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![Page 1: 7th Grade Science Midterm Review. What is science? Science is the study of the natural world. Science is divided up into three areas: Biology/Life science.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b6c7f8b9ab0599b380f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
7th Grade ScienceMidterm Review
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What is science?
• Science is the study of the natural world.
– Science is divided up into three areas:
• Biology/Life science
• Geology/Earth science
• Physics/Physical science
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What is empirical evidence?
• The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to support and evaluate scientific explanations.
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What is a theory?
• The explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning; that is supported by a large quantity of evidence; and that does not conflict with any existing experimental results or observations.
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What is a law?
• A descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.
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What is the difference between a theory and a law?
• Theory is an explanation for why something is the way it is and law describes what is happening in the natural world.
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Where do scientists get their evidence?
• In the field
• In the laboratory
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How do scientific ideas change?
• By new evidence
• By collaboration and debate
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What is an experiment?
• An organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions.
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What is an observation?The process of obtaining information by using the senses; the information obtained
by using the senses.
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What is a hypothesis?
A testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation
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What is an independent variable?
The factor that is changed by the experimenter
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What is a dependent variable?
The factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more independent
variables.
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What is data?Information gathered by observation or
experimentation that can be used in calculation or reasoning
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What are the steps of the scientific method? (Please refer to your notes and foldable)
1. Make an observation2. Ask a question3. Hypothesis4. Experimentation / collect data5. Results (typically represented in data tables, graphs, mean, median, etc in middle and high school)6. Analyze / conclude7. Repeat
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What is repetition? What is replication? What is the difference between them?
Repetition is when a scientist repeats their own experiment
Replication is when a scientist repeats different scientists experiment
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What characterizes a good scientific investigation?
It needs to be able to be repeated
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How do you evaluate the quality of scientific information?
The most reliable scientific information is published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. (The information has to be peer-reviewed.)
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What is a model?
A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure
or workings of an object, system, or concept
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How do scientists organize data?
Scientists organize data in tables and then in charts, models, and graphs.
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What are the different types of graphs and why do we use them?
Circle Graph- shows how each group of data relates to all of the data
Bar Graph- Used to display and compare data in a number of categories
Line Graph- Used to show change in variables over time
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Unit 2: Study Guide
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What is a mineral? How are minerals formed?
• A mineral is a naturally occurring usually inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition.
• Minerals are formed:
– As magma and lava cool
– By metamorphism
– From solutions
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What is an element?
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
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What is a compound?
• A substance made up of atoms or ions of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
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What is the difference between silicate and nonsilicate minerals?
• Silicate minerals contain silicon and oxygen, normally in the form of silicate tetrahedrons.
• Nonsilicate minerals do not.
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What are the different properties that can be used to identify minerals? Define each
property.• Color- color of the mineral
• Streak- color of the powdered form of the mineral. (Remember: that if a scientist draws on a white tile with the mineral, this is how the streak is found.)
• Luster- way a surface reflects light
• Cleavage and Fracture- The way the mineral breaks/splits
• Density- measure of how much matter in a given amount of space.
• Hardness- mineral’s resistance to being scratched.
• Special Properties- any property specific to the mineral
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Know the three different rock types: What are they? How are they each created?
• Igneous rock forms when magma or lava cools and hardens
• Sedimentary rock forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment.
• Metamorphic rock forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes.
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What is weathering?
• Weathering is the natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks.
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What is erosion?
• Erosion is the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity moves soil and sediment from one location to another.
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What is deposition?
• Deposition is the process in which material is laid down.
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What is the rock cycle?
• The rock cycle is the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes.
• Look in your book on page 78 for a diagram of the rock cycle.
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What is uplift?
• Uplift is the rising of regions of Earth’s crust to higher elevations.
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What is subsidence?
• Subsidence is the sinking of regions of the Earth’s crust to lower elevations.
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What is a rift zone?
• A rift zone is an area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other.
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What are Earth’s compositional layers?
(Make sure you can label them)Crust
Mantle
Core
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What is convection? Where does convection take place in Earth and why is it important?
• Convection is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in a transfer of energy as heat.
• Convection takes place in the Earth’s mantle.
• Convection helps rocks move slowing in the mantle. (Cooler rocks sink and warmer rocks rise)
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What are the Earth’s physical layers?
(Make sure you can label them)Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer CoreInner Core
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What is Pangaea? Why is the idea of Pangaea important in understanding Earth’s history?
• Scientists think that about 245 million years ago the continents were joined in a single large landmass that they call Pangaea.
• It’s important to understand that at one time scientists think that all the continents were connected and during millions of years the continents moved into their current locations.
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What is sea-floor spreading?
• Sea-floor spreading is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere sea floor forms when magma rises to Earth’s surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older existing sea floor moves away from the ridge.
– Older rock- far from ridge
– Newer rock- formed near ridge
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Theory of plate tectonics
• This theory explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape.
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What is a tectonic plate?
• A tectonic plate is a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle.
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Different plate boundaries(Know the arrow diagrams!)
• Convergent- Two plates collide.
• Divergent- Two plates move away from each other
• Transform- Two plates move past each other horizontally
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What are the three different mechanisms that cause tectonic plates to move?
• Mantle Convection
• Ridge Push
• Slab Pull
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What is an anticline?(Look on Page 107 for a diagram)
• Anticlines- oldest layers of rock are in the middle of the fold. The youngest rocks are towards the outside.
Anticlines are shaped like a: n
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What is a syncline?(Look on Page 107 for a diagram)
• In syncline folds the youngest rocks are in the middle and the older rocks are on the outside edges.
Synclines are shaped like a: u
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Faults
• Strike-Slip Faults
– Formed when rocks are under shear stress and at transform boundaries
• Normal Faults
– Formed when rocks undergo tension and at divergent boundaries
• Reverse Faults
– Formed when rocks undergo compression and at convergent boundaries
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Faults
• Be able to label a diagram of each fault, with where the hanging wall, footwall and fault plane are! (Look on page 109)
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Three types of mountains
• Folded Mountains- Form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward.
– Usually at convergent boundaries
• Volcanic Mountains- Form when melted rock erupts onto Earth’s surface
• Fault-Block Mountains- Form when tension makes the lithosphere break into many normal faults. Along the faults, pieces of the lithosphere drop down compared with other pieces. The pieces left standing form fault-block mountains.
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What is an earthquake?
• Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy.
• Label #6 page 116 in your book.
– Know that the Focus is the point underneath the Earth
– The Fault Line is the line between both of the plates
– The Epicenter is on the Earth’s surface.
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Label a volcano
• Label #5 on page 126 in your book.
– Know this!
– Know magma is underneath the Earth & lava is when it has reached the Earth’s surface
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Three types of volcanoes
• Shield Volcanoes- Broad base, gently sloping sides, and form from mild eruptions.
• Cinder Cones- Steep volcano formed from violent eruptions
• Composite Volcanoes- Alternates between mild and violent eruptions.
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Where do volcanoes occur?
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Hot Spots
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Unit 3 Review
Please see pages 145-194 in your book for more
information*This study guide is just to get you started studying– please look at your notes
and book too.*
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What is uniformitarianism?
• A principle that geological processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.
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What is climate?
• The weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.
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What is a fossil?
• The trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock.
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What is a trace fossil?
• A fossilized structure, such as a footprint or coprolite, that formed in sedimentary rock by animal activity on or within soft sediment.
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What is an ice core?
• A long cylinder of ice obtained from drilling through ice caps or ice sheets; used to study past climates.
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How do organisms become preserved as fossils?
• Fossils can be trapped in amber or asphalt
• Buried in rock
• Become frozen
• Become petrified
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What can fossils tell us?
• Fossils tell scientists about changes to the environment
• Fossils tell scientist how life forms have changed over time
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How does sedimentary rock show Earth’s history?
• The composition of sedimentary rock show the source of the sediment that makes up the rock
• The texture of the sedimentary rock shows the environment in which the sediment was carried and deposited
• Features in the rock show what was happening to the sedimentary rock
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What do Earth’s surface features tell us?
• How continents move
• How landforms change over time
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What other materials tell us about Earth’s climate history?
• Trees
• Sea-Floor sediments
• Ice cores
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What is relative dating?
• Any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects.
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What is superposition?
• A principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed.
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What is unconformity?
• A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.
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What is a geologic column?
• An ordered arrangement of rock layers that is based on the relative ages of the rocks and in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom.
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How are undisturbed rock layers dated?
• Older layers are on the bottom
• Younger layers are on the top
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How are sedimentary rock layers disturbed?
• Tilting
• Folding
• Faults and Intrusions
• Unconformities
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How are rock layers ordered?
• Law of crosscutting relationships states that:
“A fault or a body of rock, such as an intrusion, must be younger than any feature or layer of rock that the fault or rock body cuts through.”
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How are fossils used to determine relative ages of rocks?
• Fossils can help us determine the relative age of rocks by giving us a reference point for the rocks.
• Younger fossils= younger rocks
• Older fossils= older rocks
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What is absolute dating?
• Any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years.
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What is radioactive decay?
• The process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same element or another element.
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What is half-life?
• The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope.
• If you have 6 milligrams of the original isotope in one half-life 3 milligrams of the isotope would be left and 3 milligrams would be the daughter isotope
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What is radiometric dating?
• A method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of a radioactive parent isotope and a stable daughter isotope.
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How can the absolute age of rock be determined?
• Thru absolute dating methods
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What is the best rock for radiometric dating?
• Igneous rock
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What are some radiometric dating methods?
• Radiocarbon dating
• Potassium-Argon dating
• Uranium-Lead dating
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How is radiometric dating used to determine the age of Earth?
• Radiometric dating can be done on meteorites to determine the age of the Earth.
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How are index fossils used?
• Index fossils are markers for the time that organisms lived on Earth
• Index fossils can date different layers of Earth