7th Grade Review

PowerPoint

Early Native Americans

–Civil War

Key Vocabulary to Understanding

Social Studies• History: an account of what has happened in the lives

of different individuals and civilizations.

• Geography: study of people, their environment, and their resources and how they affect the way that we live.

• Archeology: the study of evidence left behind by earlier people in order to find out about their culture.

• Economics: the study of how money and goods are exchanged.

• Primary Source: The original record of an event (eyewitness account, letters, diaries, autobiographies, etc)

• Secondary Source: A later writing and interpretation of historians and other writers (textbooks, newspaper, magazine, encyclopedia, articles, etc)

Early Native Americans• The first Americans

came across

glacier land bridge

that connected Asia

and North America.

• Native Americas

crossed the land

bridge following

migratory mammals

Differing Native American Cultures• Native Americans

developed different

cultures to adapt to

physical environment

and surroundings.

• Based on geography

Native Americans

formed different

ways to gather food,

shelter, and make

clothing

Maya, Aztec, Inca

• Maya lived in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Advanced in science, astronomy, and math.

• Aztecs lived in central Mexico and built stonework, pyramids and temples.

• Incas lived in the Andes Mountains in South America and connected their empire through an extensive road system

Native Americans in New York• Two major groups

in New York area were the Iroquois and Algonquin.

• Iroquois lived in Longhouses while the Algonquin lived in Wigwams.

• Iroquois created a nation of five tribes to create the Iroquois Nation

Columbian Exchange• Began when

Christopher

Columbus

discovered the West

Indies (1492)

• Began an exchange

of goods from the

Americas to Europe

changing world trade

forever.

Spanish, French, and English Colonies• New France was in the

middle of North America and Canada. Mostly traded furs with Native Americans

• Spanish Coloniesencompassed South and Central America, Mexico, and modern day southwestern United States.

• English Colonies were on the East Coast of Modern Day United States (13 Colonies)

The English Colonies

Mercantilism- economic theory were a a nation became

strong by building up their gold supply and expanding

trade.

• New England- Hills, valleys, rivers, (first factories).

Mild summers, cold/windy winters (MA, RI, NH, CT)

• Middle Colonies- Hills, valleys, rivers. Hot/Humid

Summers, Cold Winters. Lot of wheat & cattle “Bread

Basket Colonies” (NY, PA, NJ, DE)

• Southern Colonies- Hot/Humid Summers, Mild

Winters. Grew cotton/tobacco. Kept slaves for labor

on plantations (large farms) (MD, VA, NC, SC, GA)

French and Indian War (1754-1763)• Conflict b/w the British and French w/ rival Native

American tribes over control of the Ohio River Valley.

• French/Huron vs. English/Iroquois Nation

• Albany Plan of Union- proposed by Ben Franklin to create “one general gov’t to defend against the French. “Join or Die”

• Britain Won (Sign Treaty of

Paris)

• Proclamation Line of 1763- kept

Colonists out of Ohio Valley.

Angered colonist because it was the

best land.

Proclamation Line

of 1763- kept

Colonists out of

Ohio Valley.

Angered colonist

because it was the

best land.

Causes of the American Revolution• Proclamation line of 1763

• Had to pay for cost of French and Indian War through high taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, etc) “No taxation w/out representation”

• Boston Massacre- Shooting of 5 colonists by British soldiers during a protest. Angered colonists very much.

• Boston Tea Party- Protesting colonists dressed up like Indians and threw large amounts of Tea into Boston Harbor.

• Intolerable Acts- Harsh actions taken by the British to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

• First Continental Congress (1775)– held to continue protest of British Taxes.

Summary of Revolutionary War• Second Continental Congress- meeting were

delegates from all 13 colonies decided to declare independence.

• Declaration of Independence (1776)- Declared independence from Britain on July 4th, 1776.

• Loyalist/Tory- Colonists loyal to Britain

• Patriot- Colonists who supported independence

• First Battles were Lexington and Concord fought by Minute Men.

• Sons and Daughters of Liberty- Group of men and women patriots who fought against British policy.

• Battle of Saratoga- Turning point in the war in favor of the Americans

• Battle of Yorktown, VA ends the war and the Treaty of Paris is signed.

• Americans win the American Revolution.

United States Constitution• Government- a groups of people or a person

who make political decisions for a country.

• Branches of the Gov’t:

- Executive- (president/cabinet) enforce laws

- Legislation- (Congress) make laws

- Judicial- (Supreme Court) decide if laws are

constitutional.

• Constitution- a document that sets out the laws

and principles of a gov’t.

• Democracy- gov’t elected by majority of people

Early United States Gov’t• Articles of Confederation- First constitution of

the United States. Had no president, no judicial

branch, needed 9 out of 13 states to approve.

Not successful.

• Great Compromise- Decided on a two house

(bi-cameral) legislature:

- Senate- each state has two senators

- House of Representative-Elected based on

state population

• 3/5 Compromise- 3/5 of slaves would count

toward taxation and representation.

United States Gov’t• Federalism (Division of Powers)-- Delegated (Enumerated) Powers-

Federal/National Gov’t. (Ex. Declare War,

create military, post office, federal courts)

- Reserved (Residual) Powers- State Powers

(Ex. schools, marriage laws, drivers licenses)

- Concurrent (Shared) Powers- Shared by both

the Federal & State Gov’t. (Ex. Raise taxes,

Build Roads)

Checks and Balances• Measures taken to prevent one branch of gov’t

from becoming more powerful than the others.

Gov’t Vocabulary• Veto- presidents right to reject proposed bill

• Impeach- remove from office

• Unconstitutional- not legal under the

constitution

• Amendment- formal written change to the

constitution

• Bill of Rights- first ten amendments of the U.S.

Constitution.

Bill of Rights1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion,

petition, assembly

2nd Amendment- right to bare arms

3rd Amendment- Quartering Act-don’t have to house soldiers

4th Amendment- Search and Seizure

5th Amendment- self-incrimination

6th Amendment- speedy trial by jury and a lawyer

7th Amendment- jury trial in civil cases

8th Amendment- excessive bail or punishment

9th Amendment- rights not in constitution given to the people.

10th Amendment- Rights not given to Federal gov’t are left to the states.

Washington Administration

• First President (1789-1797)

• First Cabinet- 5 advisors to the president

• Farewell Address (1796)-Washington wanted

America to isolate America from Europe so

that they would not get involved in European

wars.

• Whiskey Rebellion- taxes on whiskey led to a

rebellion testing the strength of the new gov’t.

• Alexander Hamilton (First Treasurer)- created

the First National Bank in order to help repay

all Revolutionary War debts and loans.

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase

(1803)• France wanted to sell

their territory in the

west

• Jefferson bought the

land for $15 Million.

• Lewis and Clark were

sent to explore and

map the region.

• Doubled the size of

the United States

War of 1812 (1812-1815)• Three causes:

- Impressments (taking) of sailors

- Neutrality of the seas

- Security of Ships

• Francis Scott Key- wrote the National Anthem at the Battle of Baltimore at Ft. McHenry.

• Much of Washington D.C. and the White House are burned down.

• Treaty of Ghent- war ends with nothing solved.

• Battle of New Orleans- Fought after war before news of peace arrived. Huge victory for U.S. and Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero.

Industrial Revolution (Early 1800’s)• Samuel Slater- stole factory plans and brought them to

the United States creating the first spinning mills

• First factories are built in New England because of the fast moving rivers.

• Spinning Jenny- spun multiple threads at the same time.

• Cotton Gin- created by Eli Whitney to deseed cotton.

• Led to a rise in industry and product output, expansion of transportation, and growth of cities.

• Erie Canal- connected the Mid-West and New York City via rivers and Lake Erie instead of using the Mississippi River and traveling around Florida.

• Turnpikes and National Road are created connecting the east and Mid-West

Age of Jackson (1829-1836)• Created the spoils

system- gave supporters jobs in the gov’t.

• Got rid of voting requirements

• Changed the way presidents campaigned and were elected.

• Trail of Tears- Wanted to remove Native Americans out of Florida. Thousands of Cherokees died along a forced march to Oklahoma.

Suffragist and Abolition Movement

Early-Mid 1800’s• Women wanted more rights and opportunity in society.

• Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia

Motts, and Susan B. Anthony fought for suffrage.

• Seneca Falls Convention- conference in Seneca Falls,

NY to discuss women’s role in society.

• Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental

hospitals.

• Abolitionism- movement to end slavery

• Activists such as Harriet Tubman (Underground

Railroad) and Sojourner Truth were abolitionist.

United States Expansion

(Manifest Destiny)• Manifest Destiny: belief that America should own all of the land

between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

• Cession of Florida (1821)- paid $5 million dollars to Spain and signed the Adam-Onis Treaty.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- Stated that European countries were not welcomed or allowed to colonize in the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies.

• Annexation of Texas (1845)- Texas declared independence from Mexico and in 1845 it was annexed (added onto) the United States.

• Oregon Territory (1846)- negotiated and signed a treaty with Britain for the territory.

• American Southwest and California- Won during the Mexican-American War (1846-48). Gained California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico.

• Alaska (1867)- bought from Russia for $7 Million

Nationalism vs. Sectionalism• Nationalism- pride in ones nation

• Sectionalism- pride in the section or region that one

lives.

-North: center of manufacturing, shipping, fishing and

little to no slavery

-South: economy based on slave labor and large

plantations that grew cotton & tobacco. Most

southerners did not have slaves.

-West: became nations wheat growers and was

divided between the slave issue.

• Major Tensions of Sectionalism were on the issues of

slavery, states rights, and western expansion.

Major Tensions between

North and the South• North and South had to make compromises on the

issues of slavery, states rights, and western expansion in order to keep the peace.

• Missouri Compromise of 1820- kept the number of slave and free states equal.

• Compromise of 1850:

-California becomes free state

-Divided Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah.

-Popular Sovereignty would decided the slavery question.

-Ended slavery in Washington D.C. and created Fugitive Slave Law

-Settled dispute b/w Texas and New Mexico.

Compromise of 1850

Settles Texas/New

Mexico border

dispute

Bans slave trade in

Washington, D.C.

Admits California as a free

state

Upholds popular

sovereignty in New Mexico

and Utah

Includes Fugitive Slave

Act

Differences b/w North and SouthNorth

• Population- 22,340,000

• Farmland- 105,835

acres

• Factories- 119,500

• Workers in Industry-

1,198,000

• Railroads- 21,847

South

• 9,103,000(4 Million Slave)

• 8,947 acres

• 20,600

• 111,000

• 8,947

Separate Leadership and the Beginning

of the Civil War• Abraham Lincoln wins the election of 1860.

• 1860- South secedes (separates) from the U.S.

and becomes the Confederate States of

America.

• Jefferson Davis becomes the President of the

Confederacy.

• April 1861, the Confederate Army attacks Union

base at Ft. Sumter, SC and took Charleston

Harbor.

Key Events, Concepts & People of the

Civil War• Military Leaders:

North- General Ulysses S. Grant

South- General Robert E. Lee

• Battle of Bull Run (1861)-First victory for South

• Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862)-23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.

• Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)- Huge Union Defeat

• Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)-freed all slaves in the Confederate States

• Battle of Chancellorville (May 1863)- Confederate victory and death of Union general.

Key Events, Concepts & People of the

Civil War Continued.• Draft was created 1863 that sparked major riots in

New York

• Seizing of Vicksburg (1863)- cut off western

Confederate States.

• Gettysburg (July 1863)- 40,000 wounded or dead and

were buried there. Location of Lincoln’s Gettysburg

Address on the future of American democracy.

• Sherman’s March to the Sea (Sept 1864)- Destroyed

everything in the south as they marched through

Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Appomattox Courthouse (April 1865)-General Lee

(South) surrenders to the General Grant (North).

Reconstruction (1867-1877)• South was completely destroyed during the Civil War

• Southerners had to swear loyalty to the Union.

• Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South.

• Freedmen’s Bureau- Helped newly freed slaves get food, clothes, shelter, and work.

• Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865.

• 13th Amendment is passed banning the institution of slavery.

• South passes Black Codes to oppress freed slaves. KKK is created for same reason

• 14th Amendment is passed granting citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

• Reconstruction Act separates south into militarized states to maintain control.

• 15th Amendment is passed giving African Americans the right to vote.

• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags try to make profit off of war torn south.