TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

SEVEN BASIC QUALITY TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

• Quality tools are more specific - tools which can be applied to solving problems in improving quality in organizations, manufacturing, or even in individual processes.

• They were first emphasized by Kaoru Ishikawa, professor of engineering at Tokyo University and the father of “quality circles”.

Seven Basic Quality Tools

• Check sheet• Pareto chart• Flow chart• Cause and effect diagram• Histogram• Scatter diagram• Control chart

Histograms

•A frequency distribution shows how often each different value in a set of data occurs. A histogram is the most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions. •Histograms provide the easiest way to evaluate the distribution of data.

Pareto Chart

• The Pareto Chart is a histogram ordered by the frequency of result occurrences, showing how many results were generated by the type or category of the identified cause.

• The relative position of the occurrences is used to guide corrective actions.

• The corrective actions must initially focus on the problems that are causing the majority of defects

Pareto Chart

Cause and Effect Diagram

• Diagram showing the cause of a certain event.

• Used to identify potential factors causing an overall effect.

• Used to see all possible causes of a result and hopefully find the root of process imperfections.

• It is known as fishbone diagram because its shape is similar to side view of a fish skeleton.

Cause and Effect Diagram

Flowcharting

• A visual representation of a process which can help in identifying points where failures may occur and intervention is useful.

• It can be used in any process: a manufacturing process, an administrative or service process, a project plan.

Flowcharting

Control Charts

• Control charts present the results of a process over time.

• They are used to determine if the process is under control.

• They are used to monitor any type of variable output.

• Can be used to monitor• Cost and schedule variances;• Volume and frequency of changes;• Errors in the project documentation

Control Charts

Checklist

• It is a list with previously defined options that are used as a guide to control risks.

• It allows a thorough evaluation in a short period of time.

Scatter Diagrams

•Scatter Diagrams are used to study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables.• If the variables are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve. The better the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line

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Scatter Diagram

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