c tab kppjhbm v`jtklb .

d) Ks `pbrkth`c v`jtklb hs hcnrbksbm, pbko sahft t`wkrms sa`rtbr wkvbjbclta.


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Mhffbrbcnb gbt

c

n`cthcuùs nakrkntbrhsthn Q-rky spbntrk. 9

N`cthcuùs Q-rky ^pbntrud Nakrkntbrhsthn pbntrud

h. Ht hs n`cthcuùs spbntrud h. Ht hs k jhcb spbntrud

hh. ^d``ta nurvb `gtkhcbm hh. Nbrtkhc sakrp pbko `gtkhcbm.

hhh.

Mbknnbjkrkth`c f bjbntr`c hhh. ]rkcshth`c `f `rghtkj bjbntr`c hs

rbsp`cshgjb fr`d ahlabr t` j`wbr `rght hs

rbsp`cshgjb.

hv.Fhl. sckp sa`t

Mhffrknth`c `f Q-Wkys 9

k)

Mhffrknth`c ;5 mbfhcbm ks gbcmhcl `f rky krùcm tab n`rcbr `gstknjb wa`sb

mhdbcsh`c krb `f tab `rmbr `f tab wkvbjbclta f rky .(dkob tahs tktbdbct

shdpjb)


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g)

Ks x-rky krb bjbntr`dklbcthn wkvbs iust ks jhlat wkvbs, tabydust bxahght

hctbrfbrbcnb kcm mhffrknth`c.

n) ]` stumy tab mhffbrbcnb `f x-rky, lrkthcl whta pbrh`m `f 7t` 2 hs rbquhrbm.

m) Ht hs bxtrbdbjy mhffhnujt t` prbpkrb lrkthcl whta suna k sdkjj pbrh`m `f `rmbr.

b)

Hc ;8;>,Dkx Jkub sullbstbm takt nrystkj dhlat knt ks k ckturkj tarbb

mhkdbcsh`ckj lrkthcl suna k sdkjj `rmbr ,gbnkusb hctbrpjkcbr mhstkcnb hs

pbrh`m kcm `f tab `rmbr `f fbw kclstr`ds ucht .

f)

Abcnb ,wabc x-rkys dkmb hcnhmbct up`c nrystkjs , wb lbt kc `rmbrbm,

rblujkr mhffrknth`c pkttbrc `r `cnb nkc sky takt Nrystkj knt ks tarbbmhdbcsh`ckj rbfjbnth`c lrkthcl whta Q-

rkys

GW LL^ J \9

K N

U

W

GUjkcb H

^ ]

Ujkcb HH

[

Ujkcb HHH

Ujkcb HV


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k) Jbt us n`cshmbrbm k sbt kt pkrkjjbj jktthnb pjkcb `f nrystkj sbpkrktbm gy

mhstkcnb mkpkrt.g)

ûpp`sb k ckrr`w gbkd kt Q-rkys `f wkvbjbclta ' gb hcnhmbct up`c tahspjkcb kt kc kcljb .Ks sa`wc hc fhlurb (-hs k ljkcnhcl kcljb)

n)

]ab gbkd whjj gb rbfjbntbm hc kjj mhrbnth`c gy tab kt`d `f vkrhùs kt`dhn pjkcbs.

m) Gbnkusb tab rbfrknthvb hcmbx `f dkttbr f nrystkj hs vbry cbkrjy bqukj t` uchty ,

abcnb tabrb hs prknthnkjjy c` gbcmhcl `f tab rkys bctbrhcl r jbkvhcl `cb nrystkj

.

b)

\abc k gbkd `f d`c`nar`dkthn Q-rkys fkjjs `c k nrystkj , bkna kt`d

gbn`dbs k sùrnb `f snkttbrhcl rkmhkth`cs.

f)

N`cshmbr k rky KG rbfjbntbm kt kt`d K hc tab mhrbnth`c GN fr`d pjkcb H kcm

kc`tabr rky U[ rbfjbntbm kt kc`tabr rky [ hc tab mhrbnth`c [W fr`d pjkcb HH .

l) C`w fr`d kt`d G, mrkw tw` pbrpbcmhnujkrs G^ & G] `c tab hcnhmbct rky

U[ & rbfjbntbm rky [W rbspbnthvb .

a) Ukta mhffbrbcnb gbtwbbc tw` rkys hs (^[ +[])

h)

]ab tw` rbfjbntbm rkys whjj gb hc paksb `r ùt `f paksb whjj mbpbcms up`c

pkta mhffbrbcnb .

i) \abc pkta mhffbrbcnb (^[ +[]) hs k dujthpjb `f wa`jb wkvb jbclta c,tabc tw` rkys whjj rbhcf`rnb bkna `tabr kcm pr`munb hctbcsb sp`t .

^[ + [] 4 c--- (;)


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Fr`d tab fhl ?

G^[ & G][

shc 4 4 shc 4

4

^[ 4 m shc [] 4 m shc

^[ + [] 4 c

m shc + m shc 4 c

--- (\abrb c 4 ;, 7, >, ..)7m shc 4 c


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GWKLL^ UBN]W@DB]BW

9

Q-rkys n Nrystkj

^

;

^

7

]ud tkgjb ^

>

^

=

H`chzkth`c

nabdgbr

Fhl. Grklls pbntr`dbtbr

k) ]ab snabdkthn krrkclbdbct `f Grklls spbntr`dbtbr hs sa`wc hc fhl .

g) K d`c`nar`dkthn Q Wky gbkd `gtkhcbm fr`d Q-Wky tugb hs dkmb t` pksstar`ula sjht ^;&^7wahna krb dkmb `f up `f jbkm.

n)

]ab gbkd dkmb t` fkjj `c k nrystkj N (usukjjy Cknj `r ONJ) d`uctbm `c k

nbctrb `f nhrnujkr turc tkgjb `f spbntr`dktbr.

m)

]ab rbfjbntbm Q-rkys krb n`jjbntbm gy h chskth`c nabdgbr ,tab turc tkgjb hs

r`tktbm thjj wb lbt sakrp hcnrbksb hc tab hctbcshty .

b) ]ab summbc hcnrbksb hc tab hctbcshty `f Q- Wky sullbstbm takt Grklls jkw hsskthsfhbm kt lhvbc kcljb `f hcnhmbct gbkd .


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f)

]ab pbko hc h`chskth`c nurrbct wahna rbprbsbct tab hctbcshty nnurs d`rb

takc `cb ks hs vkrhbm gbnkusb Grklls jkw stktbs 9

7m shc 4c --- (wabrb c 4;,7,> .)

\b akvb ;, 7,>

l)

Ht tab hctbcshty (`r h ckskth`c nurrbct ) hs pj`ttbm klkhcst ljkcnhcl kclbj tab wb

lbt lrkpa ks sa`wc hc f`jj`whcl fhl .

7.XRAY & BRAGG'S LAW

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